ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT HANDOUT Example: Weather forecast on the radio

STUDY GUIDE SYMBOLS ⭐️SPEECH ACTS

Speech Act Theory
⭐️ signifies crucial information, essential concepts, or topics likely to be tested proposed by John Langshaw Austin in 1962 further developed by John Rogers Searle in
1969 concerned with what the speaker means—which is his or her intention—when he or
📚indicates concepts where you should read and understand concepts she says something rather than what the utterance literally means in a language.
Categories:
💙Indicates concepts where you should apply concepts in real-life situations Locution-actual words of the speaker
Color green definitions-Emphasizes important information or concepts that are likely to be -phrase or meaning that has meaning and structure
tested. Illocution-intention or social function of what is said
Perlocution-resulting act of what is said
⭐️SPEECH CONTEXT
Speech Context is the situation that brings people together in the communication LOCUTION ILLOCUTION PERLOCUTION
process (Dapat, 2016). It refers to the number of the communicators and the situation the DEFINITION -What we say -What we mean -What we accomplish
communicators are in during the interaction (Bernardo, 2016). -actual words -intention -result
Types of Speech Context EXAMPLE 1 “I want to buy foods -the speaker wishes -the hearer may or may
A. Intrapersonal Communication but it’s raining the hearer to let her not allow the speaker
*Communication takes place within oneself. outside.” borrow an umbrella to borrow an umbrella
*It can be in the form of thinking, analyzing, dreaming, evaluating, EXAMPLE 2 “I am hungry.” -the speaker wants -the speaker may or
contemplating, meditating, or reflecting. the hearer to share may not share food
B. Interpersonal Communication food with him/her with him/her
*It refers to communication between two or more people (Bernardo,
2016)
⭐️CATEGORIES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
Dynamics of Interpersonal Communication 1.Expressives – These express a speaker’s emotions and attitudes toward a
Dyad ( Dyadic Communication) – Communication between two people. particular situation. These Include apologizing, welcoming, thanking, and
Small- Group Discussion – Communication among three or more people with the same congratulating.
objectives and purposes (Dapat, 2016) Example:
Importance of Interpersonal skills “All the best on your upcoming movie.” In this statement, the speaker is congratulating the
● Helpful in workplace where we need to interact with different types of people receiver on his or her
● Important in maintaining good relationship within family and friends upcoming movie, making the message an expressive.
● Also known as life skills. 2. Declarations – These are speech acts that, upon being uttered, immediately
Principles of Listening bring about a change in the situation. These could be through appointing,
● Stop talking baptizing, declaring, firing, and nominating.
● Prepare yourself to listen Example:
● Put the speaker at ease “Classes are suspended tomorrow.”
● Remove distractions This statement is a frequent declaration made by certain authorities such as
● Emphatise the mayor, president, or school administrators.
● Be patient 3. Assertives – Basically, these convey information regarding something. This
● Listen to the tone could be in the form of concluding, stating, describing, asserting, suggesting,
● Listen for ideas-not just words and insisting.
● Watch for Non-verbal Communication Example:
“Female senators are better than male senators.”
C. Public Communication This example asserts one’s opinion on female senators, making it an
*Communication involves a large group of the audience which usually follows the linear assertive.
model of communication. 4. Directives – These are speech acts that cause the individual being addressed
Example. to do a particular action. These include commanding, daring, challenging,
Public speaking on the campus requesting, and asking someone to do something.
D. Mass Communication Example:
Mass Communication is a mediated-public communication that reaches a much larger and “Solve this equation.”
father audience. This statement is likely to be the command of a teacher to his or her students.
5. Commissives – These are speech acts that commit the speaker to doing a
particular action in the future. Examples of this are promising, vowing,
planning, and offering. ⭐️COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Example: a plan of action or a technique that a communicator uses in order to help make the
“I will finish this project tonight.” communication process successful.
This statement expresses a vow of finishing the project tonight. 1. Nomination- involves the opening and establishing of a topic in a conversation
2. Restriction- involves limiting what the participants can contribute to the conversation or
discussion
📚SPEECH STYLES 3. Turn-taking - refers to the process in which a participant stops speaking and yields the
floor to another participant so that he or she can speak
In his book The Five Clocks, Dutch linguist, Martin Joos identified five types of 4. Topic Control- occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion in
speech style: intimate, casual, consultative, formal, and frozen. These speech order to maintain its flow without moving away from or changing the topic
styles are also called language registers. 5. Topic Shifting- occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of
Intimate Style• This style is private that is used within close family member or close the flow of ideas in a conversation
6. Repair- refers to the act of fixing the violations in a communication situation
friend
7. Termination- refers to the act of ending a conversation
• Certain terms of endearment, expressions whose meaning is shared
with a small group of people 💙SPEECH WRITING
Example: AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
Before writing a speech, it is vital that we do research for our target audience.Audience
Talking about your problems to your boyfriend or girlfriend
analysis can contribute a lot in crafting a speech even two days before the speech is
Asking your family for some pieces of advice about serious things delivered so the writer can make adjustments on the written speech.
Casual Style It entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done so you can tailor-fit
•Common among peers and friends your speech content and delivery to your audience. The profile includes the following
•Jargon, slang, street language, gay language is used information.
-age, male and female ratio, address, venue, educational background, religious Affiliations,
•more friendly in tone, not intimate.
etc.
Example: • The introduction is the foundation of your speech. Here, your primary goal is to get
Casual conversations with your friends the attention of your audience and present the subject or main idea of your speech. Your first
Consultative Style few words should do so. The following are some strategies.
•Standard style of speech Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your subject.
•professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject.
Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it means.
Example: Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your subject.
communication between a superior and a subordinate, doctor and Tell a personal story to illustrate your point.
patient, lawyer and client, lawyer and judge, teacher and student, • The body of the speech provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help
counsellor and client. you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech. One major consideration
Formal Style• in developing the body of your speech is the focus or central idea. The body of your speech
should only have one central idea.
It is used in speaking to medium to large groups
• The conclusion restates the main idea of your speech. Furthermore, it provides a
• The speech is expected to be presented in complete sentences summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action. While the primary goal of the
Example: introduction is to get the attention of your audience, the conclusion aims to leave the
State of the Nation Address of the President audience with a memorable statement.
Frozen Style The following are some strategies.
▪ Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message.
This is generally used in a very formal setting
▪ Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines from songs or stories
• The use of language is fixed familiar
• This is most often seen in writing than in speaking ▪ to your audience.
Example: ▪ Ask a question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder.
National Anthem
 ▪ Shaking of the head (to show negation)
💙COMPONENTS OF VOICE MODULATION 4. Movements -refer to the steps taken to the left, right, or to any other part of
1.Volume or loudness is a perception of energy used in voice production. The the stage. The mental communication becomes intense when the audience see
speaker must make sure that his/ her voice is heard by the last person at the back. the speaker move from one corner to another sparingly. These steps may show
Speakers should avoid verbal fillers like uh, ah, okay, know, um. Your voice should many ideas like:
sound as animated as when you converse with your friend. Ideally, the speaker ▪ a change of time;
should speak in a well – modulated voice. ▪ a transition of thought
2. Rate or speed refers to how fast or how slowly one says the lines. This may vary ▪ a dramatic pause; and
in accordance to the mood or thoughts the speaker is conveying. ▪ a change of situation.
3. Pitch is ”the relative highness or lowness of a tone” as perceived by the ear, 5. Audience Rapport this refers to a speaker’s connection with the audience.
which depends on the number or variations per second produced by the vocal This connection is characterized by harmony, conformity and accord. Here are
cords. some ways to establish rapport with the audience.
4. Duration depends upon the type of speech, occasion, audience, and the context ▪ Take time to greet them and make them feel you are glad to be
in which the speaker speaks. speaking in front of them and grateful for their time and attention.
▪ Compliment them on their attention, cooperation, and so on.
▪ Involve them, interact with them. Maintain eye contact with them.
💙SPEECH DELIVERY ▪ Use appropriate, tasteful humor.
Stage Presence means connecting with your audience in a way that makes ▪ Talk to them like a friend, but always be polite to them
them want to watch you and listen to you. A good stage presence draws the
audience to the speech and establishes connection with the speaker. Consider
the following: 📚TYPES OF DELIVERY
a) Posture refers to the bearing of the body. Good posture suggests an Impromptu Speech-Given without any prior preparation or rehearsal.
alert, knowledgeable, interested person. This includes standing up Manuscript Speech-The speaker reads the entire speech from a prepared script or manuscript.
straight with feet apart and shoulders squared facing the audience. Memorized Speech-The speaker memorizes the entire speech and delivers it without referring
The speaker should make sure that he/ she does not slouch or lean to notes or a script.
for this may convey anxiety and the audience may get distracted. Extemporaneous Speech-The speaker has a well-prepared outline or notes and delivers the
b) Poise is the bearing of someone who is sure of self. Good poise is speech in a conversational, spontaneous manner without memorizing the exact wording.
being calm, assured, and acting with self - confidence.
c) Eye contact the eyes are used to have mental contact with the
audience for they established effective thought communication. 📚Important key terms or vocabulary words that are likely to appear on the exam
Thus, the speaker must have eye contact with the audience all Call-to-action- A statement or request that encourages or instructs an audience to take a
throughout the delivery. Avoid staring at a floor or wall. Avoid specific action, often found in advertising, speeches, or persuasive writing.
looking at the window. Metaphor- A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to
2. Facial Expression the face should mirror the emotions expressed by the voice. which it is not literally applicable, creating a comparison for rhetorical effect.
Appropriate facial expressions can help you connect with your audience. For Straying- Moving away or deviating from a particular path, course, or topic.
instance, you can show your friendly intention through your smile at the Tailor- To customize or adjust something to suit specific needs, preferences, or requirements.
beginning of your speech. While speaking, you can show the importance of Jargon- Specialized vocabulary or terminology used by a particular group, profession, or in a
words by widening your eyes, raising your eyebrows, batting eyelashes, and specific context, often difficult for outsiders to understand.
adding accounts of excitement, pleasantness or puzzlement with the respective Complex- Having intricate or complicated parts, difficult to understand or analyze due to
expressions. Facial expressions can bring a speech to life. intricacy.
3. Gestures use gestures to accompany your words. Similar to facial expressions, Refine- To improve or perfect by making small changes, corrections, or adjustments.
you can use gestures to establish contact with your audience and provide Enthusiasm- Intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval for a particular subject,
support for your message. activity, or cause.
a) Shoulder gestures – shrugging them may connote doubt, drawing Apathy- Lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern; indifference or a lack of emotional
the together may express struggle and rotating them may signal involvement.
impatience. Nostalgia- A sentimental longing or affectionate remembrance for the past, often accompanied
b) Hand and arms gestures- the movement of the arm and hand by a sense of warmth or pleasure.
signals grace and purpose. If not used to express something, they Outrage- An extremely strong reaction of anger, shock, or indignation in response to a
must rest at the side. They must not be put in the pocket while perceived injustice, cruelty, or offense.
speaking.
c) Head gestures
▪ Nodding of the head (to show affirmation)