ATOMIC PHYSICS (CONT.

)
z
z
l=2
Parametric Curve
2 2

q Y20
|Y20|
x20( t )
0
y
x
Y2 , 0 3 cos q 2
2
1
1.2 2
1
2
Parametric Curve
0 2 z
2 y20( t ) 2

q
|Y21|
x21( t )
0
Re{Y21}
y
Y2 ,1 sin q cos q
1.2 1 x
Parametric Curve
1.2 1 0 1
1 1.2 y21( t ) 1.2

q z
|Y22|
x( t )
0
+ -
Y2 , 2 sin 2 q Re{Y22} y
1.2 1

1 0 1 x - +
1.2 y( t ) 1.2

Tran Thi Ngoc Dung – Huynh Quang Linh – Physics A2 HCMUT 2016
OUTLINE
• Orbital angular momentum
• Orbital magnetic momentum.
• Spin angular momentum
• Spin magnetic momentum
• Zeeman Effect
• Finestructure of spectral line
• Pauli exclusion principle
• The Periodic Table
• Bosons and Fermions
Orbital Angular Momentum
Motion of electron around the nucleus: orbital motion
Intrinsic motion of electron: spin motion (rotation
+ around its axis)

Orbital Angular Momentum L

1) The vector L does not point in
one specific direction.
2) The magnitude of Orbital Angular
Momentum is quantized: L
L ( 1) 0,1,2,.., n 1
3) The projection of vector L on a
direction is quantized: ℓ orbital quantum number

Lz m m 0, 1, 2,.., m : orbital magnetic quantum

number
Orbital Angular Momentum

L ( 1)
Lz m

Example :for 2, ml 0, 1, 2
L 6
L z 0, , 2

z
L 6
m=2
2
q m=1
m=0
O
m=-1
2 Lz m
m=-2 cos q
L ( 1)
Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moments
Consider electron moving with velocity v
ez
on a circular Bohr orbit of r. The orbital
L angular momentum is
L m e vre z me r 2 ez
+
m e, e Electron, having a charge –e, in the
_ motion around the nucleus, produces a
v currrent i: -e - e
i i
T 2
Current loop produces a magnetic field, with a magnetic
moment 2
e e r
iS r 2ez ez
2 2
Vectors L and are in opposite direction
e
L 2m e
Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment
e e B ( 1)
L m
L 2m e 2m e z B

for 2 m 0; 1; 2
The magnitude of Orbital
B 6
Magnetic Momen t is is 0,
z B, 2 B
quantized
e
( 1) B ( 1)
2m e z
B 6
m=-2
2 B
The projection of vector
B m=-1
on a direction is quantized:
m=0
e e e
z Lz m m m B
O
2m e 2m e 2m e l B m=1
2 B
e m=2
24 2
B 9.274 10 A.m Bohr Magneton
2m
Spin angular momentum
In the spin motion, electron has spin angular momentum S
Electron has the electric
elctric charge –e, in the spin motion, it produces
a current i. the current produces magnetic field. The current loop
has spin magnetic momentum s

Vectors S and s are in opposite direction

s e
S me
+ S
_

s
Spin angular momentum
The magnitude of
Spin Angular Momentum S
is quantized
3
S s(s 1)
2
s 1 / 2 (spin quantum number)

The projection of vector S 3 z

S
on a direction is quantized: 2
ms=1/2
Sz ms /2 2

ms 1/ 2
O

ms spin magnetic quantum

number 2 ms=-1/2
SPIN MAGNETIC MOMENT
s e e
s S
S
e
me
e 3 e
me
s B 3
s S 3 B 3
me me 2 2m e
e e 1
sz B
sz S z B
me me 2
1 1
s , ms
2 2
3 z
3 z
s B
S
2 ms=-1/2
ms=1/2 B

O
O
B
ms =1/2
2 ms=-1/2
Zeeman Effect
Zeeman effect is the effect of splitting a spectral line into 3
lines in the presence of a static magnetic field.
B 0
E2
Electron has orbital magnetic moment , in the
external magnetic field B, it has an additional
potential energy: E .B
E1
z B m B .B

Energy level E1 becomes : E1' E1 E1 E1 m1 B .B

Energy level E 2 becomes : E '2 E 2 E 2 E 2 m 2 B .B
Transition from E 2 ' to E1' : E '2 E1' E 2 E1 (m 2 m1 ) B .B

energy of photon : h ' h m B .B

Selection Rules : ml 0, 1

BB
m 1
h
Frequency of electromagnetic wave ' m 0
BB
m 1
h
Example: The transition from 3P to 2S in the presence of magnetic
field.

