PRACTICE QUESTIONS

CHEMISTRY VOLUME-1
Q.NO QUESTION
1 a) Explain why on addition of 1 mol glucose to 1 litre water the boiling point of water increases.
(b) Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 × 108Pa at 298 K. Calculate the number of moles
of CO2 in 500 ml of soda water when packed under 2.53 × 10 5 Pa at the same temperature
2 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Ideal solution (ii) Osmotic pressure
(b) Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g CaCl 2 to 200 g of
water, assuming that CaCl2 is completely dissociated.
(Kb) for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1; Molar mass of CaCl2= 111 g mol-1)
3 a) 30 g of urea (M = 60 g mol-1) is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of
water for this solution if vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg.
(b) Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions
4 a) A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has a freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 10% glucose in water if the freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Given: (Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol-1) (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
(b) Define the following terms:
(i) Molality (m)
(ii) Abnormal molar mass
5 a) When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS 2, the freezing point lowered by 0.383 K.
Calculate the formula of sulphur (Sx).
(Kf for CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol-1, Atomic mass of Sulphur = 32 g mol-1)
(b) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood
cells in a solution containing
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
6 Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of MgCl 2 (M = 95 g mol-1) was dissolved in 50 g
of water, assuming MgCl2 undergoes complete ionization.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
(b) (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has a higher boiling point and why?
(ii) What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure
of solution?
7 a) Define
(i) Mole fraction (ii) Raoult’s law
(b) Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the expected freezing point of a solution prepared
by dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber’s salt, Na2SO4.10H2O in 0.100 kg of water. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg
mol-1, Atomic masses : Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1)
8 a) What is van’t Hoff factor? What types of values can it have if in forming the solution, the solute
molecules undergo
(i) Dissociation? (ii) Association?
(b) How many mL of a 0.1 M HCl solution are required to react completely with 1 g of a mixture of
Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
(Molar mass : Na2CO3 = 106 g, NaHCO3 = 84 g)
9 a) What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give reason.
(b) A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol -1) in water is labelled as 10% (by mass). What
would be the molality and molarity of the solution?
(Density of solution = 1.2 g mL-1)
10 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Molarity
(ii) Molal elevation constant (Kb)
(b) A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g mol-1) per litre of solution in water has the
 same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in water.
Calculate the mass of glucose present in one litre of its solution
11 (a) A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in water if the freezing point of pure water is
273.15 K.
[Molecular masses : Glucose C6H12O6 : 180 amu; Cane-sugar C12H22C11 : 342 amu]
State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications.
12 a) The vapour pressures of benzene and toluene at 293 K are 75 mm Hg and 22 mm Hg
respectively. 23.4 g of benzene and 64.4 g of toluene are mixed. If the two form an ideal solution,
calculate the mole fraction of benzene in the vapour phase assuming that the vapour pressures
are in equilibrium with the liquid mixture at this temperature.
(b) What is meant by +ve and -ve deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of AH solution
related to +ve and -ve deviations from Raoult’s law?
13 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Ideal solution (ii) Azeotrope
(iii) Osmotic pressure
(b) A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What would be the
molality of the solution?
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
14 (a) State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. How does Raoult’s law
become a special case of Henry’s law?
(b) 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of
benzene by 0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (K f for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1
15 a) Explain the following :
(i) Henry’s law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid
(ii) Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent
(b) A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of
water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42°C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to
make this solution?
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)
16 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction (ii) Ideal solution
(b) 15.0 g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting solution
freezes at – 0.34°C. What is the molar mass of the material?
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
17 a) Differentiate between molarity and molality in a solution. What is the effect of temperature
change on molarity and molality in a solution?
(b) What would be the molar mass of a compound if 6.21 g of it dissolved in 24.0 g of chloroform
form a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04°C. The boiling point of pure chloroform is 61.7°C
and the boiling point elevation constant, K b for chloroform is 3.63°C/m
18 a) State the following :
(i) Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.
(ii) Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions.
(b) A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has an
osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25°C. Assuming the gene fragment is a non-electrolyte,
determine its molar mass.
19 (a) Define the terms osmosis and osmotic pressure. Is the osmotic pressure of a solution a
colligative property? Explain.
(b) Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaCl to 250.0 g of
water.
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1, Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g)
20 (a) Differentiate between molarity and molality for a solution.
How does a change in temperature influence their values?
 (b) Calculate the freezing point of an acqueous solution containing 10.50 g of MgBr 2 in 200 g of
water. (Molar mass of MgBr2 = 184 g) (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
21 a) What is meant by :
(t) Colligative properties (ii) Molality of a solution (b) What concentration of nitrogen should be
present in a glass of water at room temperature? Assume a temperature of 25° C, a total pressure
of 1 atmosphere and mole fraction of nitrogen in air of 0.78.
[KH for nitrogen = 8.42 × 10-7 M/mm Hg]
22 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction (ii) Van’t Hoff factor
(b) 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 10.0 mL of a solution. If this
solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is the molar mass of protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm)
23 a) What is limiting molar conductivity? Why there is steep rise in the molar conductivity of weak
electrolyte on dilution?
(b) Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K :
Mg (s) | Mg2+ (0.1 M) || Cu2+ (1.0 × 10-3M) | Cu (s)
[Given = E0 Cell = 2.71 V].
24 a) When a bright silver object is placed in the solution of gold chloride, it acquires a golden tinge
but nothing happens when it is placed in a solution of copper chloride. Explain this behaviour of
silver.
[Given : E0Cu2+/Cu =+0.34V,E0Ag+/Ag =+0.80V, E0Au3+/Au = +1.40V]
(b) Consider the figure given and answer the following questions :
(i) What is the direction of flow of electrons?
(ii) Which is anode and which is cathode?
(iii) What will happen if the salt bridge is removed?

