MAINTAINENCE OF POWER TRANSFORMER

& TESTINGS
 INDEX

S.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT 3

2. INTRODUCTION 4-5

3. POWER TRANSFORMER IN SUB STATION 6 – 16

4. NAME PLATE DETAILS 17 - 19

5. PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER 19 - 21

6. COMMISSIONING OF POWER TRANSFORMER 21 - 24

7. MAINTAINENCE OF POWER TRANSFORMER 25 - 28

8. TESTING OF POWER TRANSFORMER AND 29 - 32

CASE STUDY
 9. CONCLUSION 33

ABSTRACT

T his p ro jec t m a jo rly d ea ls w ith th e pe rfo rm a nc e, co m m issioning

a nd te sting of a POWER TRANSFORMER . It g ive s a b rief ide a o f pe riod ica l

m a inte na nce of the p ow e r tra nsform er in a 220/132/33-11 kv Renigunta

sub sta tion. A p ra ctic a l p ow e r tra nsform er is giv en he re w ith a ll pa rts a nd its

p rote ctiv e de vic es. T he typic a l te st re sults a re a lso p rov ide d .

Tra nsfo rm e r is a vita l lin k in a power system w hich ha s m a de

p ossib le the po w er g e nera te d a t lev el o f v olta g es (6 60 0 to 22 0 00 vo lts) to

b e step p ed u p to e xtra hig h vo lta ge s fo r tra nsm issio n o ve r lo ng d ista nce s

a nd th en tra nsform e d to lo w vo lta g es fo r utiliza tio n a t p rop e r lo a d c ente rs.

W ith this too l in ha nd s it ha s b ec o m e to p o ssib le ha rne ss the e nerg y sourc es

a t fa r off p la c e s from the loa d ce nters a nd c on nec t the sa m e throu gh long

e xtra h ig h v o lta g e tra nsm ission line s w o rkin g on high effic ie nc ie s. At tha t, it

m a y be sa id to b e the sim p lest e quip m e nt w ith no m o tive p a rts.

 At ev ery step , w he ther the vo lta ge le ve l shou ld h a ve to b e in cre a sed

o r de cre a se d w e ne e d a tra nsform er. If the re is a ny fa ult o r d a m a ge in the

tra nsform e r th en there w ill b e hea vy lo ss to the d istrib utio n system . So ,

periodical maintenance a nd testing is v ery im po rta nt fo r a power

transformer.

INTRODUCTION:

The Tra nsfo rm er is a d ev ice tha t w hic h tra nsfers elec trica l e nerg y

fro m o ne e le ctric a l c irc uit to a no ther ele ctric a l c irc uit w itho ut c ha ng e in

fre q uen cy. It is e lec tric a lly iso la ted a nd m a g netic a lly c o uple d. A ctu a lly, the

tra nsform e r is a n ele ctro m a g netic e nerg y c onv ersio n d ev ice , since the

e nerg y re c eive d b y th e p rim a ry is first c o nve rted to m a g netic e ne rgy a nd it is

the n rec onv erte d in to u seful e lec tric a l ene rgy. P ow e r tra n sfo rm er is one

w hich ste p -up or ste p -d ow n the vo lta g e le ve l b a se d o n re q uire m e nt w itho ut

c ha ng e in th e fre q uenc y.

L a rg e-sc a le ge ne ra tio n o f ele ctric p ow er usua lly three p ha se s a t

g ene ra te d v olta g es o f 1 1 kv o r highe r. Tra n sm issio n is ge nera lly a t highe r

vo lta g es o f 13 2 ,2 20 ,4 00 a nd 7 5 0kv fo r w hic h thre e p ha se tra n sfo rm ers a re

ne ce ssa ry to ste p -up the g en era te d v o lta g e to tha t o f th e tra nsm issio n line .

N ex t a t lo a d ce nte rs the tra nsm ission vo lta ge a re re du ce d to distribu tio n

vo lta g es o f 6 6 ,3 3 a n d 1 1 kv. F urther a t m ost o f th e c on sum ers, the

d istrib ution vo lta g es a re still re duc e d to utiliza tion v olta g es o f 4 40 a nd 22 0 V.

Y ea rs a go it w a s a co m m o n p ra ctice to use suita b ly inte r co nne cte d three

sing le pha se tra nsfo rm e r inste a d o f a sing le th ree -p ha se tra nsfo rm er.

PRINCIPLE:

A Tra nsform e r is a sta tic d e vice b y m e a ns o f w h ic h e lec tric p o w e r in

o ne c irc uit is tra nsfo rm e d into e le ctric p o w e r o f a n othe r c ircuit w itho ut

c ha ng e in the freq ue ncy. It c a n ra ise o r lo w er the vo lta g e le ve l in a c ircuit

w ith a c o rresp o nding d ec re a se or inc re a se in cu rre nt. The tra nsform e r

m a inly w orks on the p rin cip le o f ele ctro m a g netic ind uctio n b etw e en tw o

c irc uits linked b y a c om m o n m a g ne tic flux. It

c onsists o f tw o in duc tive co ils w hic h a re e lec tric a lly sep a ra te d b ut

m a g ne tic a lly linke d th roug h a pa th o f lo w reluc ta nce . T he tw o c oils p osse s

hig h m utua l ind uc ta nce . If one c o il is c o nnec te d to a so urce o f a lterna ting

vo lta g e, a n a lte rna ting flux is se t up in the co re, m o st o f w hic h is linke d w ith

o ther co il in w hic h it p rod uc es m u tua lly-ind uc ed e m f ba s ed o n Fa ra d a y’ s

la w s o f e le c trom a g ne tic in duc tion.

