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Definition of Data:
Data can come in the form of text, observations, figures, images, numbers, graphs, or symbols.
For example, data might include individual prices, weights, addresses, ages, names,
temperatures, dates, or distances. Data is a raw form of information and facts that are collected
together for reference or analysis.
The data may be in the form of quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are
performed by a computer which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals
and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.
In common usage and statistics, data is a collection of discrete or continuous values that create
and convey information, describing the quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of
meaning that may be further interpreted formally. The data are collected by various researchers
to analyze and interpret for executing meaningful facts.
In other words the processed data can have some meaning. Data may even seem useless until it is
analyzed, processed, organized, and interpreted.
Two main types of data:
Quantitative data is provided in numerical form, like the weight, volume, or cost of an item.
Qualitative data is descriptive, but non-numerical, like the name, sex, or eye color of a person.

Definition of Information:
Information is an abstract concept which has the power to inform. At the most fundamental level,
information pertains / relates to the interpretation of data which may be meaningful.
Information is a collection of data that has been processed, organized, or structured in a
meaningful way to convey ideas, or instructions. The best form of information is to disseminate
the correct information to a correct person in a correct time.
Data is defined as individual facts, while information is the organization and interpretation of
those individual facts. If data are the bricks, then information is the house they form when laid
out in an organized manner.
The English word "information" has been derived from French language word enformacion/
informacion. It had come in French from a Latin word ‘’informatiō with a meaning of
conception, teaching, creation. Now in English, the word "information" is an uncountable mass
noun giving some idea or concept.
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Difference between data and Information:

Information is defined as raw form of knowledge gained through study, communication,

research, or instruction.
Information is the result of analyzing and interpreting pieces of data, whereas data are the
individual figures, numbers, or graphs which may have no complete meaning, information is the
perception of those pieces of data. For example, a set of data could include temperature readings
without any further detail, those temperature measurements have no meaning. However, when
you analyze and organize that raw information, you could determine seasonal or various
geographical areas temperature. Only when the data is organized and compiled in a useful way
can provide information that is meaningful and beneficial to others.
We can say that:

• Data is a collection of facts, while information puts those facts into context to make it
meaningful.
• Data is a raw and unorganized form of information while information is organized and
manipulated meaningful data.
• Data are individual and sometimes unrelated with each other. Information maps out that data
to provide a logical view of how data fits together.
• Data, on its own, is meaningless, however when it’s analyzed, processed and interpreted it
becomes meaningful and called information.
• Data does not depend on information but information depends on data.
• Data typically comes in the form of graphs, numbers, figures, or statistics while information
is typically presented through words, language, thoughts, and ideas.
• Data is not sufficient for decision-making, but decisions can be taken based on information
Importance of Information:
• Understanding Environment: Access to information can help individuals understand other
perspectives and communicate more effectively.
• Personal Growth: Information is also needed for personal growth.
• Learning previous cultures: By accessing the information on topics that interest them,
individuals can develop learning about previous civilizations and cultures.
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• Learning new technology: Information is base of knowledge and expands the existing
knowledge in all the fields of life.

Definition of Knowledge:
knowledge is a systematic collection of information that comes by processing the pieces of
information obtained from investigation, study, or instruction. Knowledge is awareness,
understanding, or skill that you get from learning, observation or education. Information is the
facts or details of an event by processing data which is raw form of information. Knowledge is to
know about something while information is the meaningful facts known as raw form of
knowledge.
Information represents/denotes the organized data about someone or something obtained from
various sources such as newspapers, periodicals, books, internet, television, discussions, etc.
Knowledge refers to the awareness or understanding on the specific subject acquired from
education or experience of a person. Information is a piece of knowledge, that comes from
processed data having facts about someone or something whereas knowledge means a collection
of systematic information gained through learning and observation.
Information refers to processed data or facts that are presented or communicated. It can be true
or false and can be conveyed through various mediums, such as spoken or written language,
images, or numbers. Knowledge is a broad term that refers to the understanding and familiarity
with a systematic collection of information related to some particular subject or area.

Difference between data, Information and Knowledge

It is a common misconception for people to use terms such a data, information, and knowledge
interchangeably, but the truth is that they all are different things.

