LESSON 9: The Propaganda Movement and The Philippine, A Century

Hence

“the pen is mightier than the sword”—English Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839

Rizal was known as an ilustrado or enlightened one.

The name ilustrado was attached to the young men who came of age in the 1880s
and opposed the repressive policies of the Spanish government and Church.

The ilustrados were not only anti-friar, but they also criticized Spanish government officials
for failing to provide adequate services. (Pasigui & Cabalu, 2014)

Rizal essay “The Philippine, A Century Hence”

-he cautioned the Spanish government unless they provide solutions ti the
complaints, the fil people will turn their backs on them

Rizal’s Basic Political Reforms:

1.Restoration of Filipino representation to the spnish cortes and freedom of the

press

-march 31, 1890; wrote ”The Phillipines at the Spanish Congress”

-praising the courage of Francisco Calvo Munos; asked the cortez to give
representation to the ph in the Spanish lawmaking body.

2.Reorganization of the Administrative Machinery

-proposed reorganization of administrative machinery

-rizal included the secularization of parishes, the improvement of judicial

procedure and the quality and efficiency of government personnel

-rizal did had not expressly advocated a bill of rights, his demand for freedom of
expression also included the protection of other basic freedoms
3.Adoption of a comprehensive examination and the publication of its results
and allowing filipinos to have the same opportunity with the Spaniards to hold
government office

4. Justice as the foundation of society and the government

-august 29,1887, rizal returned from Europe received a telegram through the
provincial governor of laguna, asking him to report to the malacanang palace

-governor general Emillio Terrero, was requesting a copy of the NOLI

-Terrero ordered a probe into disputes at calamba, rizal happy cuz the government
will out the truth

Assimilation

-instead of armed struggle, rizal proposed assimilation with spain

Propaganda Movement
-was the first Filipino nationalist movement, led by Filipino students in Europe,
Filipino elites (upper-class Filipinos) and émigrés - liberals exiled in 1872.

-The movement strove to "awaken the sleeping intellect of the Spaniards to the needs of our
country" and create closer, more equal association of the islands and the motherland.

-organized and participated by the illustrados

-peaceful crusade or campaign for reforms

-LEADERS OF THE MOVEMENT: Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena

It was an assimilationist movement and the propagandists believed that the Philippines should
be:
• Fully incorporated into Spain as a Spanish province and not merely as a colony, with
Filipinos granted the same citizenship rights accorded to Spanish citizens.
Rise of the Propaganda Movement:
-began in 1877, by Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora
-aggressively but peaceful; thorugh writing

The PROPAGANDIST:
-were patriots who waged their movement by means of pen and tongue to expose the defects
of spain

-scions of good families, highly intelligent, educated, patriotic and courageous , who symbolized
the flower filipino manhood.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

-lawyer/journalist
Beloved by masses for eloquent tagalog

Jose Rizal
-physician-novelist and a many splendid genius

Graciano Lopez Jaena

-the greatest orator of the propaganda movement

Mariano Ponce
-a medical student and a biographical writer

Juan Luna X Felix Hidalgo

-masters of brush

Pedro Paterno
-lawyer and man of letters

Antonio Luna
-pharmacist and essayist

Pedro Serrano Laktaw

-teacher-tuotr of prince alfonso

Jose Ma. Panganiban

-linguist and essayist

Fernando Canon
-engineer and musician
Jose Alejandrino
-engineeer and political writer

Isabelo delos Reyes

-folklorist, newspaperman and a scholar

Dominador Gomez
-Physician, orator

Foreign Friends of the Propaganda Movement

Ferdinand Blumentritt
-austrian professor scholar
-rizal bff
-wrote a prologue to rizal annotation to morga

Don Juan Atayde

-liberal spaniars who aided the propaganda

Miguel Morayta
-statesman, historian and journalist

Francisco Pi y Margall
-former president of the first Spanish republic

Emilio Junoy
-journalist and member of cortes

Manuel Ruiz Zorilla

-parliamentarian
-leader of the Spanish republican party

ANTI-FRIAR MANIFESTO OF 1888

-march 1, 1888

Led by—doroteo cortes, manila patriotic lawyer

-denounced archbishop pedro payo and bad friars
La Solidaridad, Organ of the Propaganda Movement