If the sec o nd c o il c irc uit is c lose d , a curre nt flo w s in it a nd so elec trica l

e nerg y is tra nsferre d from o ne c o il to a n othe r. The first co il, in w h ic h

e le ctric a l ene rg y is fe d fro m a .c sup p ly m a ins, is ca lle d p rim a ry w inding a nd

the o the r fro m w hich e ne rg y is d ra w n out is c a lled sec ond a ry w ind ing .
POWER TRANSFORMER IN A SUBSTATION :

A P o w er tra nsform er of ca p a c ity 3 0/ 50 M VA in 1 3 2/ 33 K V sub sta tion is

sho w n in the figure be low a nd its pa rts a re d e scrib ed .

PARTS OF POWER TRANSFORMER:

CORE:

C o re is m a d e up o f silic o n stee l la m ina tio ns. The m a te ria l use d fo r co re is

sp ec ia l a llo y stee l o f hig h re sista nce a nd lo w h yste re sis lo sses is used in

la m ina ted fo rm .

The silico n rises the p erm e a b ility a t lo w flu x de nsitie s,re duc e s hyste resis

loss a nd ed d y curre nt lo ss. 5 % silico n ste el is d iffic ult to p unch a nd she a r.

B ut a dd itio n o f nicke l m a kes the silico n ste el suita b le for co ld ro lling a nd

she a rin g. The re a re tw o kind s o f tra nsform er stee l . H igh re sista n ce ste el

ha v in g 4.5% silic o n a nd no m ina l thic kness 0 .3 5m m .

The cold rolled grain oriented sheet o r strip ha v in g 0 .3 3m m n om ina l

thickne ss fo r w hic h th e m a g netic p ro pe rtie s in the direc tion o f ro lling a re

sup erio r. So , CRGO ste el la m ina tio ns a re use d in m od e rn p o w e r tra nsfo rm e r.

In b uilding the c o re high pre ssure is use d to m inim iz e the a ir g a p b etw ee n

a d ja c ent p la te s to a v oid lo sses a nd a lso to m inim ize no ise d uring o pe ra tion .

TRANSFORMER TANK:

Tra nsfo rm er ta nks a re m a d e up o f thin she et stee l. T he ta nk

pro v id e s a rigid sup po rt to the fitting s a nd a c ce sso rie s. T he func tio n o f it is

to p rov id e a p ro te ctive c o ve r to the c o re, w ind ing s, a nd othe r p a rts inc luding

tra nsfo rm e r o il.

WINDINGS:

W ind ing s a re a rra ng e d in c o nce ntric fo rm a tio n w ith low e st vo lta ge

w in ding ne xt to the c ore . O ve r L V w ind in g , H V ta pp ing a nd H V m a in

w in ding s a re pla c ed . So m e tim e s ta p ping w inding is p la c e d a fte r H V m a in

w in ding d e pe nd ing upo n req uirem e nt. Va rio us typ es o f w ind ing use d fo r

m a king c o ils a re a s follow s:

Low voltage: h elica l/d isc

High voltage: pa rtia lly inte r le a ve d d isc/la ye r/w ind ing.

Tapping winding: Inte r w o und sp ira l/ helica l co il. P a p e r c ov ere d insula ted
c op p er strip s a re co ntino usly tra nsp ose d ca b les a re use d fo r m a king

w in ding . W ind in gs a re c om p re ssed b e fo re a sse m bly a nd re m a in in

c om p re ssed p o sitio n by m e a ns of cla m p in g b olts.

BUSHINGS:
 B ushing co m p ress a ce ntra l c ond uc tor surro und ed by g ra d ed

insula tio n. A bush ing is ne ce ssa ry w h en a co nd ucto r is ta ken out thro ug h

m e ta llic or a w e ll. O il filled b ushings is use d fo r 3 3kv a p plica tio ns. Fo r

m a king the bushing s co m p a ct Synthetic resin bonded condenser bushings

(SR B B ) im p reg na te d p a p er co nd ense r b ushing is used (O IP co nd ense r

b ushing)

T he co nd en ser bush ing co nsists o f ce ntra l c o nduc to r surro und ed b y

a lterna tor la ye r o f insula ting p a pe r a nd th in co il. The c a pa citor fo rm e d b y

a lterna tor la ye r o f thin foil a nd p a p er insula tio n re sults in u nifo rm d ie lec tric

stress d istrib ution b etw e en c ond uc tors surfa ce a nd e a rthe d fla n ge .

T he bu shin g co re is c o a ted w ith suita ble re sin. Th e a ssem b ly is

e nclo sed in ho llo w p o rce la in a nd is p rov id e d w ith sup p ort fla ng e a nd top

ho od . Th e po rc ela in is filled w ith d ie lec tric oil.

COOLING EQUIPMENT:

Th e c o oling system s a re nec essa ry fo r d issip a ting the hea t ge ne ra ted

in the tra nsform e r d ue to lo a d loss .The v a rio us typ e s of c oo ling syste m a re

m e ntio ne d in ta b le .Th e ra d a r fa ns a re a rra ng ed fo r M VA a t R enig unta

sub sta tion.The a rra n ge m en t m a ke s use o f a ir bla st fa n s.

COOLING SYSTEM FOR POWER TRANSFORMER:

 1. O.N.A.N( Oil natural air natural):

T his is w ide ly use d fo r tra nsfo rm e r up to 3 0M VA . Tra nsform e rs a re

fitte d w ith p a ne l typ e ra d ia tors for o il na tura l circula tio n.

2. O.N.A.F( Oil natural air forced):

This is w id e ly u sed for tra nsfo rm e rs be tw ee n 3 0 & 60 M V A . The

p a nel typ e ra d ia to rs a re p rov id e d w ith c oo lin g fa n s. F a ns a re

sw itc he d o n during hea v y lo a d s.

3. O.F.A.F( Oil forced air forced):

This is m e tho d is used for tra nsfo rm ers a bo v e 6 0 M VA . O il

c irc ula tio n thro ugh c o ole rs. T he c oo lers ha v e c oo ling fa n s to ex cha n ge

he a t fro m o il to a ir.

4. O.F.W.F( Oil forced water forced):

The he a t is e xc ha ng ed from oil to c oo ling w a te r. B oth oil a nd

c oo ling w a ter a re c ircula te d thro ugh ra d ia to r.