Energy Level 2S : (ℓ =0 => m=0) does not split

Energy Level 3P : (ℓ =1 => m=0, 1) splits into 3 levels

B 0 m=1
E2 B 0 BB
m=0
3P , ℓ =1 , m=0, 1 BB
m = -1

E1 2S , ℓ =0 m=0
m 1 m 0 m 1
BB BB
h h
Example 2: The transition from 3D to 2P in the presence of
magnetic field.

Energy Level 2P : (ℓ =1 => m=0, 1) splits into 3 levels

Energy Level 3D : (ℓ =2 => m=0, 1, 2) splits into 5levels
B 0
m=2
BB
B 0 m=1
m=0
E2 3D m = -1
m = -2

E1 2P m = +1
BB
m=0
m = -1
m 1 m 0 m 1
BB BB
h h
 1
j | |
2
The energy level is labeled

2
n Xj The superscript is the number
of possible spin orientations.
Energy Levels of Electron
ℓ 0 1 2 3

X S P D F

j=|ℓ 1/2| 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2

n2Xj nS1/2 nP1/2 nP3/2 nD3/2 nD5/2 nF5/2 nF7/2

Energy level splits into 2 levels , except the energy level S

Selection Rules 1 , j 0, 1
In the presence of spin, the splitting of spectral lines is possible even without external magnetic field.
Example. Examine the transition 2P-3S when we consider the
spin of the electron

3S 32 S1/ 2

1 2
22 P3 / 2
2P
22 P1/ 2
j 0 j 1
1 1
Without When we consider the spin
considering of the electron, the spectral
the spin of line is a double spectral one
the
electron
h 1 22 P1/ 2 32 S1/ 2
h 2 22 P3 / 2 32 S1/ 2
Example. Examine the transition of 2P-3D when we consider the
spin of the electron

3D 32 D5 / 2
32 D3 / 2
1 2 3
2P 22 P3 / 2

j 0 j 1 22 P1/ 2
j 1
1 1 1
Without Considering spin
considering spin
3 spectral lines: Triple spectral
1 spectral line
1 22 P3 / 2 32 D3 / 2
22 P1/ 2 32 D3 / 2
Read Page 1383 in "University Physics with Modern
Physics" for understanding the anomalous Zeeman
2 effect that is explained in the presence of both

22 P3 / 2 32 D5 / 2
magnetic field and electron spin.
3
The Periodic Table
1. The Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons
can occupy the same quantum-mechanical state in a given
system. That is, no two electrons in an atom can have the
same values of all four quantum numbers n, ℓ, m, ms .

2. For a given principal quantum number n, there are 2n2 quantum

states.

n l m ms Maximum Maximum
number of number of
electrons electrons
in the in the shell
subshell
n=1 l=0 m=0 ms= 1/2 2 2
n=2 l=0 m=0 ms= 1/2 2
8
l=1 m=0, 1 ms= 1/2 6
n=3 l=0 m=0 ms= 1/2 2
l=1 m=0, 1 ms= 1/2 6 18
l=2 m=0, 1, 2 ms= 1/2 10
Classification of particles