(iv) How will concentration of Zn2+ and Ag+ ions be affected when the cell functions?
(v) How will concentration of these ions be affected when the cell becomes dead?
25 a) What are fuel cells? Give an example of a fuel cell.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant (log K c) and ΔrG° for the following reaction at 298 K.
Cu (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) ⇌ Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Given E0cell = 0.46 V and IF = 96500 C mol-1
26 a) What are the two classifications of batteries? What is the difference between them?
(b) The resistance of 0.01 M NaCl solution at 25°C is 200 Ω. The cell constant of the conductivity
cell is unity. Calculate the molar conductivity of the solution
27 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Primary batteries
(ii) Corrosion
(b) The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is 1500 Ω. What
is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.146 × 10 -3 S cm-1?
28 a) Define the following :
(i) Molar conductivity
 (ii) Fuel cell
(b) The molar conductivity of a 1.5 M solution of an electrolyte is found to be 138.9 S cm 2 mol-
1 Calculate the conductivity of the solution.

29 a) The conductivity of 0.001 mol L-1 solution of CH3COOH is 3.905 × 10-5 S cm-1. Calculate its
molar conductivity and degree of dissociation (α).
Given: λ0(H+) = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and λ0 (CH3COO–) = 40.9 S cm2 mol-1
(b) Define electrochemical cell. What happens if external potential applied becomes greater than
E0cellof electrochemical cell?
30 a) Calculate E0cell for the following reaction at 298 K:
2Al(s) + 3Cu2+ (0.01M) → 2Al2+ (0.01M) + 3Cu(s)
Given: Ecell = 1.98 V
(b) Using the E0 values of A and B, predict which is better for coating the surface of iron
[E0(Fe2+/Fe) = -0.44 V] to prevent corrosion and why?
Given: E0(A2+/A) = -2.37 V; E0(B2+/B) = -0.14 V
31 a) Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss their
variation with concentration.
(b) Calculate the standard cell potential of the galvanic cell in which the following reaction takes
place :
Fe2+ (aq) + Ag+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + Ag (s) Calculate the ΔrG° and equilibrium constant of the
reaction also.
(E0Ag+/Ag = 0.80 V; E0Fe3+/Fe2+ = 0.77 V)
32 Calculate ΔrG° and e.m.f. (E) that can be obtained from the following cell under the standard
conditions at 25°C :
Zn (s) | Zn2+ (aq) || Sn2+ (aq) | Sn (s)
33 a) Define the term degree of dissociation. Write an expression that relates the molar conductivity
of a weak electrolyte to its degree of dissociation.
(b) For the cell reaction
Ni(s) | Ni2+(aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)
Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25 °C. How much maximum work would be obtained by
operation of this cell?
EoNi2/Ni = 0.25 V and EoAg+/Ag = 0.80 V
34 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Molar conductivity (Λm)
(ii) Secondary batteries
(iii) Fuel cell
(b) State the following laws :
(i) Faraday first law of electrolysis
(ii) Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions
35 a) Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following:
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes.
(ii) An aqueous solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrodes.
(b) Estimate the minimum potential difference needed to reduce Al 2O3 at 500°C. The Gibbs energy
change for the decomposition reaction 23 Al2O3 → 43 Al + O2 is 960 kJ
(F = 96500 C mol-1
36 a) Define the terms conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte.
Comment on their variation with temperature.
The measured resistance of a conductance cell was 100 ohms. Calculate (i) the specific
conductance and (ii) the molar conductance of the solution.
(KC1 = 74.5 g mol-1 and cell constant = 1.25 cm-1 )
37 a) State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. How much charge in terms of Faraday is required for
the reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu.
(b) Calculate emf of the following cell at 298 K : Mg(s) | Mg 2+ (0.1 M) || Cu2+ (0.01) | Cu (s)
[Given E0cell = +2.71 V, 1 F = 96500 C mol-1]
38 a) Define the following terms :
(i) Limiting molar conductivity (ii) Fuel cell
(b) Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L -1 KCl solution is 100 Ω. If the resistance
of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L -1 KCl solution is 520 Ω, calculate the conductivity and
molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L -1 KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 mol L -1 KCl solution is 1.29
× 10-2 Ω-1 cm-1.
39 a) Define molar conductivity of a solution and explain how molar conductivity changes with
change in concentration of solution for a weak and a strong electrolyte.
(b) The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is 1500 Ω. What
is the cell constant if the conductivity of 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.146 × 10 -3 S cm-1 ?
40 a) What type of a battery is the lead storage battery? Write the anode and the cathode reactions
and the overall reaction occurring in a lead storage battery when current is drawn from it
(b) In the button cell, widely used in watches, the following reaction takes place
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH–O(aq)
Determine E0 and ΔG0 for the reaction.
(Given E0Ag+/Ag = +0.80V, E0Zn2+/Zn = -0.76 V)
41 a) How many moles of mercury will be produced by electrolysing 1.0 M Hg(NO 3)2 solution with a
current of 2.00 A for 3 hours? [Hg(NO3)2 = 200.6 g mol-1]
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25 °C with the following half-cells Al2+ (0.001 M) and Ni2+ (0.50 M).
Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric current and
determine the cell potential.
(Given : E0Ni2+/Ni = – 0.25 V, E0Al3+/Al = – 1.66 V)
42 a) What type of a battery is lead storage battery? Write the anode and cathode reactions and the
overall cell reaction occuring in the operation of a lead storage battery.
(b) Calculate the potential for half-cell containing
0.10 M K2Cr2O7 (aq), 0.20 M Cr3+ (aq) and 1.0 × 10-4 M H+ (aq).
The half-cell reaction is
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+ (aq) + 6e– → 2 Cr3+ (aq) + 7 H2O (l)
and the standard electrode potential is given as E 0 = 1.33 V.
43 a) Write the anode and cathode reactions and the overall reaction occuring in a lead storage
battery.
(b) A copper-silver cell is set up. The copper ion concentration is 0.10 M. The concen¬tration of
silver ion is not known. The cell potential when measured was 0.422 V. Determine the
concentration of silver ions in the cell.