5. A.N( Air natural);

T he a m b ie nt a ir used fo r co o ling in this m eth od , is u seful fo r

o il-le ss tra n sfo rm er up to 1 .5 M VA .

RADIATORS AND FANS:

R a dia to rs a re hea t ex cha n ge rs use d to tra nsfer the rm a l en erg y fro m

on e m ed ium to a no the r fo r the p urp ose o f co o ling . T hese a re lo ng, fla t

sha p ed o f la yers ind e pe nd ent to ea c h o the r thro ug h w hich tra nsfo rm e r o il

circ ula tes.

 B y using fa ns O il-N a tu ra l A ir-Fo rce d c o oling is p rov id e d suc h tha t

ra ted p ow e r w ill inc rea se a s c om p a re d to o il-na tu ra l A ir-N a tura l type of

co o ling . Fa ns c a n be either a uto m a tica lly or m a nua lly po w ere d.

CONSERVATOR:

The tra nsfo rm er is fille d w ith d iele ctric o il.In c a se o f o il filled

tra nsform e r c o nserv a tor is pro v id ed .It is insta lled a t a sligh tly h ig he r lev el

tha n th a t of ta nk .Du ring hig her lo a d s the o il in the ta n k ex pa n ds a n d the

lev el of oil in the c on serva tor rises. The a ir c ushion in the c onse rva to r

p erm its e xp a nsio n a n d co ntra c tio n of the oil in th e ta nk w ithou t c onta c t w ith

m o ist e xtern a l a ir. T he cu shio n in the c on serva tor is co nne c te d to the

e xte rn a l a tm o sphe re via a silic a e nsurin g dryne ss o f inc o m ing a ir du ring the

b rea thing . N orm a lly the co nse rva to r ca p a c ity is to be 10 -2 0 % o f o il v olum e in

the ta n k.
BREATHER:

A bre a the r is p rov ide d to p rev ent co nta m ina tion o f tra nsfo rm e r o il

in the co nse rva to r b y the m o isture p rese nt in the a ir en tering the co nse rva to r.

T he o utside a ir is d ra w n into the c onse rva to r throu gh b rea the r, ev ery tim e

the tra nsfo rm e r co ols d o w n . The b rea the r is pa cke d w ith b lu e c olo red silic a

ge l, w hic h h a s th e pro p erty o f a b sorb ing a ll w a te r v a p ou r c on ta ine d in the a ir

pa ssing thro ug h it, the re b y m a king the a ir qu ite d ry. The c ha rg e sho uld be

rep la ce d if it be c om e s pink. The old silica g el ca n b e re co nd itio ne d a nd used

a g a in b y hea ting up in a n O w e n to 1 50 -2 0 0 c to d riv e o ut a ll a bso rb ed w a ter.

PRESSURE VALVE:
W h en o il e xp a nd s, som e tim es p ressure in sid e the ta nk m a y

incre a se ra p id ly so tha t ta n k m a y ex p lo d e. B y o pe ning the v a lve , p ressure

insid e the ta nk ca n g et into no rm a l op e ra ting p oint.

ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER:

The ta ps h elp in c ha ng ing the turn s ra tio so tha t tra nsform e r

o utpu t vo lta ge a nd he nce the co nsum e r’ s te rm in a l vo lta g e ca n be

c ontro lle d w itho ut a n y sup p ly interrup tion s.

T his ta p c ha ng e r is used for d a ily or short p e rio d vo lta ge

a lterna tio ns. D uring the op e ra tio n o f a n on -loa d ta p c ha ng er;

 1 . The c ircuit shou ld n ot be op e ned o the rw ise d a ng ero us spa rking

w ill oc cu r.

2 . N o p a rt o f the ta pp e d w inding shou ld ge t short-circuit.

TRANSFORMER OIL:

The fo llo w ing cha ra cte ristic s a re req uired fo r a n oil to be used a s

tra nsform e r oil:

1 . M inera l o il g ra de B shou ld be used .

 2 . It sho uld ha v e a hig h di-e lec tric streng th i.e , n ot less tha n 3 0 K V in

the tra n sfo rm er ta nk.

3 . It sho uld c onta in ne gligib le m o isture co nte nt.

4 . It sho uld b e p erfec tly c le a r a nd p a le in co lor. G re en c o lo r ind ica te s

p rese nce of c o pp er so a ps. C lo udine ss ind ica te s p rese nc e of

m o istu re or im p uritie s like slud ge or d ust.

5 . A cid ity co nte nt sho uld b e ve ry low , a s it w ill ca use p rec ipita tion of

slud ge a nd c orro sion o f m e ta l surfa c es.

6 . It sh ould b e che m ica lly sta b le , i.e . it sho uld be im p erv io us to the

a c tio n o f ox yge n in th e a ir e ve n a t hig h tem p e ra tures.

PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE:

This P R D is d esig ned to b e use d o n po w er tra nsform e rs.w he n p re ssure

in th e ta nk rise s o ve r p re de term ine d sa fe lim it ,this v a lv e o pe ra te s a nd

p erform s follow ing func tio ns fu nctio ns.

1 ) A llo w s the pre ssure to d ro p b y insta nta nu osly o pe ning a po rt o f a bo ut

1 50 m m d ia .

2 ) G ive s v isua l ind ica tio n b y ra ising a fla g .

3 ) O p era te s a m icro sw itc h .This sw itch ha s 1 N O a nd 1N C c on ta cts(fo ur

te rm ina ls ).H e nc e sw itc h ca n b e e ffec tive ly use d in co ntrol sw itc h.