Particle Spin Example Obey Pauli

Exclusion
principle
Fermion Half Interger electron, proton, Yes
½, 3/2.. nơtron

Boson 0 or Interger Photon, Mezon , No

0,1,2… Mezon K
 3, m 0, 1, 2; 3
L ( 1) 3(3 1) 12
Lz m 0, , 2 ; 3
Lz
cos q 0 q 90oo
L
Lz
cos q 0.289 q 73.2 o
L 12
Lz 2
cos q 0.577 q 54.74 o
L 12
Lz 3
cos q 0.866 q 30 o
L 12
a) E 2 E1 (3.4) ( 13.6) 10.2eV
1.24 1.24 (micrometer.eV)
( m) 0.12 m (lambda=hc/epsilon)
( eV ) 10.2 (eV )
c 3 108
6
2.5 1015 Hz
0.12 10

ab)) E z .B m B B 6 24
E '2 E 2 m 2 BB BB 0.12 10 9.274 10 2 .2
1.478 10 12
m
h 15 34
E1' E1 m1 B B Increase
2.5 10 6.626 10
The magnetic field increases the wavelength.
h ' h (m 2 m1 ) B B
' BB
BB
'
h
BB
'
h
 Electron Spin and Nuclear Spin
So, we need FOUR quantum numbers to specify the
electronic state of a hydrogen atom
n, l, ml, ms (where ms = -1/2 and +1/2)

Actually, the proton in the H atom ALSO has a spin,

which is described by an additional quantum number, mp
The energy difference between the two proton spin states in a
magnetic field is 660 times smaller than for electron spin states!
But… There are many more unpaired proton spins than unpaired
electron spins in ordinary matter. Our bodies have many unpaired
protons in H2O. Detect them …...
In order to image tissue of various types,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging detects the
small difference in the numbers of “up” and
“down” hydrogen proton spins generated
when the object studied is placed in a
magnetic field. Nobel Prize (2003):
Lauterbur (UIUC) www.beckman.uiuc.edu/research/mri.html
 Nuclear Spin and MRI: Example
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depends on the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation by the nuclear spin of the hydrogen atoms
in our bodies. The nucleus is a proton with spin ½, so in a magnetic
field B there are only two possible spin directions with definite
energy. The energy difference between these states is E=2 pB,
with p = 1.41 x 10-26 J /Tesla.
B 0
B=0
E 2 pB B
Question 1: The person to be scanned by an
MRI machine is placed in a strong magnetic
field, with B=1 T being a typical value. What
is the energy difference between spin-up and
spin-down proton states in this field?

Question 2: What is the frequency f of photons

that can be absorbed by this energy difference?
 Nuclear Spin and MRI: Example
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depends on the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation by the nuclear spin of the hydrogen atoms
in our bodies. The nucleus is a proton with spin ½, so in a magnetic
field B there are the only two possible spin directions with definite
energy. The energy difference between these states is E=2 pB,
with p = 1.41 x 10-26 J/Tesla.
B 0
B=0
E 2 p|B| B

Question 1: The person to be scanned by an

MRI machine is placed in a strong magnetic
field, with B=1 T being a typical value. What
is the energy difference between spin up and
down proton states in this field?
Solution:
E 2 pB = 2 x (1.41 x 10-26 J/T) x 1 T
= 2.82 x 10-26 J
= 2.82 x 10-26 J x 1 eV/ 1.6 x 10-19 J = 1.76 x 10-7 eV
 Nuclear Spin and MRI: Example
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depends on the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation by the nuclear spin of the hydrogen atoms
in our bodies. The nucleus is a proton with spin ½, so in a magnetic
field B there are the only two possible spin directions with definite
energy. The energy difference between these states is E=2 pB,
with p = 1.41 x 10-26 J/Tesla.
B 0
B=0
E 2 pB B

Question 2: What is the frequency f of photons

that can be absorbed by this energy difference?
 Nuclear Spin and MRI: Example
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depends on the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation by the nuclear spin of the hydrogen atoms
in our bodies. The nucleus is a proton with spin ½, so in a magnetic
field B there are the only two possible spin directions with definite
energy. The energy difference between these states is E=2 pB,
with p = 1.41 x 10-26 J/Tesla.
B=0 B 0

E 2 p|B| B

Question 2: What is the frequency f of photons

that can be absorbed by this energy difference?
Solution:

Energy conservation: Ephoton = hf = E

so: f = E / h
= 2.82 x 10-26 J / 6.626 x 10-34 J.s
J-sec = 42 MHz
Radio waves