44 a) State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Write an expression for the molar
conductivity of acetic acid at infinite dilution according to Kohlrausch law.
(b) Calculate Λ°m for acetic acid.
Given that Λ°m (HCl) = 426 S cm2 mol-1
Λ°m (NaCl) = 126 S cm2 mol-1
Λ°m (CH3COONa) = 91 S cm2 mol-1
45 a) Corrosion is essentially an electrochemical phenomenon. Explain the reactions ; occurring
during corrosion of iron kept in j an open atmosphere.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium reaction
Fe(s) + Cd2+(aq) ⇌ Fe2+(aq) + Cd(s)
(Given : E0Cd2+/Cd = – 0.40 V,
E0Fe2+/Fe = -0-44V)
46 a) State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Write an expression for the molar
conductivity of acetic acid at infinite dilution according to Kohlrausch law.
(b) Calculate Λ°m for acetic acid.
Given that Λ°m (HCl) = 426 S cm2 mol-1
Λ°m (NaCl) = 126 S cm2 mol-1
Λ°m (CH3COONa) = 91 S cm2 mol-1
47 a) Corrosion is essentially an electrochemical phenomenon. Explain the reactions ; occurring
during corrosion of iron kept in j an open atmosphere.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium reaction
Fe(s) + Cd2+(aq) ⇌ Fe2+(aq) + Cd(s)
(Given : E0Cd2+/Cd = – 0.40 V,
E0Fe2+/Fe = -0-44V)
48 a) Define the term molar conductivity. How is it related to conductivity of the related solution?
(b) One half-cell in a voltaic cell is constructed from a silver wire dipped in silver nitrate solution of
unknown concentration. Its other half-cell consists of a zinc electrode dipping in 1.0 M solution of
Zn(NO3)2. A voltage of 1.48 V is measured for this cell. Use this information to calculate the
concentration of silver nitrate solution used.
(E0Zn2+/Zn=−0.76V,E0Ag+/Ag = + 0.80 V)
49 a) Express the relationship amongst cell constant, resistance of the solution in the cell and
conductivity of the solution. How is molar conductivity of a solute related to conductivity of its
solution?
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction
Fe(s) + Cd2+(aq) ⇌ Fe2+(aq) + Cd(s)
(Given : E0Cd2+/Cd = -0.40 V,
E0Cd2+/Cd = -0.44 V).
50 a) What type of a cell is the lead storage battery? Write the anode and the cathode reactions and
the overall reaction occurring in a lead storage battery while operating.
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25 °C with the half-cells, Al | Al3+ (0.001 M) and Ni | Ni2+ (0.50 M).
Write the equation for the reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric current and
determine the cell potential.
(Given : E∘Ni2+/Ni=−0.25V,E∘Al3+/Al=−1.66V)
51 a) State the relationship amongst cell constant of a cell, resistance of the solution in the
cell and conductivity of the solution. How is molar conductivity of a solute related to
conductivity of its solution?
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25°C with the following half-cells :
Al | Al3+ (0.001 M) and Ni | Ni2+ (0.50 M)
Calculate the cell voltage
E0Ni2+/Ni=−0.25V,E0Ni2+/Ni=−1.66V
52 a) Define molar conductivity of a substance and describe how for weak and strong electrolytes,
molar conductivity changes with concentration of solute. How is such change explained?
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25°C with the following half cells :