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF 132/33KV POWER TRANSFORMER

T YP E - P O W ER TR A N SFO R M ER

T YP E O F C O O L IN G - ONAN ONAF

R A TE D P O W ER - KV A HV 3 75 0 0 5 00 0 0

K VA LV 37 5 00 5 00 0 0

R A TE D VO L TA G E A T N O L O A D - KV HV 132

KV LV 33

R A TE D LIN E C U R R E N T - A HV 1 6 4.02 2 18 .6 9

A LV 6 56 .0 8 8 74 .7 7

% IM P E D A N C E A S P E R G TP - 1 2.5+ /- 1 0 %

% IM P E D A N C E A T 50 M VA (B AS E M E A SU R ED ) - 1 2.39

N O LO A D LO S S - 20 KW

L O A D L O SS - 1 45 .5 K W
A U X ILL IA R Y L O SS - 1 .5 K W

IN SU L A TIO N LE VE L - HV A C /L I 2 30 /5 5 0

LV A C /L I 70 /1 7 0
H VN A C /LI 3 8 /9 5
LV N A C /LI 7 0 /1 70

Y E A R O F M A N U FA C TU R E - 2 0 09

T RA N SFO R M E R S ER IA L N U M B ER - 9 00 0 41 B 0 1

FR E Q U EN C Y - 50 HZ

N U M B E R O F P H A SE S - 3

V EC T O R G R O U P - Y N yn O

S YM M ETR ICA L SH O RT C IR C U IT C U R R EN T - 8A

S YM M ETR ICA L SH O RT C IR C U IT D U R A TIO N - 1 S EC

 M A X IM U M TE M P E R A TU RE R ISE O F O IL - 50 o C

M A X IM U M TE M P E R A TU RE R ISE O F W IN D IN G - 55 o C

R E FE RE N C E A M B IEN T TE M P E R A TU R E - 50 o C

TO T A L M A SS - KG 8 65 0 0

C O R E & CO IL M A SS - KG 44 6 00

T RA N SP O RT M A S S (W IT H O IL ) - KG 77 8 00

Q U A N TIT Y O F O IL - L TS 1 9 10 0

PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER:

Tra nsfo rm ers a re sta tic de vic es, tota lly e nc lo se d a nd g en era te d o il

im m erse d . Th ere fo re, cha nce s o f fa ults o c curring o n the m a re ve ry ra re .

H ow e ve r, the co nse qu enc es o f e ve n a ra re fa ult m a y b e ve ry serio us u nle ss

the tra n sfo rm er is q uic kly disc on nec ted fro m the system . This ne c essity to

p rov id e a d e qu a te a uto m a tic pro te ctio n for tra nsform e rs a ga inst p ossib le

fa ults.
 Sm a ll distribu tio n tra n sfo rm ers a re usua lly co nne cte d to the sup ply

system thro ug h serie s fuse s inste a d of circu it b rea ke rs. C o nseq ue ntly, no

a uto m a tic pro te ctive re la y e quip m e nt is re q uire d . H o w e ve r, the pro b a bility of

fa ult o n p ow e r tra nsform e rs is u ndo ub ted m o re a nd h enc e a uto m a tic

p rote ctio n is a b so lute ly ne ce ssa ry.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION: Diffe rent typ e o f rela ys

1 ) B uc hho lz rela y

2 ) D iffere ntia l re la ys

3 ) O /F a nd E/ F re la ys

4 ) R estric ted e a rth fa ult re la ys

5 ) O ve r flux ing rela ys

SAFTEY DEVICES TO POWER TRANSFORMER:

Oil level indicator or Fluid level gauge:

Lo w o il le ve l is a ha rm ful co nd itio n b e ca u se in terna l in sula tio n

c le a ra nc e, c re e pa g e e tc; be tw ee n lo a d s, b ushing s a nd ta nks a re e xp ose d to

a ir w he n o iil dro p b elo w sp ec ified le ve l. If the c o oling tub es a re p a rtia lly c o ol

o r nea rly a t a m b ien t te m p era tu re , it is a n indic a tion tha t the o il is no t

c irc ula tin g in the co o ling tub e s a nd o il le ve l ha s dro p pe d b elo w a nd lev el

ind ic a to r give s a n a la rm ,it m a y b e a fa lse a la rm a nd le ve l ind ica to r ne ed s

c hec king. It p o sitio n m a y b e im p rop e r .

T he le ve l ind ica to r ha s a flo a t a nd a n a rm .The flo a t is suspe nd ed in

the o il.W he n oil le ve l d rop s d o w n, the floa t hits th e a rm th ere b y c losing the

a la rm co nta c ts.

Pressure relief valve:

 P ressure re lie f v a lv e is d e sig ne d to use a po w er tra nsfo rm e r .W he n

the pre ssure in th e ta nk rise s a b ov e p re -d ete rm in ed lim it this v a lv e o p era te s

p ressure in the tra nsfo rm er inc re a se s d ue to

● H ig h o ve r lo a d pe a ks
● P ro lo ng ed ov er loa ds
● Arc ing fa ults w ith in o il

The pre ssure re lie f va lv e is sp ring loa de d a nd ha s a sea l sea t w hen p ressure

inside th e ta nk incre a ses a b o ve a ce rta in v a lve ,the fo rce on m o va ble sub

a sse m bly e xc ee d s the sp ring fo rce a nd the va lve o pe ra te s .The a la rm

c onta c ts a re clo sed . A fter re lea se o f p re ssure, the v a lv e m a y be m a nu a lly

re set.

Thermal over heating protection of power transformer:

The rm o co up le s a re the resista nc e m e a suring d ev ic e . T hese a re

c onne c ted to a b ridg e c ircuit .W he n tem p era tu re incre a se s a bo ve sa fe

lev el ,a n a la rm is so und ed . If m e a sure s a re n ot ta ke n the circ uit b re a ker is

tripp e d a fter a ce rta in te m p era ture

So m e typ ica l setting s fo r o il te m pe ra ture a re a s fo llo w s:

Sw itch o n fa ns : 60 de g ree s

A la rm : 9 5 d eg re es

Trip : 1 20 d eg ree s
COMMISSIONING OF POWER TRANSFORMER:

A fte r the e rec tion o f P TR , oil filling th e fo llow ing p re -co m m issioning

te sts & c he cks a re c a rrie d o ut o n P TR to en sure the he a lthiness o f P T R

b efore co m m issioning .

