CE G545 Airport Planning and Design

Prof. Sridhar Raju

BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Scope and Objective of the
Course:
Air Transport structure and organization
Forecasting air travel demand
trend forecasts and analytical methods
air freight demand
airport system
–characteristics of the aircraft
–airport capacity and configuration
airport master planning
–site selection
–layout plan, orientation and length of runway
–geometric design of runway taxiway and aprons
–structural design of runway and taxiway pavements
–airfield pavement drainage

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Scope and Objective of the
Course:
Airport runway
Structural evaluation using HFWD
Parking configurations and apron facilities
Air cargo facilities through cargo terminals,
Airport lighting
Airport access
Environmental impact of airports

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Text Book:

R1. Robert Horonjeff, Francis X. McKelvey, Willian J Sproule,

Seth B. Young (2010), Planning & Design of Airports,
McGraw-Hill Professional.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Evaluation Scheme:
Evaluation Duration
S. No. Weightage (%) Date & Time Remarks
Component (min)
1 Midsem 90 30 05/10 - 4.00 - 5.30 CB
Examination PM
2 Comprehensive 180 35 7-12- 2024 OB
Examination AN
3 Assignments 10 Continuous OB

4 Projects and 10 To be announced in OB

Presentations the class
5 Quizzes 15 To be announced OB
in the class

Chamber Consultation Hour:

Thursday from 4 to 6 PM and not restricted to this time alone, the students are
encouraged to meet as and when they require.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Why to learn this course?

Is it necessary for the pavement designer to know about the

aircraft operations and its weight etc. or only the speed is
good enough?
A video for innovative
thinking

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1q2DD9qhANI&ab_chan

nel=factStack

Hydroplaning
Airfield Shoulders
Shoulder must provide sufficient support for unintentional
or emergency operation of any airplane in the traffic mix.
Must also provide support for emergency and
maintenance vehicle operations

10
Airstrip on a highway

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
The World Record Holder

Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD)

When it comes to the sheer number of runways, Chicago
OʼHare International Airport takes the crown. This
charter airport boasts a staggering eight runways,
making it a true titan of the aviation industry. Nestled in
the heart of the blustery city of Chicago, ORD is a
transcontinental mega hub that has been meticulously
designed to handle a high volume of traffic.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Chicago O’Hare
International Airport (ORD)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Chicago O’Hare
International Airport (ORD)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Principal Facilities for
Airport Planning
i. Airport maintenance, snow clearance, engineering base
ii. Navaids
iii. Lighting
iv. Flight kitchens
v. Fuel farm
vi. General aviation terminal and apron
vii. Sewage treatment and pumping stations
viii. Electrical substations
ix. Security fences and control gates
x. Hotels
xi. Industrial uses
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Principal Facilities for
Airport Planning

Precision approach path indicator (PAPI) BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 PAPI, VASI and OLS
Precision approach path indicator (PAPI) is a visual aid that provides guidance
information to help a pilot acquire and maintain the correct approach in the
vertical plane to an airport or an aerodrome. It is generally located on the
left-hand side of the runway approximately 300 meters beyond the landing
threshold of the runway.
The visual approach slope indicator (VASI) is a system of lights on the side of an
airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during
approach. These lights may be visible from up to 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) during the
day and up to 32 kilometres (20 mi) or more at night.

An optical landing system (OLS) (nicknamed "meatball" or simply, "Ball") is used

to give glide path information to pilots in the terminal phase of landing on an
aircraft carrier.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Planning

In preparing for battle, I have always found that plans are

useless, but planning is indispensable.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the US

Adventure is just a bad planning

Roald Amundsen, Norwegian Explorer

Failure to prepare is preparing to fail

John Wooden, Basketball Coach

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Aircraft development history

History of Aviation

• Kites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China

• 1020 A.D. - Oliver of Malmesbury - Put on a pair of

wings and leapt from the top of an abbey

• Leonardo da Vinci - Spent most of his life exploring

flight - 160 documents of sketches and observations
about flight

• 1896 AD - German engineer, Otto Lilienthal - Tested

several monoplane and biplane gliders

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Leonardo da Vinci: ornithopter Wright flyer of 1905 Cayley, Sir George, 6th Baronet: glider
design
In about 1490 Leonardo da Vinci The Wright brothers’ first practical English aeronautic pioneer George
drew plans for a flying machine. flying machine, with Orville Cayley established the modern notion of
Wright at the controls, passing a fixed-wing aircraft in 1799, and he
designed a glider, that was safely flown
over Huffman Prairie, near by his reluctant servant in 1853 in the
Dayton, Ohio, October 4, 1905. first recorded successful manned flight

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Lilienthal, Otto: Otto Lilienthal Wright glider of 1902 Langley aerodrome of 1903
piloting one of his gliders Wilbur Wright executes a banking turn to The unsuccessful launch of Samuel Pierpont
Lilienthal glider German aviation Langley’s full-sized manned aerodrome from
the right in the Wright brothers’ first fully
a houseboat on the Potomac River, Oct. 7,
pioneer Otto Lilienthal piloting one of controllable glider, at the Kill Devil Hills, 1903. The pilot, Charles Matthews Manly, is
his gliders, c. 1895. North Carolina, October 24, 1902. just visible behind the forward pair of wings.