Ag+ (0.001 M) | Ag and Cu2+ (0.10 M) | Cu What would be the voltage of this cell? (E0cell = 0.46 V)
53 a) For a reaction A + B → P, the rate is given by Rate = k[A] [B]2
(i) How is the rate of reaction affected if the concentration of B is doubled?
(ii) What is the overall order of reaction if A is present in large excess?
(b) A first order reaction takes 30 minutes for 50% completion. Calculate the time required for
90% completion of this reaction
54 For the hydrolysis of methyl acetate in aqueous solution, the following results were
obtained:
 t/s 0 10 20

[CH3COOCH3]/mol L-1 0.10 0.05 0.025

(i) Show that it follows pseudo first order reaction, as the concentration of water remains
constant.
(ii) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 10 to 20 seconds.
(Given : log 2 = 0.3010, log 4 = 0.6021)

55 a) For a reaction A + B → P, the rate is given by Rate = k[A] [B]2

(i) How is the rate of reaction affected if the concentration of B is doubled?
(ii) What is the overall order of reaction if A is present in large excess?
(b) A first order reaction takes 30 minutes for 50% completion. Calculate the time required for
90% completion of this reaction.
(log 2 = 0.3010)

56 For the hydrolysis of methyl acetate in aqueous solution, the following results were
obtained :

t/s 0 30 60

[CH3COOCH3]/mol L-1 0.60 0.30 0.15

(i) Show that it follows pseudo first order reaction, as the concentration of water remains
constant.
(ii) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 30 to 60 seconds.
(Given log 2 = 0.3010, log 4 = 0.6021)

57 a) A first order reaction takes 100 minutes for completion of 60% of the reaction. Find the time
when 90% of the reaction will be completed.
(b) With the help of diagram explain the role of activated complex in a reaction

58 a) The decomposition of A into products has a value of K as 4.5 × 103 s-1 at 10°C and energy of
activation 60 kj mol-1. At what temperature would K be 1.5 × 104 s-1?
(b) (i) If half life period of a first order reaction is x and 3/4, th life period of the same reaction is y,
how are x and y related to each other?
 (ii) In some cases it is found that a large number of colliding molecules have energy more than
threshold energy, yet the reaction is slow. Why?

59 a) For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time required
for the completion of 90% of reaction. .
(b) Rate constant ‘k’ of a reaction varies with temperature ‘T’ according to the equation:
log k = log A – Ea2.303R(1T)
where Ea is the activation energy. When a graph is plotted for log k vs. 1T¯¯¯¯,a straight line with a
slope of – 4250 K is obtained. Calculate ‘Ea‘ for the reaction. (R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1)

60 a) A reaction is second order in A and first order in B.

(i) Write the differential rate equation,
(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of A three times?
(iii) How is the rate affected when the concentrations of both A and B are doubled?
(b) A first order reaction takes 40 minutes for 30% decomposition. Calculate t 1/2 for this reaction.
(Given log 1.428 = 0.1548)

61 a) What is the physical significance of energy of activation ? Explain with diagram.