PRE COMMISSIONING TESTS:

Th ere a re tw o type s of pre -c om m issio ning tests the y a re :

1. ELECTRICAL TESTS

2. INSULATION TESTS

ELECTRICAL TESTS:

TURNS RATIO TEST:

The ra tio should b e c hec ke d o n a ll ta p s a nd be tw e e n a ll the

w in ding s a n d the re sult sho uld ta lly w ith fa cto ry te st re po rts a s w e ll a s the

ra ting a n d d ia gra m p la te d eta ils. R a tio sha ll be che cke d b y a p plying a sing le

p ha se 2 3 0-30 0 V sup p ly o n the h ig h vo lta g e sid e a nd m e a suring the vo lta ge

o n th e low vo lta ge sid e a t a ll ta p p ositions.

P o la rity a nd inte rfa ce co nne ctio ns a re che cke d w h ile m ea su ring

the ra tio. This c a n b e c hec ked b y the v oltm e ter m etho d . Th e p rim a ry a nd

se co nd a ry w ind ing s a re c onn ec ted tog e th er a t one po int. A lo w v olta g e thre e

p ha se sup p ly is the n a pp lie d to the term ina ls. Vo lta ge m ea su re m e nts a re

the n ta ken b etw ee n va rio us pa irs of term ina ls.

OPEN CIRCUIT OR MAGNETISING CURRENT TEST:

 A thre e p ha se low v olta g e supp ly 4 00 V is g ive n to the H .V

w in ding o f the three pha se tra nsform e r a nd sim ulta ne ous c urrent re a ding s of

the three p ha se s a re ta ken using lo w ra ng e A .C a m m e ters. R ea d ings shou ld

b e rec o rde d fo r future re fe renc e .

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

H ere LV w inding of the thre e ph a se tra nsform e r is sho rt-c irc uited .

H ere in this te st w e w ill find the % (pe rc enta g e ) im pe d a nce . A nd this %

im pe d a nc e m ust be a rou nd 2 -5 % .

MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST:

This te st is co nd uc te d o n H V sid e of th e po w er tra nsfo rm e r.

A p ply sing le p ha se 2 3 0V sup ply to e a ch p ha se of a sta r c onn ec ted w inding ,

a nd m ea sure vo lta g e ind uc ed in oth er pha ses. W hen c ente r p ha se is a p plied

the o the r p ha se vo lta g e sh ould b e 3 0 to 7 0 % . W hen e xtre m e p ha se is

a p plied , ce nter p ha se v olta g e to be 5 0 to 9 5% .

DC WINDING RESISTANCE TEST:

K e lvin brid ge m ete r shou ld be used fo r the m e a surem e nt of

re sista nc e a t a ll w ind ing s. Ta p p ed w ind ing re sista nce sha ll b e m e a sured a t

a ll ta p po sitions. A b so lute stea d y rea d ing sho uld b e o b ta ine d fo r m inim um 1

m inute . The ta pp e d w in ding re sista nc e trend sha ll b e g ra d ua lly incre a sing /

d ec rea sing .

VECTOR GROUP TEST:

 This test is m a inly co nd ucte d to know the tra nsfo rm er

c onne c tio n, w hethe r it is sta r-sta r o r sta r-d elta a nd so o n. A nd a lso b y this

te st w e c a n kno w the p ha se la g be tw ee n the p rim a ry a nd sec o nda ry

c onne c tio ns.

R N = Rn+ N n

B y= Yb

If the co nd ucte d te st w o uld sa tisfy the fo llo w ing co nd itio ns, then

the v ec to r g ro up sp ec ified by the c o m pa ny d uring m a n ufa c ture w a s co rre ct.

INSULATION TESTS:

The diffe rent typ es o f insula tio n tests a re d e scrib ed b e lo w :

BREAK DOWN VOLTAGE TEST:

The d ielec tric streng th or bre a k d o w n v olta g e is the m inim um

vo lta g e w hic h w hen a p p lie d to a n insula ting m a te ria l w ill result in d e structio n

o f its insula ting p rop e rtie s. D iele ctric stre ng th is e xp re ssed in vo lts o r kilo

vo lts pe r unit thic kness o f the in sula ting m a te ria l. B re a k d ow n p ote ntia l is

tha t the va lue o f v olta g e w hic h w h en a p p lie d a cro ss 1 cm o r 1 m m thickne ss

d ie lec tric m ed ium or insula ting m a te ria l.

The te st e q uip m e nt c o nsists of a o il sa m pling c onta ine r w ith 2

ho rn ga p ele ctro de s w ith the p ro vision o f a d justing the ga p b etw ee n

e le ctro d es a nd a hig h vo lta ge tra nsform e r w ith a v a ria c c a n va ry the vo lta ge

a c ross th e e lec trod e s fro m 0 to 1 00 K V. The m om e nt the insula tion pla c ed

b etw ee n the e le ctro d es b rea kdo w n a c co m p a nied a sp a rk b etw ee n

e le ctro d es the sup ply is trip pe d w ith the help a rela y insid e test se t a nd the

re a ding note d w ill b e b re a k d ow n streng th o f the insula ting m a te ria l.

INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST:

The insu la tio n re sista nce b e tw e en w inding s a nd b etw ee n

w in ding s a nd e a rth sho uld b e m e a sure d w ith 2 5 00 /1 00 0 v o lts m e gg er a nd

the va lue s sho uld b e co m p a red to the te st rep o rt va lue s. If the re is m uc h

va ria tio n, the sa m e sh ould b e intim a te d to th e m a nufa ctu re r.

The die le ctric a bso rp tio n fa c to r = IR a t 60 sec / IR a t 1 0 sec

sho uld be > 1 .3

It is pre fera b le to ha v e a m o tor o pe ra te d m e gg e r a nd the re a d ing s

ta ke n a fter 1 m inute fro m sta rting . B e fo re m e a surin g the in sula tio n

re sista nc e , it sho uld b e m a d e sure tha t the b ushings a re clea n ed tho rou ghly

w ith c le a n co tto n clo th . They sho uld a lso g ive re a d ing of infinity b efore

c onne c ting up .