-newspaper founded by Graciano lopez jaena in Barcelona feb 13, 1889

-created due to the reality that mass media is important in propaganting the propaganda
objectives

-the publication ended after SEVEN YEARS on Nov 15, 1895

Masonry and the Propaganda Movement

-many filo patriots became masons because they needed the help of the masons in spain and in
other foreign countries for their fight for reforms

Marcelo H. Del Pilar on Masonry

-masonry is not a way of life of pleasure, it is a life of sacrifice

Revolucion: 1st filo masonic lodge by jaena in barcelona

Lodge Soidaridad: organized by M.H del Pilar and Julio Llorante in Madrid

Lodge Nilad: 1st filo masonic lodge by serrano laktaw in manila jan 6, 1892

*Filipino Masonic lodges in spain and in ph raised the needed funds to finance the campaign
for reforms in spain

Asociacion Hispano-Filipina

-secure reforms for the Philippines

-members meet once a month
-they drew up petition and passed resolutions

Liga Filipina

-a filipino civic association

-founded by rizal on July 3, 1892 in ahouse at Ilaya St. Tondo
-consti was written by rizal and by Jose Ma. Basa

“Unos Instar Omnium” = One Like All

End of Propaganda Movement

-rizals arrest to Dapitan marked the end

-radical members left the movement like andres Bonifacio believing that it was useless to expect
reforms from spain

Los Compromisarios: group organized in purpose of prolonging the moevemnt

-each member promised to contribute financially to aid the propaganda movement in spain

LA SOLIDARIDAD DIED CUZ NO MONEY NOV 15, 1895

Jose Rizal’s “Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años” (translated as “The

Philippines within one Hundred Years” or “The Philippines: A Century
Hence”)

-was serialized on September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 and February 15, 1890 in the
fortnightly review La Solidaridad of Madrid.

-In the articles, Rizal estimated the future of the Philippines in the span of a hundred years and
foretold the catastrophic end of the Spanish rule in Asia.

-Collectively, the articles inmany senses, supplemented Rizal’s

great novel Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo

Causes of Sufferings and Deterioration

The essay, thus, gave the following as the various causes of
the sorrows suffered by the Philippine natives:

1. Spain’s implementation of it military policies

-because of such decrees, the Philippine population decreased intensely.

2. Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino Indigenous Culture

-the locals began forgetting who they were, what their valued beliefs, religions, songs, and the
other forms of their cultural heritage were.

3. Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers.

- The Spanish friars were one of the most powerful forces that influenced a culture of lethargy
and silence.
The Inevitable
One of the main topics tackled by Rizal in the essay was whether Spain could indeed prevent the
looming progress of the Philippines. Despite the corruption and deterioration brought about by
the colonizers to Philippines, he was hopeful that the country’s eventual improvement could not
be hindered. For this, he made the following points:

1. Keeping the People

uneducated and ignorant failed.
National consciousness had still
awakened, and great Filipino
minds still emerged from the
rubble.

2. Keeping the People

impoverished also came to no
avail.

3. Exterminating the people as an

alternative to hindering progress did
not work either.

Lesson 10: RIZAL AND THE NATION AT THE FIN-DE-

SIÈCLE
Bayani/Hero
-“hero” as “mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great
strength or ability—merriam

-hero,patriot (taong Makabayan) a person who volunteers or offers free service or labor
-leading man in a play (bida in spansih=vida)-- Vicassan’s Dictionary

-a person of extraordinary courage and ability

-a person considered to possess extraordinary talents, or someone who did something noble—
UP Diksiyionaryong Filipino

By the Jesuits juan de noceda and pedro de pedro de sanlucar (1754, 1860)
-someone who works toward a common task or cooperative endeavour (bayanihan)---
Vocabulario de la legua Tagala
History professor Ambeth Ocampo
-bayani comes a few word under Bayan
-which is also defined as “the space between here and the sky.
-bayan is also a town, municipality, puebelo or nation and can refer to people and citizen
(mamayan)

-bayani is a richer word than hero

-bayani is rooted in bayan as place or in doing something great, not for oneself but for a greater
good, for community or nation (Ocampo, 2016)

-bayani may be referred to someone contributing to a birth of nation

OFWs are often referred to as mga bagong bayani.

Philippines celebrates December as the Month of Overseas Filipino Workers.