(b) In general, it is observed that the rate of a chemical reaction doubles with every 10 degree rise
in temperature. If the generalization holds good for the reaction in the temperature range of 295 K
to 305 K, what would be the value of activation energy for this reaction ?
[R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1]

62 a) With the help of a labelled diagram explain the role of activated complex in a reaction.
(b) A first order reaction is 15% completed in 20 minutes. How long will it take to complete 60% of
the reaction ?

63 a) Explain the following terms :

(i) Order of a reaction
(ii) Molecularity of a reaction
(b) The rate of a reaction increases four times when the temperature changes from 300 K to 320
K. Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction, assuming that it does not change with
temperature. (R = 8.314 J K-1mol-1)

64 a) Explain the following terms :

(i) Rate of a reaction
(ii) Activation energy of a reaction (b) The decomposition of phosphine, PH3, proceeds according
to the following equation:
4 PH3 (g) → P4 (g) + 6 H2 (g)
It is found that the reaction follows the following rate equation :
Rate = K [PH3].
The half-life of PH3 is 37.9 s at 120° C.
(i) How much time is required for 3/4th of PH3 to decompose?
(it) What fraction of the original sample of PH3 remains behind after 1 minute?

65 a) (i) Which transition element in 3d series has positive E 0M2+/M and why?
(ii) Name a member of lanthanoid series which is well know to exhibit +4 oxidation state and
why?
(b) Account for the following :
(i) The highest oxidation state is exhibited in oxoanions of transition metals.
 (ii) HCl is not used to acidify KMnO4 solution.
(iii) Transition metals have high enthalpy of atomisation.

66 When chromite ore is fused with sodium carbonate in free excess of air and the product is
dissolved in water, a yellow solution of compound (A) is obtained. On acidifying the yellow
solution with sulphuric acid, compound (B) is crystallised out. When compound (B) is treated with
KC1, orange crystals of compound (C) crystallise out. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and write the
reactions involved

67 a) Following are the transition metal ions of 3d series:

Ti4+, V2+, Mn3+, Cr3+
(Atomic numbers: Ti = 22, V= 23, Mn = 25, Cr = 24)
Answer the following:
(i) Which ion is most stable in an aqueous solution and why?
(ii) Which ion is a strong oxidising agent and why?
(iii) Which ion is colourless and why?
(b) Complete the following equations: (All India 2017)

68 (a) Account for the following:

(i) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(ii) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals.
(iii) E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is highly positive (+1.57 V) as compared to Cr 3+/Cr2+.
(b) Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of lanthanoid and actinoid
elements

69 a) (i) How is the variability in oxidation

states of transition metals different from that of the p-block elements?
(ii) Out of Cu+ and Cu2+, which ion is unstable in aqueous solution and why?
(iii) Orange colour of Cr2O72- ion changes to yellow when treated with an alkali. Why?
(b) Chemistry of actinoids is complicated as compared to lanthanoids. Give two reasons.

70 a) Account for the following:

(i) Transition metals form large number of complex compounds.
(ii) The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic whereas the highest oxide is amphoteric or
acidic.
(iii) E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is highly positive (+1.57 V) as compared to Cr3+/Cr2+.
(b) Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of lanthanoid and actinoid
elements

71 The elements of 3d transition series are given as:

Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Answer the following:
(i) Write the element which shows maximum number of oxidation states. Give reason.
(ii) Which element has the highest m.p.?
 (iii) Which element shows only +3 oxidation state?
(iv) Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in +3 oxidation state and why?

72 a) Account for the following:

(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine it shows the highest
oxidation state of +4.
(ii) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.
(iii) Cu2+ salts are coloured while Zn2+ salts are white.
(b) Complete the following equations: (All India 2016)

73 i) With reference to structural variability and chemical reactivity, write the difference between
lanthanoids and actinoids.
(ii) Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
(iii) Complete the following equation :
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– →
(iv) Out of Mn3+ and Cr3+, which is more paramagnetic and why? (Atomic nos. : Mn = 25, Cr = 24)

74 a) Complete the following equations :

(i) Cr2O72- + 2OH– →
(ii) MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– →
(b) Account for the following :
(i) Zn is not considered as a transition element.
(ii) Transition metals form a large number of complexes.
(iii) The E0 value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ couple

75 (i) Name the element of 3d transition series which shows maximum number of oxidation states.
Why does it show so?
(ii) Which transition metal of 3d series has positive E0(M2+/M) value and why?
(iii) Out of Cr3+ and Mn3+, which is a stronger oxidizing agent and why?
(iv) Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +2 oxidation state.
(v) Complete the following equation :
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– →

76 a) How do you prepare :