Where,

Polarizing index(P.I) = Insulation resistance at 10min

Insulation resistance at 1 min

Dielectric absorption factor: Insulation resistance at 60sec

POLARIZATION INDEX INSULATION CONDITION

 Less than 1 Wet

1.0-1.1 Poor

1.1-1.25 Fair

1.25-2.0 Good

Above 2.0 Dry

TAN DELTA TEST:

W he n A C v o lta g e is a p plied to p erfec t insula tio n there is no p o w e r

loss a nd the cha rging c urrent le a d s the a p plied v olta g e by 90 b ut in a c tua l,

the lea ka ge c urre nt d o es no t lea d a pp lied v olta g e b y 9 0 a nd h enc e the re is a

d efin ite a m o unt o f d issip a tion o f ene rgy w hich is d issip a te d in the fo rm of

he a t. T he pha se a ngle is a lw a ys less tha n 9 0 . Th e co m p le m en ta ry a ng le

9 0-theta is ca lled die le ctric lo ss a ngle .

D issip a tion fa cto r/loss fa c tor(ta n d e lta ) is d e fine d a s the ra tio of

re sistive co m p on ent (Ir) o f c urren t to tha t o f the ca p a c itive cu rre nt(Ic)

flo w ing in a n insula ting m a te ria l. The m o re the resistive c om p o nen t of the

c urrent, the m ore w ill b e the d issip a tio n fa cto r ind ica ting the d e teriora tio n of

the insula tio n. P o w e r fa c tor is th e ra tio o f resistive curre nt to tha t of tota l

c urrent. Fo r v ery lo w v a lue o f re sistiv e curre nts, the Ic w ill b e a lm ost eq ua l to

the to ta l c urren t a nd hen ce v a lues o f dissip a tio n fa c to r a nd po w er fa cto r a re

sa m e in sula tio n fa c to r or d issip a tion fa c tor a nd ca pa c ita nce m e a surem e nt

o f bush ing s p ro vid e a n ind ic a tion o f th e qua n tity of the insula tion of the

b ushing.

A ) C o m m issio ning C he ck-list :

1. A ir rele a sing fro m a ll p o in ts in the righ t seq ue nce . Sta nd ing tim e

a nd a ir rele a se a fter sta nd ing tim e.

2. Silic a ge l c o lo r.

3. C o ndition o f b rea ther (c ra c ks, ho les e tc.) a nd o il in the o il c up.

4. B uc hho lz rela y sha ll b e in serv ic e p o sitio n a nd lo cke d.

5. A ll inter c onn ec tin g va lv es sho uld b e o pe n.

6. Va lv es o pe ne d to a tm o sp here sha ll b e c lo se d a nd bla nke d .

7. Se lec t W TI C T te rm ina ls a s p er m a nua l.

8 . A ll C T sec on da rie s sho uld b e sho rted e ither thro ugh re spe ctive

instrum e nts o r dire ctly.

9 . O TI a la rm /trip se ttin gs sho uld b e 8 5/ 95 0 C .

1 0. W TI a la rm /trip se tting s sha ll b e 1 0 0/1 1 0 0C .

1 1. E a rthing o f c o m po ne nts (the rm o junc tio n b ox , driving

m e cha n ism )

E a rthing o f ta nk c ov er to ta nk.

1 2. N e utra l e a rthing re sista n ce sho uld b e w ithin p e rm issib le lim its.

1 3. A la rm ind ica tio n sha ll be che c ked by c losing a la rm co nta c ts of

O TI, W T I, a nd B uchh olz re la y & p ressure relief d e vice .

14 . Se tting o f ov er flux rela y sha ll b e 1 .1

15 . O ve rflux in g rela ys sha ll b e c on nec ted to the u nta pp e d w inding .

16 . Setting a nd o p era tio n o f d iffere ntia l p ro te c tio n sha ll b e v erifie d.

 1 7. O ve r-cu rrent re la y curre nt setting sha ll be 1 20 % . Ch ec k rela y

o pe ra

18 . A re sep a ra te a nnunc ia tio ns a va ila b le fo r d iffere nt a la rm s?

19 . A re the surro unding s cle a n a nd de g re e o f po llutio n w ith in

to le ra b le le ve ls?

CHECKS DURING OPERATION AFTER COMMISSIONING:

1) Tra nsfo rm er hum m ing .

2) A ny a bn orm a l no ise fro m bush ing .

3) A ny othe r a bn orm a lity o b serv ed .

4) O b serv e fo r 1 2 ho urs fo r a ny a b no rm a lity.

5) A ny oil le a ks fro m a ny p o in t.

6) A ny othe r ob se rva tion .

MAINTAINENCE SCHEDULE OF POWER TRANSFORMER:

If the tra n sfo rm er is to give tro uble fre e se rvice , it shou ld
re ce iv e th e re q uire d a m o unt o f a tte ntion d uring o p era tio n a nd a w e ll
p la nned pe riod ic a nd pre ve ntive m a inte na nc e d uring se rvice .

D a ily or pe riod ic inspe ctiv e w ill help in de tec ting a b norm a l co nd itio ns o f a
tra nsform e r a nd its p a rts b e fo re the y c a use a ny m ore seriou s tro ub le s. A
re gula r p ro gra m of p erio dic a nd p rev entive m a inte na nc e w ill help to ensure
he a lth ine ss of tra nsfo rm e r d uring se rvic e.