Santos-Dumont No. 14-bis

Wright flyer of 1903 Pilcher Hawk
Santos-Dumont No. 14-bisIn 1906 Brazilian
Orville Wright beginning the first successful Pilcher HawkIn 1896 English aviator Percy Sinclair
aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont made
controlled flight in history, at Kill Devil Hills, Pilcher designed, built, and flew the Pilcher Hawk,
the first significant flights of a powered
North Carolina, December 17, 1903 a monoplane glider with birdlike wings
airplane in Europe with his No. 14-bis.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
History of Aviation Contd…

• 10:35 a.m. – 17.12.1903 - World's first successful

airplane (Flyer I)

• The pilot Orville Wright and his brother Wilbur wright

had experimented for four years with kites and
engines to make the first successful flight ever

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaUYLZsOA9Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDlk4Ky_ahs

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Wright Brothers

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Aviation history 1900-1935

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Aviation history 1935-1950

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Aviation history 1950-1975

ANTONOV 225

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Aviation history 1975-till
date

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Development of Air
Transport
• 1903: First Successful flight by Wright Brothers

• 1909: French Pilot, Louis Blerriot crossed the English Channel

• 1911: Post was carried by air in India (Allahabad to Naini)

• 1912: Delhi to Karachi

• 1918: First International flight between France and Spain

• 1918: First air mail service between Washington and New York

• 1969: Concorde

• 1969: Boeing B747-100

• 1988: Airbus A320- fly by wire (semi automatic)

• 2006: Airbus A380

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)
• Established in 1947 with its head quarters at Montreal,
Canada.
• Comprises of 151 sovereign states.
• The objectives of ICAO
i. Ensure safe and orderly growth of the international civil aviation through out the
world.
ii. Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes.
iii. Encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation facilities for
the international aviation.
iv. Meet the needs of the people around the world for safe, regular, efficient and
economical air transport.
v. Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition.
vi. Avoid discrimination between contracting states.
vii. Promote safety of flight in the international air navigation.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Development of Air
Transport in India
• 1932: Tata airways limited

• 1947: Air India limited

• 1948: Air India International

• 1953: Domestic and International services

• 1972: IAAI

• 1981: Vayudoot services

• 1994: IAAI and domestic merges to form AAI

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

747- 400

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Civil Aviation Department
• The National Airport Authority (NAA) was established on 1st
June 1986 through the act of parliament.

• The main objectives of NAA is to ensure the highest

standard of air traffic control by using modern and
sophisticated equipment and to maintain international
standards with respect to air traffic control, aeronautical
communications, ground safety operations etc.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Civil Aviation Department

The major responsibilities of NAA can be enumerated as follows:

i. To ensure the safety of all the operations performed by the

aircrafts.

ii. To manage all domestic civil airports and civil enclaves

iii. To provide all the essential facilities like managing the

runways, technical buildings, air traffic control services,
airport environment, civil aviation training centers,
navigational and radar services at domestic and
international airports, visual aid ground safety service at
domestic airports, etc.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Director General of Civil
Aviation (DGCA)
• The regulatory functions such as airworthiness of aircraft
licensing of personnel, approval of traffic, preparation of
schedules, etc. are looked by the DGCA.

• From 1994, the private airlines were permitted to fly in air

under the supervision of DGCA.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Airport terminology and Aircraft

lift
 Airport terminology
Aerodrome Clear way Instrument runway
Airfield Control tower Rudder
Approach zone CTOL Runway
Approach surface Calm period Standard Atmosphere
Apron Design Landing weight STOL
Blast pads Design take off weight Stop way
Boundary lights Flight visibility Taxi way
Conical surface Fuselage Wind rose
Control area ILS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxFVoTPVhYs BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Quiz
In India first air flight was started by :
J R D Tata

The international body which provides standards and

regulations for air flights and airports is:
ICOA
The air control provided at the tail end of the airplane is
called:
Rudder
PAPI stands for
Precision Approch Path Indicator
ILS stands for:
Instrument Landing System
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Quiz

‘STOL’ represents :
Short Take off and Landing
Minimum value of radius of curvature for airports
serving jet aircraft is:
120 m
Runways are generally oriented in the direction of:
Wind Direction
Speed of an aircraft relative to ground is:
Cruising Speed
The pioneering work in rigid pavement design for
runway pavements is based on theories of:
Westergaard
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Wing Number