(i) K2MnO4 from MnO2?
(ii) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4?
(b) Account for the following :
(i) Mn2+ is more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to +3 state.
(ii) The enthalpy of atomization is lowest for Zn in 3d series of the transition elements.
(iii) Actinoid elements show wide range of oxidation states

77 (a) Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite ore. Write balanced
chemical equation for one reaction to show the oxidizing nature of potassium permanganate.
(b) What is lanthanoid contraction and what is it due to? Write two consequences of lanthanoid
contraction
78 Give reasons :
(i) Zirconium (Z = 40) and Hafnium (Z = 72) have almost similar atomic radii.
(ii) d-block elements exhibit more oxidation states than f-block elements.
(iii) The enthalpies of atomization of the transition metals are high.
(iv) The variation in oxidation states of transition metals is of different type from that of the non-
transition metals.
(v) Orange solution of potassium dichromate
turns yellow on adding sodium hydroxide to it.

79 a) Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?

(i) Name the element showing maximum number of oxidation states among the first series of
transition metals from Se (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30).
(ii) Name the element which shows only +3 oxidation state.
(b) What is lanthanoid contraction? Name an important alloy which contains some of the
lanthanoid metals.

80 a) Give reasons for the following :

(i) Mn3+ is a good oxidising agent.
(ii) E°M2+/M values are not regular for first row transition metals (3d series).
(iii) Although ‘F is more electronegative than ‘O’, the highest Mn fluoride is MnF 4, whereas the
highest oxide is Mn2O7.
(b) Complete the following equations : (All India 2013)

81 a) Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite ore. What happens when
acidified potassium permanganate solution reacts with ferrous sulphate solution? Write balanced
chemical equations.
(b) Account for the following :
(i) Mn2+compounds are more stable than Fe2+compounds towards oxidation to their +3 state.
(ii) Cr2+ is reducing and Mn3+ oxidizing when both have d4 configuration.

82 a) Describe the preparation of potassium dichromate from chromite ore. What is the effect of
change of pH on dichromate ion?
(b) How is the variability in oxidation states of transition elements different from that of non-
transition elements? Illustrate with examples.

83 a) Complete the following chemical equations :

(b) Explain the following observations :

(i) La3+ (Z = 57) and Lu3+ (Z = 71) do not show any colour in solutions.
(ii) Among the divalent cations in the first series of transition elements, manganese exhibits the
maximum paramagnetism.
(iii) Cu+ ion is not known in aqueous solutions
84 a) Complete the following chemical equations :
(i) Cr2O2−7 (aq) + H2S (g) + H+ (aq) →
(ii) Cu2+ (aq) + I–(aq) →
(b) How would you account for the following :
(i) The oxidising power of oxoanions are in the order VO+2<Cr2O2−7<MnO−4
(ii) The third ionization enthalpy of manganese (Z = 25) is exceptionally high.
(iii) Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe 2+.

85 (a) What is meant by the term lanthanoid contraction? What is it due to and what consequences
does it have on the chemistry of elements following lanthanoids in the periodic table?
(b) Explain the following observations :
(i) Cu+ ion is unstable in aqueous solutions.
(ii) Although Co2+ ion appears to be stable, it is easily oxidised to Co3+ ion in the presence of a
strong ligand.
(in) The E°Mn2+/Mn value for manganese is much more than expected from the trend for other
elements in the series.

86 (a) Complete the following chemical reaction equations :

(b) Explain the following observations :

(i) In general the atomic radii of transition elements decrease with atomic number in a given
series.
(ii) The E°M2+/M, for copper is positive (+ 0.34 V). It is the only metal in the first series of transition
elements showing this type of behaviour.
(iii) The E° value for Mn3+ | Mn2+ couple is much more positive than for Cr3+ | Cr2+ or Fe3+ |
Fe2+ couple.

87 a) Complete the following chemical reaction equations :

(i) Cr2O2−7 (aq) + H2 S(g) + H+(aq) →
(ii) MnO2(s) + KOH(aq) + O2 →
(b) Explain the following observations :
(i) Transition metals form compounds which are usually coloured.
(ii) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states.
(iii) The actinoids exhibit a greater range of oxidation states than the lanthanoids.

88 a) Complete the following chemical reaction equations :

(i) Fe2+(aq) + MnO−4(aq) + H+(aq) →
(ii) Cr2O2−7(aq) + I–(aq) +H+(aq) →
(b) Explain the following observations :
(i) Transition elements are known to form many interstitial compounds.
(ii) With the same d4 d-orbital configuration Cr2+ ion is reducing while Mn3+ ion is oxidizing.
(iii) The enthalpies of atomization of the transition elements are quite high
89 a) Complete the following chemical equations for reactions :

(b) Give an explanation for each of the following observations :

(i) The gradual decrease ‘n’ size (actinoid contraction) from element to element is greater among
the actinoids than that among the lanthanoids (lanthanoid contraction).
(ii) The greatest number of oxidation states are exhibited by the members in the middle of a
transition series.
(iii) With the same d-orbital configuration d4, Cr2+ ion is a reducing agent but Mn 3+ ion is an
oxidising agent.