This se ctio n de scrib es insp ec tion a nd m a inte na nc e m etho d s to ke ep

tra nsform e rs in g oo d co nd itio n. A s for c o nstructio n, fu nctio ns a nd ha nd ling
o f a c ce ssorie s, th e co rre spo nd ing c a ta log ue /m a inten a nce m a nua ls shou ld
b e refe rre d fo r m o re d e ta ile d info rm a tio n.
SL .N O Item o f m a inten a nce P erio dic ity

1. C he cking the c olo ur of silica je l D a ily

In the b rea th er a nd a lso o il lev el o f the oil

se a l. If silica jel c olo ur cha n ge s fro m b lu e to

p ink by 50% the siica je l is to be

re co nd itio ne d o r re p la c e d

2. O b se rva tion o f o il lev els in D a ily

(a )m a in c on serv a tor ta nk

(b )O L TC co nserv a to r

(c)b ushing a nd e xa m ine for oillea ks if a ny

from the tra nsfo rm e r

3. V isu a l che c k for ov er hea ting if a ny a t D a ily in e a ch shift

te rm ina l c o nnec tions(red ho t ) a nd

o b serv a tio n fo r a ny unusua l inte rna l no ises

4. C he cking fo r no ise,v ibra tio ns or a ny D a ily

a b no rm a lity in co o ling fa ns a nd oil p um p s of

p o w e r tra nsfo rm e rs sta nd b y p um p s a nd

fa ns a re a lso to be run co nd itio n to o bse rve d .

5. O b se rva tion o f o il a nd w ind ing te m p era ture s H o urly

a n d rec o rding .

6. V isu a l che ck fo r e xp losio n v ent dia p hra g m D a ily

fo r a ny c ra cks.

7. C he cking fo r a ny w a te r le a ka g e in to co o le r D a ily
 in ca se o f fo rce co o ling syste m .

8. P hysic a l e xa m ina tio n of d ia ph ra gm fo r a ny M o nthly

c ra c ks .

9. C le a nin g o f bu shing s, insp ec t for a n y cra c ks M o nthly

o r c hipp ing s o f the po rce la in a nd c he cking

o f tig htness o f p la nts a n d jum p e rs.

1 0. M e a sure m ent of I.R va lue s o f tra nsform e r M o nthly

w ith 2 .5 kv m e g ge r up to 3 3 kv ra ting a nd 5kv

m e g ge r a b ov e 3 3kv ra tin g. R e co rd ing o f the

v a lues sp e cifying the tem p e ra ture w hic h

m e a sure m ents a re ta ken.

1 1. C le a nin g o f silic a jel bre a the r M o nthly

1 2. C he cking tem p e ra ture a la rm b y shorting M o nthly

c o nta cts b y o p era ting th e kno b.

1 3. T esting o f m a in ta n k o il fo r B D V a nd Q ua rterly

m o isture c onte nt.

1 4. T esting O L TC o il fo r B D V a n d m oisture Q ua rterly

c o ntent.

1 5. T esting o f b uc hho lz surge re la ys a nd lo w oil Q ua rterly

le ve l trips for c orre ct o pe ra tion.

1 6. C he cking a uto -sta rt of c o oling fa ns a nd Q ua rterly

p um p s.

1 7. C he cking o f b uc hho lz re la y fo r a ny g a s Q ua rterly o r du ring

c o lle ction a n d testing the ga s c o lle cto r. fa ult

1 8. C he cking o f b uchho lz rela y b y a ir inje ctio n H a lf yea rly or

e nsuring a c tua tio n a la rm a nd trip s. d uring shu t d o w n

1 9. N o thin g th e o il le ve l in the inspe c tio n g la ss M o nthly

o f b uchho lz rela y a nd a rresting o f oil

le a ka g es if a ny.

2 0. C he cking of a ll c o nnec tion o f tra nsform e r Q ua rterly

fo r tig htne ss such a s b ushing s, ta nk e a rth

c o nnec tion.

2 1. L ub ric a ting /gre a sing a ll m o ving p a rts O L TC Q ua rterly or as

m e c ha nism . g ive n the

m a nufa c ture s

m a nua l

2 2. C he cking of co ntrol circ uitry, inter loc ks oil

p um p s a n d co o ling fa ns fo r a uto sta rt a nd

sto p op e ra tio ns a t c orre ct te m p era ture a nd

a lso fo r m a nua l o p era tio n.

2 3. T esting o f m oto rs, p um p s a nd c a libra tio n H a lf yea rly

p re ssure g a uge

2 4. P ressure testing o f c oil co o le rs H a lf yea rly

2 5. T esting o f o il fo r d issolv e g a s a na lysis fo r H a lf yea rly

1 0 0M V A tra n sfo rm ers

2 6. T esting o f for disso lv e ga s a na lysis of E H V O nc e a ye a r

tra nsfo rm er up to 1 00 kva .

2 7. T esting o f o il in m a in ta nk a c idity, ta n de lta O nc e in a yea r

inte r fa c e tensio n spe c ific resistivity

2 8. B ushing te sting fo r ta n de lta O nc e in a yea r

2 9. C a libra tio n o f o il a nd w in ding te m p era ture R e pe a ts

ind ica to r
3 0. M e a sure m ent o f m a gne tizing c urrent a t O nc e in a yea r

no rm a l ta p

3 1. M e a sure m ent o f d c w in ding re sista nc e O nc e in yea r

3 2. T urn ra tio test a t a ll ta p s O nc e in a yea r

3 3. Inspe c tio n of O L TC m ec ha nism a nd O nc e in a yea r o r

c o nta cts it d ive rter sw itc h nu m be r of

o p era tio n as

re co m m e nd ed by

m a nufa c ture

c o m ple ted

w hich ev er is e a rlie r

3 4. O v erha uls o f ta p cha ng e r a n d m e cha n ism O nc e in a yea r

3 5. R e pla c em e nt of oil in O L TC O nc e in a yea r

3 6. C a libra tio n of the rm o m ete rs(te m p era ture Y e a rly

ind ica to rs )a nd ta p p o sitio n ind ica to r

3 7. R e m a in o ld o il in the rm o m ete r p o cke ts,

c lea n the p o cke ts a nd filling w ith n ew oil

3 8. C he cking in the a ir c ell Y e a rly

(fo r 10 0 M VA a nd a bo ve tra nsfo rm e rs)

3 9. B ushings p a rtia lly disc ha rge test a nd O nc e in 5 ye a rs

c a p a cita nc e(E H V tra nsfo rm ers)

4 0. Filtra tion o f o il /re pla c em e nt of oil W he nev er the IR

v a lues of

tra nsfo rm er is

b e lo w the

p e rm issib le lim its.

