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Civil Engineering Class Notes and Presentation

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17 views9 pages

Civil Engineering Class Notes and Presentation

I have uploaded class notes and project presentation of Civil Engineering

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aryann566676
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12.1. Light-weight Concrete oO" of the disadvantages of conventional concrete is the high self weight of concrete. Density of the normal concrete is in the order of 2200 to 2600 kg/mm? This heavy self weight will make it to some extent an uneconomical structural material. Attempts have been made in the past to reduce the self weight of concrete to increase the efficiency of concrete as a structural material. The light-weight concrete as we call is a concrete whose density varies from 300 to 1850 kg/m There are many advantages of having low density. It helps in reduction of dead load, increases the progress of building, and lowers haulage and handling costs. The weight of a building on the foundation is an important factor in design, particularly in the case of weak soil and tall structures. In framed structures, the beams and columns have to carry load of floors and walls. If floors and walls are made up of light-weight concrete it will result in considerable economy. Another most important characteristic of light-weight concrete is the relatively low thermal conductivity, a property which improves with decreasing density, jn eXtra climatic conditions and also in case of buildings where airconditioning is to be instalieg use of lightweight concrete with low thermal conductivity will be of Considerable adya from the point of view of thermal comforts and lower power consumption. The a opie’ of lightweight concrete gives an outlet for industrial wastes such as clinker, fly ash, slag ae which otherwise create problem for disposal. Basically there is only one method for making concrete light i.e., by the inclusion Of ay in concrete. This is achieved in actual practice by three different ways. (9) By replacing the usual mineral aggregate by cellular porous or lightweight Aggregate (6) By introducing gas or air bubbles in mortar, This is known as aerated concrete (c) By omitting sand fraction from the aggregate. This is called ‘no-fines’ concrete, The Table 12.1 shows the whole ranges of light-weight concrete under three Main groups Lightweight concrete has become more Popular in recent years owing to the tremendous advantages it offers over the conventional concrete. Modern technology and a better understanding of the concrete has also helped much in the promotion and use of light-weight Table 12.1, Groups of Light-weight Concrete No-ines lightweight Aerated Concrete Concrete aggregate Chemical Foaming concrete aerating mixture (a) Gravel (a) Clinker (a) Aluminium (a) Preformed powder method foam (b) Crushed (b) Foamed (b) Hydrogen (b) Airentrainea Stone slag peroxide foam and bleaching (c) Preformed Powder method foam and Coarse (c) Expanded fly ash clinker clay (4) Sintered (d) Expanded pulverised shale fuel ash (€) Expanded (e) Expanded Clay or shale slate () Expanded | (f) sintered slate pulverised fuel ash (9) Foamea (9) Exfoliatea Slag vermiculite (h) Expanded Perlite (i) Pumice (i) Organic aggregate| 123. Light-welght Aggregate Concrete _ very often lightweight concrete is made by the use of light weight aggregate: this have seen that different lightweight aggregates have different densities. Naturally when t 5 aggreate is used. Concrete of different densities are obtained By using expanded perlite os vermiculite, a concrete of density as low as 300 Kg/m? can be produced, and by the use } expanded slag, sintered fly ash, bloated clay etc., a concrete of density 1900 kg/m? can be obtained. The strength of the light-weight concrete may also vary from about 0.3 N/mm? 40 N/mm®. A cement content of 200 kg/m? to about 500 kg/m? may be used. Fig. 12.1 shows typical ranges of densities of concrete Made with different light-weight aggregates, and erties of lightweight aggregate concrete. Strength of light-weight concrete depends on the density of concrete. Less porous regate which is heavier in Weight produces stronger concrete Particularly with higher cement content. The grading of aggregate, the water/cement ratio, the degree of compaction also effect the strength of concrete. gates. We Table 12.2. Typical Properties of Common Li ight-weight Concretes g Type of Bulk Dry Compressive Drying Thermal No. Concretes density of density of strength of Shrinkage conductivity aggregates kg/m3 28 days 10% Inv? 5°C kg/m? |. Sintered fly ash Fine 1050 1500 25 300 - Coarse 800 1540 30 350 - | 2. Sintered fly ash with natural sand Coarse 800 1700 25 300 - 3. Pumice 500-800 1200 15 1200 0.14 Perlite 40-200 400-500 —1.2-3.0 2000 0.05 5. Vermicutite 60-200 300-700 0.3-3.0 3000 0.10 5 Cellular (Fly ash) 950 750 3.0 700 0.19 Sand 1600 900 6.0 - 0.22 " Autoelaved 5 800 4.0 800 0.25 ted Most of the light-weight aggregate with the exception of bloated clay and sintered fly ash dular in, shape and rough in texture. They produce a harsh mix. Particular care should “10 improve workability with the addition of excess of fine material, Ee mae * other Plasticizing admixtures. The strength of aggregate will also be ti 1 Of fine aggregates. For increasing the strength, for improving “ See aa “Ng the water requirement, sometimes natural sand is used instead o} ey 1 Straten Concrete 7 inter Strand Expanded Clay ‘ot Shate, Palworixed Fuel Ash, aned Expanded Stat NMadQsite Tomulatinng Cohorte } | Rotaty-Kiln Expanded Clay, Shale and Slate scorin Damive Vetmiculite 400 600 so 1000—«1200 1400 1600 1800. Kein’ 28 Day Air Dry Density Fip-12.1. Typical Ranges of Demis of Coneretes Made with Various Light-weight Aeregate lightweight aggregate. Use of airentrainment will greatly improve the workability enty for bleeding in the lightweight concrete. But the use of air-entrainment wi} er reduction in strength also of the light-weight aggregates have a high and rapid absorption quality. This is Mporant difficulties in applying the normal mix design procedure to the light- te. But it is possible to water-proof the light-weight aggregate by Coating it such other materials by using a special Process. The coating of aggregate by regu bond strength between aggregate and paste. Coating of aggregate compounds does not impair the bond characteristics but at the Same time makes Light-weight concrete being comparatively porous, when used for reinforced concrete, reinforcement may become Prone to corrosion. Either the reinforcement must be coated with anticorrosive compound of the concrete must be plastered atthe surface by normal mortar £0 inhibit the penetration of ait

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