90 a) Complete the following chemical reaction equations :

(b) Explain the following observations about the transition/inner transition elements :
(i) There is in general an increase in density of element from titanium (Z = 22) to copper (Z = 29).
(ii) There occurs much more frequent metal-metal bonding in compounds of heavy transition
elements (3rd series).
(iii) The members in the actinoid series exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the
corresponding members in the lanthanoid series.

91 When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is mixed with AgNO3 solution, 3 moles of AgCl are
precipitated per mole of the compound. Write :
(i) Structural formula of the complex
(ii) IUPAC name of the complex
(iii) Magnetic and spin behaviour of the complex

92 For the complex ion [CoCl2(en)2]+ write hybridization type and spin behaviour. Draw one of the
geometrical isomers of the complex ion which is optically active. [Atomic No.: Co = 27]

93 For the complex ion [Fe(en)2Cl2]+ write the hybridization type and magnetic behaviour. Draw one of
the geometrical isomer of the complex ion which is optically active. [Atomic No.: Fe = 26]

94 For the complex ion [Ni(CN)4]2- write the hybridization type, magnetic character and spin nature.
[Atomic No.: Ni = 28]

95 For the complex ion [CoF6]3- write the hybridization type, magnetic character and spin nature.
[Atomic number: Co = 27]

96 a) What type of isomerism is shown by the complex [Co(NH3)5 (SCN)]2+?

(b) Why is [NiCl24]2- paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)4]2- is diamagnetic? (Atomic number of Ni = 28)
(c) Why are low spin tetrahedral complexes rarely observed?

97 (i) What type of isomerism is shown by the complex [Co(en)3]Cl3?

(ii) Write the hybridisation and magnetic character of [Co(C 2O4)3] 3-.
 (At. no. of Co = 27)
(iii) Write IUPAC name of the following complex: [Cr(NH3)3Cl3]

98 i) What type of isomerism is shown by the complex [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6]?

(ii) Why a solution of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green while a solution of [Ni(CN) 4]2- is colourless? (At. no. of Ni
= 28)
(iii) Write the IUPAC name of the following complex: [CO(NH3)5(CO3)]Cl.

99 Write the hybridization, shape and magnetic character of [Fe(CN)6]4-.

100 Write down the hybridization and magnetic character of the following complexes :
(i) [Ni(CO)4] (ii) [CoF6]-3 (Atomic number : Ni = 28, Co = 27)

101 (a) For the complex [Fe(H2O)6]3+, write the hybridization, magnetic character and spin of the
complex. (At. number: Fe = 26)
(b) Draw one of the geometrical isomers of the complex [Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ which is optically inactive.

102 (a) For the complex [Fe(CN)6]3- write the hybridization type, magnetic character and spin nature of
the complex. (At. number: Fe = 26).
(b) Draw one of the geometrical isomers of the complex [Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ which is optically active.

103 Write the IUPAC name of the following :

(i) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
(ii) [NiCl4]2-
(iii) K3[Fe(CN)6]

104 Indicate the types of isomerism exhibited by the following complexes :

(i) [CO(NH3)5(NO2)]2+
(ii) [Co(en)3]Cl3 (en = ethylene diamine)
(iii) [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]

105 i) What type of isomerism is shown by the complex [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3?

(ii) On the basis of crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration for d 4 ion if Δ0 > P.
(iii) Write the hybridization and shape of [CoF6]3-.
(Atomic number of Co = 27)

106 (i) Draw the geometrical isomers of complex [Pt(NH3)2Cl2].

