0 Foundations, Research Name: ______________________________________Section: _________

Science Practice 1: Concept Application, 65% of the Multiple-Choice

1.A Apply psychological Explain how psychological perspectives, theories, concepts, or research findings apply to a scenario.
perspectives, theories, Compare and contrast how perspectives or theories explain behavior and mental processes.
concepts, and research
findings. Draw logical and objective conclusions about behavior and mental processes.
1.B Explain how cultural Explain how cultural norms, expectations, and circumstances apply to a scenario.
norms, expectations, Explain how cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, hindsight bias, and overconfidence apply to a scenario.
circumstances, and
cognitive biases apply to Explain the implications of applying psychological concepts or theories in inappropriate or discriminatory ways.
behavior and mental
processes.
Science Practice 2: Research Methods and Design, 25% of the Multiple-Choice
2.A Determine the type of Determine whether a study is using experimental or non-experimental methodologies.
research design(s) used -Experimental methodology involves the use of independent variable(s) and random assignment to groups.
in a given study. -Non-experimental methodologies include case studies, correlation, meta-analysis, and naturalistic observation.
Shared by 2.B and 2.C State the hypothesis of a research scenario, including whether the hypothesis is falsifiable.
Identify operational definitions of variables in research scenarios to determine how well the definitions allow for the
study to be replicated.
Determine whether the measurement instrument for experimental or non-experimental research used qualitative (such
as structured interviews) or quantitative (such as Likert scales).
Describe the impact of appropriate representation in conducting research and on the outcomes of the research.
Explain how conclusions from experimental research evolve via scientific processes such as peer review and
replication.
2 B Evaluate the Identify the independent variable(s), dependent variable(s), and/or confounding variable(s) in a research scenario.
appropriate use of In a research scenario, identify the participants of a study who make up the sample that is drawn from a population.
research design elements
in experimental Determine whether the sample used is representative of the population and is selected by either random sampling or
methodology. convenience sampling.
Evaluate whether the sampling procedure involves sampling bias.
Determine to what extent the sampling method allows for the results of the study to be generalized.
Identify the experimental and control groups, including the process and purpose for assigning people to groups, whether
a placebo was used with the control group, and the effect of the placebo on the results.
Determine whether the study used single-blind or double-blind procedures to control for confounding variables like
experimenter bias or social desirability bias.
2 C Evaluate the Identify the variables of interest in a research scenario.
appropriate use of Evaluate whether the results of a correlational study have a directionality problem that demonstrates that correlation
research design elements does not equal causation.
in non-experimental Determine whether the research used a survey technique and whether the wording of the survey could lead
methodology. respondents to demonstrate self report bias or social desirability bias.
2 D Evaluate whether a Explain the importance of institutional review for research involving human and non-human animals.
psychological research Determine whether proper informed consent and/or informed assent was used in a research scenario.
scenario followed
appropriate ethical Determine whether researchers took steps to protect participants from harm.
procedures. Determine whether researchers kept participant information confidential and/or anonymous.
Determine whether deception was used in the research (possibly with the help of research confederates).
Determine whether researchers used proper debriefing techniques with participants at the conclusion of the research.

Science Practice 3: Data Interpretation, 10% of the Multiple-Choice

3A Identify Identify variables represented in descriptions or representations of data.
psychology-related Identify statistical and psychological concept(s) depicted in a table, graph, chart, or figure.
concepts represented in
descriptions or
representations of data.
3 B Calculate and Calculate mean, median, mode, and range from a set of data.
interpret measures of Explain the elements of the normal curve including percentages of distributions of scores across the curve, how to
central tendency, interpret skewness in a graph, and how to interpret a bimodal distribution.
variation, and percentile Interpret mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, and percentile rank from a set of data.
rank in a given data set.
Explain how regression toward the mean occurs as more data are collected.
3 C Interpret quantitative Describe trends in and relationships between the variables as depicted in the data presented, such as interpreting
or qualitative inferential correlational data from a scatterplot, including the correlation coefficient.
data from a given table, Interpret results from research that could be expressed as effect sizes or statistical significance.
graph, chart, figure, or
diagram.

Ms. Flitter, AP Psychology 1

Make sure to be ORIGINAL- Do NOT copy examples from someone else, think of something similar
What to do…
● DEFINITION= Definition for the word.
● APPLICATION= You can use examples or applications of your own or those provided in class.
● TRICK TO REMEMBER= Ideas: mnemonics, pictures, compare/contrast. Please do NOT just redefine the term. Go beyond!

Unit 2- Modules 4 & 5

Term /Person Definition Application or TRICK to REMEMBER
Bias
1 Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, My little cousin who used to be a know-it-all.
that one would have foreseen it.

2 Overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct- to My dad when he thought he remembered the way
bias
overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and home from a friends house.
judgments
3 Confirmation bias a tendency to search for information that
conFIRMtion bias, unshakable
supports our preconceptions and to ignore or
distort contradictory evidence.

Research Methods and Design

1 Scientific Method A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th
The steps that we've been taught since 6th grade.
century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment,

and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

2 Theory An explanation using an integrated set of principles

Me and my sister use to come up with theories as
that organizes observation and predicts behaviors or
to why my dad took so long to pick us up from
events
places.
3 Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. It's another word for conclusion only when hearing it,
the word makes you think of science.

4 Falsifiability
Like cheating, its a deductive way of taking tests.
is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures

5 Operational Like scientific names for animals and plants.
definition (operations) used in a research study. For example, human
intelligence may be operationally defined as what an
intelligence test measures.
6 Replicate repeating the essence of a research study, usually People always replicate trends and it's usually with
with different participants a in different situations, different people. EX: "where's my money?" trend
to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

Non-experimental Methodologies
1 Case study a descriptive technique in which one Like one of those show crimes calling something a case
individual or group is studied in depth in thestudy hoping to uncover something about the unsub
hope of revealing universal principles.
2 Naturalistic NATURAListic OBSERVATION. like an old trend
A descriptive technique of observing and recording in
observation
naturally occurring situations without trying to "Watching *insert name* in their natural habitat

manipulate or control the situation.

Ms. Flitter, AP Psychology 2
 A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported
3 Survey
attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by Surveys sometimes given after a service was

questioning a representative, random sample of the group. performed for you

4 Sampling bias
A flawed sampling process that produces an Sampling- a small part of something

unrepresentative sample. Bias- Geared more towards one side

5 Population
All those in a group being studied, from which Population refers to the people that're apart of
sample may be drawn. something

6 Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because Randomly selected to be apart of the activity/survey

each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Ms. Flitter, AP Psychology 3