ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES is a systematic technique where

speakers employ to express their meaning when faced with a language
problem or difficulty.
- Plans or courses of action in conveying information
- It helps maintain interactive and meaningful communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

1. NOMINATION starts the conversation by presenting or
recommending a topic
- The speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and
productively establish a topic
- Example: Did you feel the earthquake last night?
2. RESTRICTION is the limitation you have as a speaker
- The limitation of the speakers to talk about another topic other
than the nominated topic
- It also constrain the response/reaction within a certain set of
categories categories
- A topic restriction can be identified with questions that have
dichotomous responses. Example of this: Are you done with
your reports?
3. TOPIC CONTROL the process of sustaining the topic throughout the
conversation
- Keeping the conversation going by asking questions and
eliciting a response
- Used to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts in a certain conversation.
4. TURN-TAKING a chance to speak
- Giving other speakers the chance to take the conversational
floor
- Requires each speaker speaks only when it is his/her turn
during interaction
5. TOPIC SHIFTING moving from one topic to another
 - Transitional Words are also known as cohesive devices which
strengthens the flow of the conversation. We use these words
like by the way, anyways, speaking of, etc.
6. REPAIR is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction
- How speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
- Repair may include the following: Clarification, Adding,
Restating, Repeating, Requesting, and Acknowledging
7. TERMINATION is a close initiating expression of the speakers that
ends the conversation usually done by the topic initiator.
- Signaled by both verbal and non-verbal cues

SHIFTS IN COMMUNICATION
1. COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE your knowledge and
understanding of how communication works and your ability to use
communication effectively (Spitzberg & Cupach, 1989).
2. SEMANTICS the study of meaning and interpretation of words,
phrases, or sentences in language
3. PRAGMATICS the study of how context contributes to meaning.
- deals with utterances, by which we will mean specific events,
the intentional acts of speakers at times and places, typically
involving language.
- field of study evaluates how human language is utilized in
social interactions, as well as the relationship between the
interpreter and the interpreted.

When the four communicative features change, it affects the following:

1. Language
2. Speaker
3. Message
4. Delivery
5. Length
(Take note that it depends on the situation)
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LANGUAGE (BLOOM AND LAHEY 1978)

FORM CONTENT USE

The structure of The component of The goal of language
language language that relates - Pragmatics
- Morphology to meaning
- Phonology - Semantics
- Syntax
Successful integration of the three components

LANGUAGE FORM
1. PHONOLOGY studies of sounds we use to make words
- Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of speech
- Examples: Nest, West, Pest
2. MORPHOLOGY the internal organization of sounds
- Morphemes is the smallest grammatical unit that has meaning
- Examples: Nest, West, Pest
3. SYNTAX linguistic conventions for organizing word order
- Example: Bird's nest

DURATION OF INTERACTION the length or time from which the

communication is acted upon by two or more people
- Depending on where the context happens, type of speech style and
speech act is used, and how communicators convey and exchange
the message

THE 3 R’s OF SPEAKER

1. Relationships
2. Roles
3. Responsibilities

● The setting or context which communication takes place affects on

how the speaker constructs and interprets the message (Littlejohn
and Foss, 2011)
 ● When it comes to speech acts, the speaker is also expected to be
sensitive to the context, condition, and situation to ensure that his/
her listener understands the intended meaning he/she wants to
convey. (Sipacio, P. J., & Balgos, A. R. 2016)
● If there is a sudden shift in the communicative strategies used in an
interaction, it also affects the speaker's role and responsibilities.

MESSAGE AND DELIVERY the speaker can deliver the most appropriate
message by understanding the speech acts, speech context, speech
styles, and communicative strategies.
- The speaker must understand that while a message is still the same,
he/she must rephrase the message differently depending on the
person he/she interacting with and the context that they are in
(Sipacio, P.J., and Balgos, A.R., 2016)
- The same words or behaviors may have different meanings when
they occur in different contexts (Devito, 2014)

SPEECH WRITING
● follows certain steps
● recursive means you can revise your paper

SPEECH WRITING PROCESS

AUDIENCE ANALYSIS looking into the profile of your target audience

- to tailor-fit your speech to your audience
- the profile includes the following:

DEMOGRAPHY SITUATION PSYCHOLOGY

age, range, male- time, venue,occasion, values, beliefs,
female ratio, and size attitudes, preferences,
educational cultural and racial
background and ideologies, and needs
affiliations or degree
program taken,
nationality, economic
status, academic or
corporate designation

PURPOSE can be classified into three:

● informative speech a clear understanding of the idea presented by
the speaker
● persuasive speech provides a well-argued ideas influencing their own
beliefs and decisions
● entertainment speech gives amusement to audience

TOPIC the focal point of the speech

- it can be determined once you have decided on your purpose

NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC making your own idea more specific and
focused

DATA GATHERING collecting information relevant to your specific topic

- visiting the library, browsing the web, observing a phenomenon or
event, conducting an interview or survey

WRITING PATTERNS aids the speaker to organize his/her ideas

- The following are types of writing patterns:

BIOGRAPHICAL Descriptions of your life or of a

person, famous or not
CATEGORICAL/TOPICAL Related categories supporting the
topic
CAUSAL Presents cause-effect relationships
CHRONOLOGICAL Presents the idea in time order
COMPARISON/CONTRAST Presents comparison/contrast of
 two or three points
PROBLEM-SOLUTION Presents an identified problem, it's
causes, and recommended
solutions

