Data Structures (DS)

Unit-1
Introduction to
Data Structure
 Outline
Looping
 Data Management concepts
 Data types
• Primitive
• Non-primitive
 Types of Data Structures
• Linear Data Structures
• Non Linear Data Structures
 Performance Analysis and
Measurement
 Time analysis of algorithms
 Space analysis of algorithms
 What is Data?
 Data is the basic fact or entity that is utilized in calculation or manipulation.
 There are two different types of data Numeric data and Alphanumeric data.
 When a programmer collects such type of data for processing, he would require to store
them in computer’s main memory.
 The process of storing data items in computer’s main memory is called representation.
 Data to be processed must be organized in a particular fashion, these organization leads to
structuring of data, and hence the mission to study the Data Structures.

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 What is Data Structure?
 Data Structure is a representation of the logical relationship existing between individual
elements of data.
 In other words, a data structure is a way of organizing all data items that considers not only
the elements stored but also their relationship to each other.
 We can also define data structure as a mathematical or logical model of a particular
organization of data items.
 Data Structure mainly specifies the following four things
 Organization of Data
 Accessing Methods
 Degree of Associativity
 Processing alternatives for information

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 What is Data Structure? Cont..
 The representation of a particular data structure in the memory of a computer is called
Storage Structure.
 The storage structure representation in auxiliary memory is called as File Structure.

Algorithm Data Structure Program

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 Classification of Data Structure

Data Structure

Primitive Data Structure Non-Primitive Data Structure

Integer Characters Arrays Lists Files

Floating Pointers
Point Linear Non-linear
List List

Stack Queue Graphs Trees

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 Primitive / Non-primitive data structures
 Primitive data structures
 Primitive data structures are basic structures and are directly operated upon by machine instructions.
 Integers, floats, character and pointers are examples of primitive data structures.
 Non primitive data structure
 These are derived from primitive data structures.
 The non-primitive data structures emphasize on structuring of a group of homogeneous or heterogeneous
data items.
 Examples of Non-primitive data type are Array, List, and File.

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 Non primitive Data Structure
 Array: An array is a fixed-size sequenced collection of elements of the same data type.
 List: An ordered set containing variable number of elements is called as Lists.
 File: A file is a collection of logically related information. It can be viewed as a large list of
records consisting of various fields.

Array

File
List

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 Linear / Non-Linear data structure
 Linear data structures
 A data structure is said to be Linear, if its elements are connected in linear fashion by means of logically or
in sequence memory locations.
 Examples of Linear Data Structure are Stack and Queue.
 Nonlinear data structures
 Nonlinear data structures are those data structure in which data items are not arranged in a sequence.
 Examples of Non-linear Data Structure are Tree and Graph.

Stack Queue Tree Graph

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 Operations of Data Structure
 Create: It results in reserving memory for program elements.
 Destroy: It destroys memory space allocated for specified data structure.
 Selection: It deals with accessing a particular data within a data structure.
 Updation: It updates or modifies the data in the data structure.
 Searching: It finds the presence of desired data item in the list of data items.
 Sorting: It is a process of arranging all data items in a data structure in a particular order.
 Merging: It is a process of combining the data items of two different sorted list into a single
sorted list.
 Splitting: It is a process of partitioning single list to multiple list.
 Traversal: It is a process of visiting each and every node of a list in systematic manner.

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 Time and space analysis of algorithms
 Sometimes, there are more than one way to solve a problem.
 We need to learn how to compare the performance of different algorithms and choose the
best one to solve a particular problem.
 While analyzing an algorithm, we mostly consider time complexity and space complexity.
 Time complexity of an algorithm quantifies the amount of time taken by an algorithm to run
as a function of the length of the input.
 Space complexity of an algorithm quantifies the amount of space or memory taken by an
algorithm to run as a function of the length of the input.
 Time & space complexity depends on lots of things like hardware, operating system,
processors, etc.
 However, we don't consider any of these factors while analyzing the algorithm. We will only
consider the execution time of an algorithm.

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 Calculate Time Complexity of Algorithm
 Time Complexity is most commonly estimated by counting the number of elementary
functions performed by the algorithm.
 Since the algorithm's performance may vary with different types of input data,
 hence for an algorithm we usually use the worst-case Time complexity of an algorithm because that is
the maximum time taken for any input size.

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 Calculating Time Complexity
 Calculate Time Complexity of Sum of elements of List (One dimensional Array)
A is array, n is no of elements in
SumOfList(A,n) array
{ Line Cost No of Times
Line 1 total = 0 1 1 1
Line 2 for i = 0 to n-1 2 2 n+1
Line 3 total = total + A[i] 3 2 n
Line 4 return total 4 1 1
}
TSumOfList = 1 + 2 (n+1) + 2n + 1
= 4n + 4 We can neglate constant
=n 4

Time complexity of given algorithm is n unit time

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Data Structures (DS)

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