Data:
Data is understood differently in various sectors, however generally in its basic form, data is a set
of different symbols and characters whose meaning only becomes clear when they connect with
context. Collecting and measuring observations generates data which usually machines send,
receive and process niw a days. The confusion between data and information often arises
because information is made out of data. Data gets processed and interpreted as facts in the
context and then organized data is regarded as information.
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Information:
Data reaches a more complex level and becomes information by integrating and manipulating
into a context. The information provides awareness about facts or persons. The information
about a date of birth still has very little value when it is unknown to which person it belongs. By
adding more information like the name, Address, achievements and other collection of inter-
linked pieces of information represent knowledge.
Knowledge:
Knowledge thus describes the collected information that is available about a particular fact or a
person. The knowledge of situation makes possible to reach at correct decisions and solve
problems. Thus, knowledge influences the thinking and actions of people. Machines can also
make decisions based on new knowledge generated by information. In order to gain knowledge,
it is necessary to apply and organize such systematic collection of information.
What is data , Information, Knowledge and Science:
Data is collection of words/ numeric which do not convey complete meaning and is known as
raw form of information.
Information is systematic collection of processed data having complete meaning and is known
as a piece of knowledge or raw form of knowledge.
Knowledge is to know about something. It is a systematic collection of the pieces of information
about some specific field, this collection of information is manipulated in the shape of some
specific discipline i.e. knowledge of Islam, knowledge of history etc.
Science is such type of knowledge which is examined and processed through observations,
experiments and proved correct and authentic. This type of knowledge is not only theoretical
rather it is applied practically to perform the professional activities.
Types of knowledge:
Implicit Knowledge. Knowledge that isn’t written down or stored digitally. It is
procedural or part of the practice, and not dependent on an individual’s context. Most
institutional knowledge is implicit, usually just in the memory of the people in the organization
for example tribal knowledge that isn’t documented.
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Explicit Knowledge . Knowledge that is written down and accessible. It may be in paper or
digital form. Examples include training manuals, theories, policies, or documented product
information etc.
Definition of Organization:
Organization is an important component of management. It refers to the activities of processing
and manipulating the resources in an effective way to make them more beneficial and making the
resources ready to utilize for achieving the task.
Advantages of organizing:
1. Systematic way to achieve the goals: The organizing involves arranging, utilizing resources
and performing activities in a structured and systematic way to achieve the goals.
2. Effective and efficient activities: Organizing involves determining the most efficient and
effective way to allocate resources, defining their roles and responsibilities for better utilization.
3. Communication and co-ordination: Organizing involves establishing an effective
communication and co-ordination system to integrate different functions for rapid and stress free
flow of information from top to bottom level.
4. Activities to reach the target: Organizing is an integral element to perform activities that ensure
to achieve the common goals and reach at the destination.
5. Team work: Organizing process ensures that different sections and employees are working
together effectively as a team to utilize the resources affectively.
6. Keeping on right track: Organizing also involves developing policies and procedures to guide
employees’ actions and establishing performance standards to keep the strategies on right track
and making the resources more beneficial.
7. Evaluation of performance: Organization ensures to evaluate the quality and performance to
maintaining growth in the positive direction to make correct decisions by analyzing the facts of
information.
Types of Information sources:
Formal sources: The information sources whose bibliographic control is possible are known as
formal information sources i.e. books, journals, lectures, indexes, bibliographies.
Informal sources: The information sources whose bibliographic control is not possible are kown
as informal sources of information i.e. oral conversation, non-recorded lectures etc.
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Primary sources: Primary information sources have first hand, current, latest information, the
describing person directly involves in observation, experiment or evidence of the fact, Primary
information sources include newspapers, journals, standards, patents, theses, dissertations,
research reports, books, radio, TV etc.
Secondary sources: The secondary sources are such type of information sources which provide
second hand information, these sources are created after surrogating, manipulating the primary
information sources and information included in secondary sources are derived from primary
sources. The secondary sources mostly refer to the primary sources to find required information
i.e. bibliographies give information about the books and refer to the books to find required
information.
Tertiary sources: The tertiary sources of information provide information at third stage and are
prepared from secondary sources i.e. bibliography of bibliographies, directory of directories etc.
The tertiary sources refer to the secondary sources and secondary sources further refer to the
primary sources of information to find the required information.