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Introduction
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from
the physical environment such as light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure

Sensors
and used to switch voltages or currents.

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Light Level
Light level sensor can be classified as light dependent resistor, photodiode,
photo-transistor, solar cell.

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Light Level Light Level

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Light Level Light Level

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Sound Sound

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Temperature Temperature

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Temperature Temperature

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Temperature Position

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Position Position

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Position Position

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Force/Pressure Force/Pressure

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Types of Sensor Types of Sensor

Force/Pressure Force/Pressure

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Analog Sensor Digital Sensor

Analogue Sensors produce a continuous output signal which is generally Digital Sensors produce a discrete output signal or voltage that is a digital
proportional to the quantity being measured. Physical quantities such as representation of the quantity being measured. Digital sensors produce a
Temperature, Speed, Pressure, Displacement are all analogue quantities. binary output signal in the form of a logical “1” or a logical “0”, (“ON” or
“OFF”).

For example, the temperature of

a liquid can be measured using a
thermometer or thermocouple
which continuously responds to
temperature changes as the
liquid is heated up or cooled
down.

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Digital Sensor
These pulses are sent to a register of counter and finally to an output
display to show the speed or revolutions of the shaft.

Ultrasonic Sensor

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Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor

Introduction Pin Description
Ultrasonic transducers are transducers that convert ultrasound waves to This sensor consists of four PINS Vcc-connect to 5V dc, Trigger-pulse input
electrical signals or vice versa. Those that both transmit and receive may that triggers the sensor, Echo-indicates the reception of echo from the
also be called ultrasound transceivers; many ultrasound sensors besides target, Gnd-ground.
being sensors are indeed transceivers because they can both sense and
transmit.
An ultrasonic sensor consists
of a transmitter and receiver
which are available as
separate units or embedded
together as single unit.

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Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor

Principle of Ultrasonic Sensor Working of Ultrasonic Sensor
The range of the target is determined by the “time lagging” between Step 1: Make “Trig” pin of the sensor high for 10ms. This initiates a sensor
transmitted pulse and the received “echo”. cycle.

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Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor

Working of Ultrasonic Sensor Working of Ultrasonic Sensor
Step 2: 8×40 kHz will be send from the transmitting piezo transducer of Step 3: The 40 kHz sound wave will bounce off the nearest object and
the sensor, after which time the “Echo” pin on the sensor will go from low return to the sensor
to high.

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Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor

Working of Ultrasonic Sensor Working of Ultrasonic Sensor
Step 4: When the sensor detects the reflected sound wave, the Echo pin Step 5: The distance between the sensor and the detected object can be
will go low again. calculated based in the length of time the Echo pin is high.

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Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor

Working of Ultrasonic Sensor Application of Ultrasonic Sensor
Step 6: If no object is detected, the Echo pin will stay high for 38ms and • Obstacle Avoiding Robot
then go low. ØUltrasonic sensors is used in obstacle avoiding robot, if a object is in the front of
the robot then it take decision and turns. In this robot ultrasonic sensor sense the
objects.

• Distance Finding Using Ultrasonic Sensor (Radar)

ØRadar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the
range, altitude, direction, or speed of object. It can be used detect aircraft, ships,
spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles.

• Automatic Car Parking

ØUltrasonic Sensor used in a automatic car parking system, sensor calculates the
distance or direction of an object from the time it takes for a sound wave to travel
to the target and back, and gives the instruction to car where to park.

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Ultrasonic Sensor
Example of Ultrasonic Sensor

Position Sensor

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Position Sensor
Introduction
Position sensor is a device that permits position measurement, it can
either be an absolute position sensor or a relative one (Displacement
sensor). Position sensor can be Potentiometer, LVDT, Proximity sensor
and Rotary encoder.

Position Sensor
Potentiometer

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Potentiometer Potentiometer
The most commonly used of all the “Position Sensors”, is the • Resistance value between wiper and two end connection to change giving an
potentiometer because it is an inexpensive and easy to use position electrical signal output that has a proportional relationship between the actual
sensor. wiper position on the resistive track and its resistance value.
• The output signal (Vout) from the potentiometer is taken from the center wiper
connection as it moves along the resistive track, and is proportional to the
It has a wiper contact angular position of the shaft.
linked to a mechanical
shaft that can be either
angular (rotational) or
linear (slider type) in its
movement and resistance
is proportional to position.

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Position Sensor
Potentiometer

Position Sensor
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
• This is an inductive type position sensor which works on the same principle as
the AC transformer that is used to measure movement.

• It is very accurate device for measuring linear displacement and whose output is
proportional to the position of its moveable core.

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Position Sensor
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Position Sensor
Encoder

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Rotary Encoder Rotary Encoder
Rotary Encoders are non-contact optical devices used for converting the There are two basic types of rotary optical encoders, Incremental
angular position of a rotating shaft into an analogue or digital data code. Encoders and Absolute Position Encoders.
In other words, they convert mechanical movement into an electrical
signal.

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Digital Optical Encoder Digital Optical Encoder
Incremental Optical Encoders Incremental Optical Encoders
The incremental optical encoder has only one track of equally spaced
slots. Position is determined by counting the number of slots that pass by A single photo sensor
a photo sensor, where each slot represents a known angle. This system cannot convey which
requires an initial reference point, which may come from a second sensor direction the disk is
on an inner track or simply from a mechanical stop or limit switch. rotating; however, a clever
system using two sensors
can. As Figure illustrates,
the two sensors, V1 and V2,
are located slightly apart
from each other on the
same track.

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Digital Optical Encoder Digital Optical Encoder
Absolute Optical Encoders Absolute Optical Encoders
Absolute optical encoders use a glass disk marked off with a pattern of A beam of light, LED or laser, is shot through the disk and the light is picked up on
concentric tracks the other side by a gang of phototransistors. This light is converted into electrical
signals which can be read as Gray code

As the shaft (and therefore the

An advantage of this type of encoder is disk) rotate the light coming
that the output is in straightforward through the holes changes but
digital form and, like a pot, always gives only slightly based on the Gray
the absolute position. code. Thus the controller
reading the phototransistors
A disadvantage of the absolute encoder knows the exact position of the
is that it is relatively expensive because it shaft.
requires that many photocells be
mounted and aligned very precisely.

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Digital Optical Encoder Digital Optical Encoder
Absolute Optical Encoders Absolute Optical Encoders
• The disk is divided into 16 sectors, so the resolution in this case is
Gray code (named after it's
inventor Frank Gray) is a sequence 360°/16 = 22.5°. For better resolution, more tracks would be required.
of binary numbers where only one For example, eight tracks (providing 256 states) yield 360°/256 =
bit changes at a time. Marching 1.4°/state, and ten tracks (providing 1024 states) yield 360°/1024 =
through the integer sequence then 0.35°/state.
only requires flipping one bit at a
time which in certain applications
drastically reduces any errors. In
standard binary many digits can
change at once, for instant when
going from 7 to 8 (0111 to 1000)
there are four bits changing state.

An absolute optical encoder showing how an out-of-alignment photocell can cause an erroneous state.
(Note: Dark areas produce a 1, and light areas produce a 0.)

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Rotary Encoder Digital Optical Encoder
• Length Measurement using Counter

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Digital Optical Encoder Digital Optical Encoder
• Rotary encoder for bottle filling Application • Rotary Encoder in Elevator Application

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Position Sensor Position Sensor

Digital Optical Encoder Digital Optical Encoder

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