4 1. G e ne ra l o ve rha ul co nsisting :

1 . Inspe c tio n of co re a nd w ind ing

2 . T hroug h w a shing o f w inding s

3 . C o re tig htening

4 . C he ck up of the c ore b o lt insula tion

5 . R e pla c em e nt of ga ske ts

6 . O v erha ul O L TC

CASE STUDY:

A 1 3 2/1 1 kv or 1 0 /1 6 M VA P TR a t 2 2 0 K V R e nigunta sub sta tio n is

ta ke n fo r c a rrying o ut the P re co m m issio ning T ests.

N A M E P L A TE D E TA ILS :

R A TIN G - 10 /1 6 M V A

VO L TA G E S A T N O L O AD - H V 13 2 K V

LV 11 K V

C U R RE N T - HV 43 .7 4 /6 9.98 A

LV 5 2 4.88 /8 3 9.8 A

FR E Q UE N C Y - 50 H z

P H A SE S - HV 3

LV 3

TY P E O F C O O LIN G - O N A N /O N AF
 IM P ED A N C E VO L TA G E - 1 0 .1 81 %

VE C TO R G R O UP RE F. - Y N yn0

C O R E A N D W IN D IN G S - 1 90 0 0 K G

W EIG H T O F O IL - 1 00 0 0 K G

TO TA L W E IG H T - 4 0 00 0 K G

O IL - 1 1 11 0 Litres

Y EA R O F M A N U FA C TU R E - 1 9 82

M A X . T EM P ER A TU R E R ISE - 5 0 0C

IN O IL

TEST RESULTS:

TURNS RATIO TEST:

P ra ctic a l ra tio

Ta p Rn Yn Bn The ore tic a l ra tio

no (H V/L V) (H V/ LV) (H V /LV )

23 4 /1 9=1 2 .0 6 2 32 /1 9 .2 =12 .0 2 3 2/ 19 .2 =1 2.0 13 2 /1 1=1 2

5 8 8

23 2 /2 0.6=1 1 .2 2 32 /2 0 .5 =11 .3 2 3 1/ 20 .4 =1 1.2 12 3 .7 5/ 11 =1 1.2

10 5 5 5

TH E O RITIC A L C A L C U LA TIO N S:

A t ta p no .5 H V =13 2 K V a nd L V= 11 K V (a cc ord ing to na m e p la te d eta ils)

 So , H V /LV =1 32 /1 1= 12

A t ta p no .1 0 H V=1 2 7.5 K V a nd L V=1 1 K V (a cc ord ing to na m e p la te d eta ils)

So , H V /LV =1 27 .5 /1 1= 11 .2 5

Inference:

H e nce fro m th e turns ra tio test it is p rov ed tha t th e g iv en the ore tica l

ra tio is a pp ro xim a te ly eq ua l to the m ea sure d ra tio .

Open circuit test or magnetizing current test:

Tap no Rn Yn Bn
(V) (mA) (V) (mA) (V) (mA)

5 236 0.69 234 0.50 233 0.69

Inference:

Fro m this m a gne tizing c urren t te st

Short circuit test:

Tap no HV side LV side

RN (A) YN (A) BN (A) rn (A) yn (A) bn (A)
5 2.06 2.16 2.06 25.3 28.5 25.7

Vph=232 and VL=415 V

Therefore, % impedance = (Z/Zbase) *100

Z=(Vsc/Isc)=(232/2.1)=110.47 ohms

Zbase=Vrated/Irated =76210/69.98=1089.02 ohms

%impedance= (Z/Zbase) *100

 =110.47/1089.02 *100

=0.1014*100

=10.14%

Inference:

From this test it is proved that the % impedance i.e obtained is equal to
the theoretical value.

Magnetic balance test: HV side

Tap number Rn Yn Bn

234 220 21
5 12 236 108
25 220 235
Inference:

From this test it is proved that the flux is uniformly distributed in all
the windings i.e the core is magnetically balanced.

Breakdown voltage test:

BVD (average of six samples): 65 Kv

BVD (one minute with stand): 58 Kv

This test is carried out under the temperature of 500 C

Inference:

As the BDV value is 65 Kv which is greater than the minimum value

of 50 Kv. So the BDV oil provided is good for insulation.

Insulation resistance test:

 IR10 IR60 IR600 DA PI
(M-ohm) (M-ohm) (M-ohm)
HV-EARTH 30 30 38 1 1.26
HV-LV 25 25 34 1 1.36
LV-EARTH 22 22 25 1 1.13
Polarization index = IR600/IR60

= 38/30 = 1.26

Dielectric absorption factor = IR60/IR10

= 30/30 = 1

Inference:

As the value of polarization index is 1.25. So the insulation provided is

fairly good.

VECTOR GROUP TEST:

RN =Rn + nN --- (I)

RN = 238, Rn = 17, nN = 215

238 = 17 + 215

By=Yb ---- (II)

By = 392 , Yb = 390

Inference:

Since the above two conditions are satisfied the vector group specified
by the manufacturer is correct.

Evaluation of test results:

 From the above test results it is evident that the power transformer
insulation is healthy and sound as all the results are within the permissible
limits.

CONCLUSION:

Power transformer is very important in the power transmission system

and it must be closely monitored regarding its condition while in service. To take
remedial measure at appropriate stage to avoid any failure and to enhance the
reliable service of power transformer.

Hence the above tests which are detailed in this project would essential,
if evaluated/ assessed, indicate the condition of the insulation which plays a
major role for the

Service of power transformer and suggest the steps to be taken avoid the failure.