Bayani under Pantayong Pananaw

*Zeus A. Salazar
-fil historian
-proponent of panatayong pananaw
- filipino concept of “bayani” and western term “hero” not the same
-bayani fights with cooperation hero does not

Who made Rizal our Foremost Bayani?

Esteban A. de Ocampo's article, "Who Made Rizal Our Foremost National Hero and Why?
has become well-known in defending Jose Rizal's being the Philippines foremost hero.

-Essentially, it denies the claim that Rizal is a made-to-order national hero manufactured by the
Americans, chiefly by then Civil Governor William Howard Taft.

-Ocampo uses as basis the meaning of the term hero by the Websters New International
Dictionary of the English Language (a) a prominent or central personage taking admirable part
in any remarkable action or event: (b) a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger;
and (c) a man honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional service to
mankind.

-Referring to the first definition, Rizal was said to have taken an "admirable part' in
the Propaganda Campaign (1882-1896) and his Noli Me Tangere(Berlin, 1887) was said to be far
superior and greater than those published by Pedro Paterno, Marcelo Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, and Antonio Luna. In fact, Rizal's Noli (and the Fili) resulted in the enactment of a law
now known as RA 1425.

In 1902. Cong. Henry Allen Cooper of Wisconsin delivered a eulogy of Rizal and even recited
the hero's last poem at the U. S. House of Representatives to justify the capacity of the Filipinos
for self to government. In part, he said: ".. So Sir. I say to all those who denounce the Filipino
indiscriminately as barbarians and savages, without possibility of a civilized future, that this
despised race proved itself entitled to their respect and to the respect of mankind when it
furnished to the world the character of Jose Rizal.

-The appeal resulted in the approval of what popularly known as the Philippine Bill of 1902.

-Using the second quoted meaning of "hero' De Ocampo claims that no Filipino has yet been
born who can equal or surpass Rizal as a "person of distinguished valor/enterprise in danger,
fortitude in suffering De Ocampo uses as justification the description by Rafael Palma and Dr.
Frank C. Laubach (an American biographer of Rizal) of Rizal's noble self-denial, heroism, moral
courage, and complete abandonment of his personal interests to think only of those of his
country.

-Anchoring on the third quoted definition of hero De Ocampo proposes that Rizal "is a man
honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional service to mankind"
-“We can say that even before his execution, Rizal was [the] already acclaimed by both
Filipinos and foreigners as the foremost leader of his people.

"Rizal was the greatest product of the Philippines and that his coming to the world was like the
appearance of a rare comet whose rare brilliance appears only every other century.” Napoleon
Kheil of Prague.

In the early part of 1899 he was unanimously elected by the Filipinos in Barcelona and Madrid
as honorary president of La Solidaridad In January 1891.

A year after Rizal's execution, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary chiefs exiled to
Hong Kong held a commemorative program there on December 29, 1897 on the occasion of the
first anniversary of the hero's execution and martyrdom.

-In his opening address at the congress assembled in Malolos. Bulacan on September 15, 1898,
Pres. Aguinaldo invoked the spirits of the departed heroes of the fatherland [primarily Rizal].
-Then on December 20. 1898 at the revolutionary capital of Malolos, Pres. Aguinaldo issued the
first official proclamation making December 30 of that year Rizal Day The same proclamation
ordered the hoisting of the Filipino flag at half-mast "from noon on December 30, 1898" and the
closing of "all offices of the government" during the whole day of 30 December. Actually, the
impressive Rizal Day program, sponsored by the Club Filipino, was held in Manila on December
30. 1898.

to honor Rizal, the one sponsored by the Anthropological Society of Berlin on November 20,
1897 at the initiative of Dr. Rudolph Virchow, its president, was the most important and
significant. Dr. Ed Seler recited the German translation of Rizal's "My Last Farewell” on that
occasion.

Rizal was an "American-made hero contemporary non-Filipino historian Norman Owen

in Quora.comexplains, thus: “But many Filipinos had already made Rizal a national hero; even
before the Americans arrived. The Katipunan itself venerated Rizal,

According to the NCCA of the Philippines, official national symbols represent the country's
traditions and ideals and convey the principles of Philippine sovereignty and
solidarity.

