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KINEMATICS

Acceleration

dv
a= v
ds
This is another formula for acceleration

Eg. A particle is moving with speed   b x along positive x-axis. Calculate the speed of the
particle at time t =  (assume that the particle is at origin at t = 0).
b2 b2 b2
(1) b2 (2) (3) (4)
4 2 2

Ans. (3)
Sol. v= b x
dx dx
b x 
x 
  bdt
dt
 2 x =bt+c  c=0
 x  bt / 2
 v = b(bt/2) = b2t/2
At t=  v = b2/2

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Equations Of Motion
Equations of motion are valid when acceleration is constant.
 v = u + at Where
 s = ut + at 2 v final velocity
u initial velocity
 v2 – u2 = 2as
t time period
a acceleration
sdisplacement

Eg. A small toy starts moving from the position of rest under a constant acceleration. If it travels a
distance of 10m in t s,. the distance travelled by the toy in the next t s will be :

(1) 10 m (2) 20m (3) 30m (4) 40m

Ans. (3)
Sol. u = 0, Say acceleration is a
1
For t s 10  at 2
2
1
For 2t s 10  x  a(2t)2
2
10  x 4

10 1
X = 30 m

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Motion Under Gravity (Free Fall)

 If a Body is Projected Vertically Upward

v=0

H

u

1 2
v = u –gt, h = ut –
gt
2
g
v2 = u2 – 2gh, h = u – (2n – 1)
2
 If a body is dropped from some height (initial velocity zero)
u=0

h


Equations of motion: Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion

(i.e., downward direction) as a positive, here we have
u=0 [As body starts from rest]
a = +g [As acceleration is in the direction of motion]
1
so, v = gt, h = gt2
2

Eg. Water droplets are coming from an open tap at a particular rate. The spacing between a droplet
observed at 4th second after its fall to the next droplet is 34.3 m. At what rate droplets are coming
from the tap? (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)
(1) 3 drops / 2 seconds (2) 2 drops / second
(3) 1 drop / second (4) 1 drop / 7 second

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Ans. (2)
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Sol. In 4 sec. 1st drop will travel    9.8    4 2  78.4m
2
 2nd drop would have travelled
 78.4 – 34.3 = 44.1 m.
Time for 2nd drop
1
 9.8  t 2  44.1
2
t = 3 sec
time gap between drops = 1 sec
 1 drop per sec

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Eg. A ball is dropped from the top of a 100 m high tower on a planet. In the last s before hitting
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the ground, it covers a distance of 19 m. Acceleration due to gravity (in ms –2) near the surface
on that planet is___________.

Ans. (8)
Sol. Time to travel 81 m is t sec.
1
Time to travel 100 m is t + sec.
2
1
81   a  t 2 ......(i)
2
2
1  1
100   a   t   .......(ii)
2  2
from eq (i) and (ii)
t 9
 t =4.5 sec
1 10
t
2
put value of t in eq (i)
a = 8 m/s2

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Graphs
(v)
v


t

Area of v-tt graph = ∫ vdt = displacement = change in position

Eg. The velocity time graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in figure.

The ratio of displacement to distance travelled by the body in time 0 to 10s is

(1) 1:1 (2) 1:4 (3) 1:2 (4) 1 : 3

Ans. (4)
Sol. Displacement = area
area = 16 – 8 + 16 – 8 = 16 m
Distance =  area = 48 m
displacem ent 1

Dis t an ce 3

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Equation Of Motion In A Plane

In a plane we have to apply the same equations as in motion in 1-D, separately on both directions
Y axis and X- axis.
vy = u y + a y t vx = ux + ax t
2
sy = u y t + ½ a y t sx = ux t + ½ ax t2
v = u + 2ay s v = u + 2ax s
The things which is common in both x & Y – axis is time (t).