OUTLINE hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas

- Once your outline is ready, two-thirds of your speech writing is
finished

BODY OF THE SPEECH provides explanations examples or any details

can aid you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech
- Focus or central idea
- Following are strategies to highlight the main idea
● Present real-life
● Show statistics
● Present comparison
● Share ideas from the experts

INTRODUCTION the foundation of your speech

- Primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and present the
main idea of your speech
- Following are strategies to begin your introduction
● Use real life experience and connect that to your subject
● Use practical examples and explain the connection
● Start with a familiar or strong quote, then explain what it means
● Use facts or statistics, highlight the importance
● Tell a personal story to illustrate your point

CONCLUSION restates the main idea of your speech

- Provides a summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action
- Aims to leave the audience with a memorable statement
- Strategies to end your speech
● Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message
 ● Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines
from songs or stories familiar to your audience
● Ask a question or series of questions can make your audience
reflect or ponder

EDITING/REVISING correcting errors

- Andrew Dlugan (2013), an award-winning public speaker, lists six
power principles for speech editing
● Edit for Focus “So, what’s the point? What’s the message of
the speech?” – ensure the everything you have written, from
introduction to conclusion, is related to your topic
● Edit for Clarity “I don’t understand the message because the
examples or supporting details were confusing” – all your ideas
in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order
● Edit for Concision “The speech was all over the place; the
speaker kept talking endlessly as if no one was listening to
him/her” – keep your speech, short, simple, and clear by
eliminating unrelated words and by using simple words
● Edit for Continuity “The speech was too difficult to follow; i
was lost in the middle” keep the flow of your speech smooth by
adding transition words and phrases
● Edit for Variety “I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was
boring” – add spice by shifting tone, from formal to
conversational tone and vise-versa, moving around the stage,
or adding humor
● Edit for Impact and Beauty “There’s nothing really special
about the speech” – make your speech memorable by using
these strategies: surprise the audience, use vivid descriptive
images, write well-crafted and memorable lines, and use figures
of speech

REHEARSING gives an opportunity to identify what works and does not

work for you and for your audience.
- “Constant Practice Makes Perfect”
 GUIDELINES IN SPEECH WRITING
1. Keep your words short and simple
2. Avoid jargons, acronyms, and technical words
3. Make your speech more personal
- Use I but not overuse it and if you’re emphasizing the
collectiveness with your audience, use we
4. Use active verbs and contractions
5. Be sensitive to your audience
6. Use metaphor and other figures of speech
7. Manage your time well

According to Stephen Lucas (2011), author of the art of public speaking, a

good delivery means that you are capable of presenting your message in a
clear, coherent, and interesting way. In addition, good delivery conveys the
speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience.
Most audience prefer delivery combining certain degree of formality with
the best attributes of good conversation–directness, spontaneity,
animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of
communication
● Public speaking is not simply reading the speech or talking about
your topic, it requires making connections with your audience and
presenting yourself formally to the public

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

● Informative speech a clear understanding of the idea presented by
the speaker
- example lectures of your teachers
● Persuasive speech provides a well-argued ideas influencing their own
beliefs and decisions
- example campaign speeches of the running candidates
● Entertainment speech gives amusement to audience
- humorous speeches of comedians

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

1. Extemporaneous Speech speaks with limited preparation, delivered
conversationally which is guided by notes or outline and most popular
type of speech
- assigned to report a topic in class in example of this type of
speech
2. Impromptu Speech is spoken conversationally without advanced
preparation or unrehearsed speech
- example is when you’re asked to say few words in a specific
topic
3. Manuscript Speech is reading aloud a written message since this
type of speech is planned and rehearsed speech or advanced
preparation
- example is newscasting with teleprompter or an autocue device
4. Memorized Speech a reciting the written message word-for-word
from memory, like manuscript speech, it is planned and rehearsed
speech or advanced preparation
- example is when you perform a stage play

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

● The solely goal of public speaking is getting your message delivered
clearly and with meaning
● Stephen Lucas, the author of The Art of Public Speaking says “A
good speech delivery means you are able to present your message in
a clear, coherent, and interesting way”
● A good speech delivery conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly,
interestingly, and without distracting the audience combining a certain
degree of formality with the best attitudes of good conversation

FEATURES OF GOOD SPEECH DELIVERY

1. ARTICULATION individuals makes the letter sounds clearly and
intelligible by changing of sounds coming from your vocal folds by
moving the teeth, tongue, jaw, lips and other speech organs in
recognizable patterns
 2. MODULATION change of volume, timing, stress, pitch, tone, or
inflection of the voice making your speech more interesting to listen
and make words and phrases stand out
- Giving more meaning to your voice and makes it sound
attractive that facilitates the understanding of your speech

COMPONENTS OF VOICE MODULATION

1. Pace or speed
2. Pitch or depth
3. Pause
4. Power
5. Volume
6. Emphasis
7. Inflection

3. STAGE PRESENCE a certain charisma and charm that a speaker

possesses getting the attention of audience

4. FACIAL EXPRESSION aids the speaker to connect with his/her

audience and reinforce the content of your speech

5. GESTURES provides visual support for your audience

6. BODY POSTURE AND MOVEMENT shows confidence by utilizing your

body to communicate positively and effectively

7. AUDIENCE RAPPORT establishing understanding and harmonious

relationship between the speaker and audience

“Life is like a story coz you’re the main character of your own story” –
Lemiel 🎀