•Official national symbols: + The Philippine Flag

+ "Lupang Hinirang"
+ Sampaguita
+ Narra
+ Philippine Eagle
+ Philippine Pearl (South sea pearl)
+ Arnis

Although Dr. Jose Rizal is widely recognized as our national hero, he nonetheless belongs to
unofficial national symbols. That status, however does not make him less fitting symbol of the
Philippines. Jose Rizal's name and memory have long been representing and symbolizing our
country. & NHC resolved to recommend the following figures as national heroes:
1.Jose Rizal
2.Emilio Aguinaldo
3.Marcelo H. del Pilar
4.Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
5.Andres Bonifacio
6.Apolinario Mabini
7.Juan Luna
8.Melchora Aquino
9.Gabriela Silan
Values Highlighted by Rizal's Life
The following are some of the values highlighted by the various representations of Rizal as a
national symbol.

(1) Nationalism and patriotism

-Nationalism involves the desire to attain freedom and political independence, especially by a
country under foreign power.

-Jose Rizal's life, works, and writings-especially his novels-essentially, if not perfectly radiate this
values.

(2) Patriotism

-Patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one's nation.

-Rizal's visions and proposals on how the people of our country could be on the road to
progress so that they could enjoy the fullness of nationhood,

(3) Faith in God

-When Rizal was studying in Madrid. Spain, Rizal through his letter assured his mother of his
faith in God.

-When his sister Olympia died of childbirth in 1887, Rizal pronounced: I console myself saying
that it was the will of God and what He does must be the best

(4) Love of Fellowmen

-His life exemplified the principle that love of neighbor entails involvement in his or her behalf. -
Rizals thought on love for our fellowmen is biblical and timely.

(5) Love of Parents

-Rizal's love for his parents is great and very admirable. He studied medicine and ophthalmology
just to cure his mother's failing eyesight. Jose, no doubt, also adored his father.

-In 1881. Jose made a clay bust of his father. About six years later, he carved life-size wood
sculpture of Don Francisco as an expression of his love for him.
(6) Devotion to Truth

-Rizal held that it was not good to hide the truth. Rizal's persevering search for truth in serving
his country was a motivating virtue. Wishing to get at the cause of his people's backwardness.
Rizal did intensive studies and carried out broad observations on the progress of other nations.

(7) Purity and Idealism

-Rizal was a person guided not only by practical considerations but also by ideals. Extraordinary
also was his insistence on purity of thoughts.

(8.) Noble Thought and Conduct

-Rizal's works and writings promoted good conduct, clean conscience, and upright thinking.

-In his writings, for instance, he advised mothers to awaken the mind of the children and
prepare them for every good and desirable thought and deed.

(9) Charity

-Rizal seemed to feel happy when he could give joy to somebody. All his sacrifices for his
country were charitable acts for his fellowmen.

(10) Dedication to Duty

-Dedication to one’s duty was another splendid virtue of Rizal.

-He virtually dedicated his whole life in securing freedom for his country and happiness for his
people, a commitment historically unequalled in history of his country.

(11) Moral Courage

-Rizal’s courage in working for the betterment of his country, despite all odds, 1s a virtue that is
so essential even today. His moral courage to do the best tor his people is worth imitating by
our present leaders.
(12)Willpower

-Willpower is the ability to control or restrain oneself.

-Although the Spanish colonizers instilled in Rizal’s generation inferiority complex and the idea
that locals were better governed by the Spaniards, Rizal worked on the opposite idea that his
people could be great and deserved freedom.

(13) Integrity
Integrity refers to the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. In many
aspects. Rizal is a model of moral uprightness and honesty. These virtues he held were the
result of his constant love and search for the truth.

(14) Sincerity

-Sincerity is essentially linked to humility as it makes us know the truth about ourselves, to
accept the truth whatever it is, and live according to it.

-Rizal’s sincerity is manifested in his acceptance that whatever he possessed he owed them to
God who had planned a duty he had to carry out.

(15) Self-Denial

-Rizal gave up his personal desires to a better cause; that is, working for the welfare of his
country.

-His self-denial involved self-sacrifice and altruism.

(16) Perseverance

-It refers to the steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success.

-In serving his country, Rizal showed mental and moral strength in meeting and enduring pain,
adversity, and peril.

(17) Discipline and Self-Control

-Discipline is the suppression or base desires, and is typically understood to be synonymous

with self-restraint and control.

