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Cluster computing:
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
computing. Each machine in the clùster was connected to each other by
a network with high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those
mainframe systems. These were equally capable of high computations.
Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required.
Thus,the problem of the cost was Solved to some extent but the problem
related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the
Concept of grid computing was introduced.

Grid computing:
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that
different systems were placed at entirely different geographical
locations and these all were connected via the internet. These systems
belonged to different organizations and thus the grid consisted of
heterogeneous nodes. Althougn lt Solved some problems but new.
problems emerged as the distance between the nodes increased. The
main problem which was encountered was the low availability of high
handwidth connectivity and with it other network associated issues.
Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as "Successor of grid
computing.

Virtualization:

It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of

creatingavirtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run
multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key
technology used in cloud computing, It is the base on which major cloud
computing services such as Amazon EC2, VM ware vCloud, etc work on.
Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types of
virtualization.

Web 2.0:

is the
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the clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and
aynamic web pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages.
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