Monoplane Biplane

Triplane
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Kinds of Engines
Turboprop (propeller turbine)
Piston (propeller)

Turbofan
Jet

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-basic-difference-between-turbojet-and-turbofan-engine
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Engine Position

On the wings

On the wing pylons

Close to the fuselage Rear mounted

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Engine Number
Twin engine
Single engine

Triple engine
Four (multiple) engine

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Fuselage

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Under Carriage
Types of landing gear:

Nose wheel
Main wheel

Tail wheel Source: http://www.planepictures.net/a/13/02/1062051229.jpg

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
(Based on runway length ICAO)

Code Number Length of Runway

1 < 800 m
2 ≥ 800 m < 1200 m
3 ≥ 1200 m to 1800 m
4 ≥ 1800 m

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
(Based on Wingspan and outer gear wheel span)

Code Wing Span Outer gear

wheel span
A < 15 m 0.5 m
B ≥ 15 m < 24 m ≥ 0.5 m < 6 m
C ≥ 24 m to 36 m ≥6m<9m
D ≥ 36 m to 52 m ≥ 9 m < 14 m
E ≥ 52 m to 65 m ≥ 9 m < 14 m

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

AIRPORT CLASSIFICATION
(Based on Aircraft Approach Speed)

Category Speed in knots

(1 Knot = 1.9 kmph)
A <90knots
B 91 – 120 knots
C 121 – 140 knots
D 141 – 165 knots
E > 166 knots

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Main Parts of a runway
• The main parts of the runway are detailed in the diagram
below.

• The threshold is essentially the start or end of the actual

runway itself
• The touch down zone is the target area for pilots to stick the
wheels of their aircraft on to the runway
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UV_vWtAJIow

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Runway Numbering

• Runways are numbered between 01 and 36.

• On a compass North is 360°, East is 270° South
is 180° and West is 90°.
• You cannot have a runway zero.
• The two digit number is essentially 1/10th of
the magnetic heading of the runway ±5° i.e.
one digit per ten degrees.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Runway Numbering

• Runway Number 36 - 355° to 004° (1/10th of 360°

±5°)
• Runway 09 points east (85°~94°)
• Runway 18 is south (175°~184°)
• Runway 27 points west (265°~274°).
• Runway used in two directions – 2nd number differing
by 18
• In India most airports have an east-west runway
09-27.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Generic drawing of a
runway

• The area marked with yellow chevrons are the blast pads, also
referred to as overrun areas or stop ways.

• These areas are often constructed before the start of a runway to

reduce the erosion of earth by the jet blast produced by large planes
when they power up for take-off (theGE90-115B found on all Boeing
777-300ERs produces over 115,000 lbs of force at full power)

• Overrun areas can also be used by landing aircraft as an emergency

stopping space.

• Blast pads are often not as strong as the main paved surface of the
runway and aircraft are not allowed to use it except in extreme
emergencies.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfUfBWvmzA4 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

JET BLAST DEFLECTOR OR BLAST FENCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet
_blast_deflector

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

More than 3 parallel
runways
• Certain ultra-large airports most notably Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson
(ATL), Los Angeles International (LAX) and Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW)
have more than three parallel runways.

• In such cases the traditional left, centre, right designations cannot

be used and the runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees or 1
digit on the runway number.

• At Dallas-Fort Worth, there are five parallel runways, named 17L,

17C, 17R (on the east side of the airport), and 18L, and 18R (on the
west side of the airport), even though all five runways are oriented at
a heading of 175.4°.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Runway lengths and widths

• Runway dimensions vary greatly

• Typical runway is about 10,000 ft (3000 m) long
• Bigger jets and fighter aircrafts - longer runways
• The width of the runway - Largest aircraft expected
• Passenger jetliners are classified based on the
width of their wings, and undercarriage width
• Code C (single aisle Airbus A320, Boeing 737 family)
• Code D (twin aisle Airbus A330, 340, Boeing 767, 777)
• Code E (Boeing 747)
• Code F (Airbus A380 and Antonov An-124, An-225)
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Runway lengths and widths

• Code F aircrafts – Runway width

60m + 2x 7.5m (shoulders) = 75m
• No obstructions - Minimum 77.5 m on either side of the runway
• The largest runway in the world is the huge 39,098 ft (11,917 m)
long, 899 ft (274 m) wide lake bed runway 17-35 at Edwards Air
Force Base in California – a landing site for the Space Shuttles
amongst other aircraft.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbLHah4XUwk Bhutan airport

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Runway Width
(Horonjeff)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

COMMON RUNWAY MEASUREMENT TERMS

• TORA – Take Off Run Available

Length of runway declared available and
suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off
• LDA – Landing Distance Available
Length of runway which is declared available and
suitable for the ground run of an airplane landing

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

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