-In many instances, Rizal used reason to determine the best course of action regardless of his
desires In fact, he deprived himself of many unsound pleasures.
(18) Initiative

-Initiative is the ability to assess and initiate things independently.

-Patriotic as he was, Rizal manifested the power to act or take charge before others do,
especially in nationalistic pursuits.

(19) Prudence

-Prudence is care, caution, and good judgment, as well as wisdom in looking ahead.

-Rizal showed prudence in choosing the best means of accomplishing things. He had the habit
of selecting the most courteous and profitable course of action.

(20) Chivalry, Courtesy, and Politeness

-Chivalry is the combination of qualities expected of an ideal gentleman, especially courtesy and
a readiness to help the weak or women.

-Rizal’s sense of chivalry prompted him to challenge Antonio Luna to a duel when the
intoxicated Luna made negative comments against a woman, Nellie Boustead.

-Being well bred. Rizal was courteous as he was gracious and considerate toward others.

(21) Frugality

-Rizal was careful about spending money and any other resources and in using things when he
did not need to.

-He practiced frugality when he was a student in Madrid; he would have his shoes repaired
instead of buying new ones. To economize in the printing of his Noli, Rizal deleted the chapter
“Elias and Salome” which was supposedly Chapter 25.

(22) Love for Justice

-Justice refers to fairness in the way people are dealt with.

-Having a good conscience. Rizal found joy in being just and in fighting for justice. He died
fighting for justice not only for himself and his family but also for his people
Criteria for National Heroes: Executive Order No. 75, 1993
-the notion of officially recognizing heroes began in the country in 1900, when the Philippine
Commission approved Act No. 137 combining the districts of Morong and Manila and naming
the unification as "Province of Rizal" in honor of Dr. Jose P. Rizal.

-the government need a way to evaluate heroes

-Ferdinand Marcos, he tasked the National Heroes Commission to come up with the criteria for
national hero.

-President Fidel V. Ramos on March 28, 1993 issued Executive Order No. 75 creating the
National Heroes Committee (NHC) under the Office of the President "to study and recommend
the proclamation of National Heroes" After a series of thorough discussions, the commission
came up with the new criteria comprising 10 points or standards (Galang. 2012)

1. The extent of a person's sacrifices for the welfare of the country:

2. The motive and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal: (Was his ideal purely
for the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives? Most of
all, the method of attainment should be morally valid)
3. The moral character of the person concerned: (The person should not have any
immorality issue that affected his ideal)
4. The influence of the person concerned on his age/generation and/or the succeeding
ones;
5. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for
the nation's freedom; (They must have desired the country's freedom in any situation
especially when there's a threat of invasion in any form.)
6. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life of freedom and order for
a nation; (For instance, someone who helps in the orderliness and betterment of the
country)
7. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation;
8. A hero is part of the people's expression: (The citizen must have recognized and
acknowledged the person as a hero)
9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations: (His concern for the future
generations must be seen in his decisions and ideals) and
10. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history
but also the entire process that made this particular person a hero.
After two years of lingering debates and deliberations, the NHC resolved to recommend the
following figures as national heroes (Galang. 2012):

1. Jose Rizal
2. Andres Bonifacio
3. Emilio Aguinaldo
4. Apolinario Mabini
5. Marcelo H. del Pilar
6. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
7. Juan Luna
8. Melchora Aquino
9. Gabriela Silang

-BUT WALA ni dayun kay pres ramos kay basin naay toxic debates 

-In summary, no law, executive order, or proclamation has been officially enacted or issued
proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero

-although there were laws enacted and proclamations issued honoring some names because
of their substantial roles in the process of nation-building and contributions to history.

-true that even Jose Rizal, although deemed as the greatest among the Filipino heroes, was not
officially proclaimed as a national hero.

-he was given an implied recognition as a national hero as his day of execution on December 30

-Andres Bonifacio whose day of birth. November 30, has also been declared a national holiday.
Again, thank you everyone! All of you made my rizal one of the best experiences, I’ve seen
everyone’s best and after all of this—I know you guys are all GOOD people, I will miss everyone ,
I hope you guys had fun and happy studying (mag study pa diay??). With all my gratitude and
respect, let’s still be connected and always greet eachother plssss, :3
-much love from dj <3
RIZAL SQUAD : D