Eg. A force F  (40 ˆi  10ˆj) N acts on a body of mass 5 kg. If the body start from rest, its position
vector r̂ at time t = 10 s, will be
(1) (100iˆ  400ˆj)m (2) (100iˆ  100ˆj)m (3) (400iˆ  100ˆj)m (4) (400iˆ  400ˆj)m

Ans. (3)
 
dv  F
Sol.  a   (8î  2ˆj)m / s2
dt m

dr 
 v  (8tiˆ  2tj)m
ˆ /s
dt
 ˆ ˆ t2
r  (8i  2 j) m
2
At t = 10 sec
 
r  [(8î  2ˆj)50]m  r  (400iˆ  100ˆj)m

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Projectile Motion

Vy = u sin gt
Y v

vy = 0 vy = u cos 

ay = g




 
u
P vx = u cos 
H

uy = u sin 



X
(0, 0) ux = u cos  (ax = 0) (R, 0)

Time Of Flight (t)

2u y 2u sin 
T=  (neglecting T = 0)
g g
T u y u sin 
Time of ascent = Time of descent =  
2 g g
Maximum height attained H
u 2y u 2 sin 2 
H= 
2g 2g
Horizontal range or Range (R)
u 2 sin 2
R=
g
Equation of Trajectory
1 x2
y = x tan – g 2
2 u cos 2 
This is an equation of a parabola so it can be stated that projectile follows a parabolic path.

Eg. Two guns A and B can fire bullets at speeds 1 km/s and 2 km/s respectively. From a point on a
horizontal ground, they are fired in all possible directions. The ratio of maximum areas covered
by the bullets fired by the two guns, on the ground is :
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 4 (3) 1 : 16 (4) 1 : 8

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Ans. (3)
u 2 sin 2
Sol. R=
g
A =  R2
A  R2
A  u4
4
A1 u14  1  1
 4   
A 2 u 2  2  16

Eg. The ranges and heights for two projectiles projected with the same initial velocity at angles 42°
and 48° with the horizontal are R1, R2 and H1, H2 respectively. Choose the correct option :

(1) R1> R2 and H1 = H2 (2) R1 = R2 and H1< H2

(3) R1< R2 and H1< H2 (4) R1 = R2 and H1 = H2

Ans. (2)
u 2 sin 2
Sol. Range R = and same for  and 90 – 
g
So same for 42° and 48°
u 2 sin 2 2
Maximum height H = 2g
H is high for higher 
So H for 48° is higher than H for 42°
Option (2)

Eg.  person can throw a ball up to a maximum range of 100 m. How high above the ground he can
throw the same ball?
(1) 25 m (2) 50 m (3) 100 m (4) 200 m

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Ans. (2)
u 2 sin 2 u2
R R max   100
Sol. g g
u 2 100
H max    50m
2g 2

Relative Motion
Relative position, relative velocity and relative acceleration
  
rB  rA  rB / A
  
vB  v A  vB / A
  
aB  a A  a B / A
In similar fashion motion of particle A relative to particle B can be analyzed with the help of
adjoining figure. You can observe in the figure that position vector of A relative to B is directed
from B to A and therefore
     
rB / A   rA / B , vB / A  v A/ B and a B / A   a A / B .

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River-Boat Problem
Two important point
 A boat’s speed w. r. t. water is same as its speed in still water
 Velocity of boat w. r. t. water is equal to the difference in the velocity of the w. r. t. to the ground
and the velocity of water w. r. t. to the ground
VBW = VB VW

Case 1:- crossing the river in the shortest Time

d V V Sin 


V Cos  u

Let u is velocity of river and v is the velocity of the boat at angle  with horizontal
Time, t =

For minimum time
Sin  = 1
 = 90°
This means:-
tmin =

Crossing river along the shortest path

x

V V Sin 


V Cos  u
For boat to go across shortest path drift x should be zero
means. u – v cos  = 0
u = v cos 
If we calculate drift x, then
Time, t =

drift, x = (u – v cos )  


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Eg. A swimmer wants to cross a river from point A to point B. Line AB makes an angle of 30 0 with
the flow of river. Magnitude of velocity of the swimmer is same as that of the river. The angle
________ 0, so that the swimmer reaches point B.
 with the line AB should be ______

Sol.

Both velocity vectors are of same magnitude therefore resultant would pass exactly midway
through them
  30

Eg. A butterfly is flying with a velocity 4 2 m/s in North – East direction. Wind is slowly blowing
at 1 m/s from North to South . The resultant displacement of the butterfly in 3 seconds is :
(1) 3 m (2) 20 m (3) 12 2m (4) 15 m

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Ans. (4)

Sol.


VBW  4 2 cos 45iˆ  4 2 sin
sin 45jˆ
 4 î  4 ˆj

VW   ĵ
  
VB  VBW  VW  4î  3ĵ
 
SB  VB  t  (4iˆ  3j)
ˆ  3  12iˆ  9ˆj

SB  (12) 2  (9) 2  15m

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