(ii) On the basis of crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration for d 4 ion if Δ0 < P.
(iii) Write the hybridization and magnetic behaviour of the complex [Ni(CO)4]. (At. no. of Ni = 28)

107 Write down the IUPAC names of the following complexes and also give stereochemistry and
magnetic moment of the complexes :
(i) [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
(ii) [CrCl3(py)3]
(iii) K4[Mn(CN)6]
(At. nos. Cr = 24, Mn = 25, Co = 27, py = pyridine)
108 Giving one example in each of the following cases, discuss briefly the role of coordination
compounds in
(i) extraction metallurgy of metals
(ii) analytical chemistry

109 Write the IUPAC name and draw the structure of each of the following complex entities:

(At. nos. Cr = 25, Co = 27, Pt = 78)

110 Draw the structures of optical isomers of each of the following complex ions:
[Cr(C2O4)3]3-, [PtCl2(en)2]2+, [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+

111 Write down the IUPAC name for each of the following complexes:
(i) [CO(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
(ii) K3[Fe(CN)6]
(iii) [NiCl3]2-

112 i) Write the IUPAC name of the complex [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Cl

(ii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by the complex {Co(en)3]3+?
(en = ethane-1, 2-diamine)
(iii) Why is [NiCl4]2- paramagnetic but [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic?
(At. nos. : Cr = 24, Co = 27, Ni = 28)

113 a) Using Valence bond theory explain the geometry and magnetic behaviour by [Cr(NH 3)6] 3+ . (At.
no. Cr = 24)
(b) Write the IUPAC name of ionization isomer of [Ni(NH3)3NO3]Cl.

114 a) How is a double salt different from a complex?

(b) Write IUPAC names of the following :
(i) K3[Fe(C2O4)3]
(ii) [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4.
(c) Draw the structure of cis isomer of [CO(NH3)4Cl2]+

115 What is meant by crystal field splitting energy? On the basis of crystal field theory, write the
electronic configuration of d4 in terms of t2g and eg in an octahedral field when
(i) Δ0 > P
(ii) Δ0 < P

116 For the complex [NiCl4]2-, write

(i) the IUPAC name
(ii) the hybridization type
(iii) the shape of the complex. (Atomic no. of Ni = 28)
117 Write the types of isomerism exhibited by the following complexes:
(i) [Co(NH3)5CI]SO4
(ii) [Co(en)3]3+
(iii) [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6]

118 Write the IUPAC names of the following coordination compounds:

(i) [Cr(NH3)3Cl3]
(ii) K3[Fe(CN)6]
(iii) [CoBr2(en)2]+, (en = ethylenediamine)

119 a) Give names of two complexes which are used in medicines.

(b) Using valence bond theory of complexes, explain the geometry and magnetic nature of
[Ni(CN)4]2-. (At. no. of Ni = 28)

120 (a) Give two examples of coordination compounds used in industries.

(b) Using valence bond theory, explain the geometry and magnetic behaviour of [Co(NH 3)6]3+
(At. no. of Co = 27)

121 Name the following coordination entities and describe their structures :
(i) [Fe(CN)6]4-
(ii) [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+
(iii) [Ni(CN)4]2-
(Atomic numbers Fe = 26, Cr = 24, Ni = 28)

122 Name the following coordination entities and draw the structures of their stereoisomers :
(i) [Co(en)2Cl2]+ (en = ethan-1, 2-diamine)
(ii) [Cr(C2O4)3]3-
(iii) [Co(NH3)3 Cl3] (Atomic numbers Cr = 24, Co = 27)

123 Write the name, the structure and the magnetic behaviour of each one of the following complexes
:
(i) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NO2)]
(ii) [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
(iii) Ni(CO)4 (Atmos. Co = 27, Ni = 28, Pt = 78)

124 State a reason for each of the following situations :

(i) Co2+ is easily oxidized to Co3+ in presence of a strong ligand.
(ii) CO is a stronger complexing reagent than NH 3.
(iii) The molecular shape of [Ni(CO)4] is not the
same as that of [Ni(CN)4]2

125 Give the formula of each of the following coordination entities :

(i) Co3+ ion is bound to one Cl–, one NH3 molecule and two bidentate ethylene diamine (en)
molecules.
(ii) Ni2+ ion is bound to two water molecules and two oxalate ions.
Write the name and magnetic behaviour of each of the above coordination entities.
(At nos. Co = 27, Ni = 28)
126 Write the state of hybridization, the shape and the magnetic behaviour of the following complex
entities :
(t) [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
(ii) [Co(en)3]Cl3
(iii) K2[Ni(CN)4]

127 Write the structures and names of all the stereoisomers of the following compounds :
(i) [Co(en)3]Cl3
(ii) [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
(iii) [Fe(NH3)4Cl2]Cl

128 Explain the following terms giving a suitable example in each case :
(i) Ambident ligand
(ii) Denticity of a ligand
(iii) Crystal field splitting in an octahedral field

129 Write the name, stereochemistry and magnetic behaviour of the following : (At. nos. Mn = 25, Co =
27, Ni = 28) (Delhi 2011)
(i) K4[Mn(CN)6]
(ii) [CO(NH3)5 Cl]Cl2
(iii) K2 [Ni(CN)2]

130