Chapter 3

Chemical Reactions and the Mole

Concept

Stoichiometry
3.1: Chemical reactions and chemical equations

Reaction between HCl and Na2CO3

Stoichiometry
2
Balancing chemical equations

1. Write the unbalanced equation

HCl + Na2CO3  NaCl + H2O + CO2

2. Adjust the coefficients to get equal numbers of each

kind of atom on both sides of the arrow.
– Balance elements other than H, and O first
– Balance as a group those polyatomic ions that
appear unchanged on both sides of the arrow.

2 HCl + Na2CO3  2 NaCl + H2O + CO2

Stoichiometry
3
Example:
Balance the following equation for the combustion of octane,
C8H18

C8H18 + O2  CO2 + H2O

C8H18 + 25/2 O2  8 CO2 + 9 H2O

2 C8H18 + 25 O2  16 CO2 + 18 H2O

Stoichiometry
4
Example:
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) react in
aqueous solutions to give sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and
water. Write the balanced equation for this reaction.

H3PO4 + NaOH  H2O + Na3PO4

H3PO4 + 3 NaOH  3 H2O + Na3PO4

Stoichiometry
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3.2 Calculations based on Chemical Equations

The coefficients in the balanced equation give the ratio of

moles of reactants and products

Stoichiometry
6
Example:
How many moles of sodium phosphate can be made from 0.240
mol of sodium hydroxide in the previous example?

H3PO4 + 3 NaOH  3 H2O + Na3PO4

1 mol Na3PO4
0.240 mol NaOH× =0.0800 mol Na3PO4
3 mol NaOH

Stoichiometry
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Example:
How many moles of oxygen are needed to burn 1.80 mol
C2H5OH according to:

C2H5OH + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 3 H2O

3 mol O2
1.80 mol C2H5OH× = 5.40 mol O2
1 mol C2H5OH
How many moles of carbon dioxide will be formed when 0.274
mol C2H5OH burned?
2 mol CO2
0.274 mol C2H5OH× =0.548 mol CO2
1 mol C2H5OH

Stoichiometry
8
How to solve stoichiometery problems that involve a
chemical reaction

From the mass of Substance A you can use the ratio of the
coefficients of A and B to calculate the mass of Substance B
Stoichiometry
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 Stoichiometric calculations
Example: 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a
combustion reaction. How many grams of each product are
produced?

C6H12O6(s)+ 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

• Starting with 10. g of C6H12O6…

• we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
• use the coefficients to find the moles of H2O & CO2
• and then turn the moles to grams

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 C6H12O6(s)+ 6 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

10 g C6H12O6 x 1 mol C6H12O6 x 6 mol CO2 x 44 g CO2 = 15 g CO2

180 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol CO2

10 g C6H12O6 x 1 mol C6H12O6 x 6 mol H2O x 18 g H2O = 5.9 g H2O

180 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol H2O

Stoichiometry
11
Example: freshly exposed surfaces of aluminum react with
oxygen to form a tough film of aluminum oxide Al2O3
according to:
4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
How many grams of oxygen are required to react with 0.300
mol Al?

3 mol O2 32.0 g O2
0.300 mol Al × × =7.20 g O2
4 mol Al 1 mol O2

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12
3.3 Limiting-Reactant Calculations

The calculation of the

amount of product
formed must be based
on the amount of the
limiting reactant

limiting Stoichiometry
13
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the
smallest stoichiometric amount

Stoichiometry
14
limiting excess
 1 mol O2
10 mol H2 × = 5 mol O2
2 mol H2

2 mol H2
7 mol O2 × = 14 mol H2
1 mol O2

H2 is the limiting reactant

Stoichiometry
15
 Example
Zinc and sulfur react to form zinc sulfide:
Zn + S  ZnS
In a particular experiment 12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g of S and
allowed to react.
(a) Which is the limiting reactant
(b) How many grams of ZnS can be formed, based on the amount of the
limiting reactant?
(c) How many grams of which reactant will remain unreacted?

1 mol Zn
(a) 12.0 g Zn × = 0.183 mol Zn
65.4 g Zn

1 mol S
6.50 g S × = 0.202 mol S
32.1 g S
Since Zn and S react in 1-to-1 mole ratio …. Zn in the limiting reactant

Stoichiometry
16
 1 mol ZnS 97.5 g ZnS
(b) 0.183 mol Zn × × = 17.8 g ZnS
1 mol Zn 1 mol ZnS

(c) mol of S left over = 0.202 - 0.183 = 0.019 mol S

32.1 g S
0.019 mol S × = 0.61 g S
1 mol S

Stoichiometry
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 Example
A chemist mixed 20.00 g of KAuCl4 with 25.00 g of Na2CO3(both
dissolved in a large excess of water). What is the maximum number of
grams of Au(OH)3 that can form?

2KAuCl4(aq) + 3Na2CO3(aq)+ 3H2O

2Au(OH)3(aq) + 6NaCl(aq) + 2KCl(aq) + 3CO2(g)

1. Assume KAuCl4 is the limiting reactant, and calculate the mass of Na2CO3
should react with it.

20.00 g KAuCl4 x 1 mol KAuCl4 x 3 mol Na2CO3 x105.99 g Na2CO3 = 8.415 g Na2CO3
377.88 g KAuCl4 2 mol KAuCl4 1 mol Na2CO3

This means, for 20.00 g of KAuCl4 needs only 8.415 g of Na2CO3.

The 25.00 g of Na2CO3 taken in the reaction are more than enough.
Therefore Na2CO3 is the excess reactant and KAuCl4 is the limiting reagent.
Stoichiometry
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 2. Assume Na2CO3 is the limiting reactant, and calculate the mass of KAuCl4
should react with it.

25.00 g Na2CO3 x 1 mol Na2CO3 x 2 mol KAuCl4 x 377.88 g KAuCl4 = 59.42 g KAuCl4
105.99 g Na2CO3 3 mol Na2CO3 1 mol KAuCl4

This means, for 25.00 g of Na2CO3 requires 59.42 g of KAuCl4, which is more
than provided in the reaction. Therefore, KAuCl4 is the limiting reagent.

3. Mass of Au(OH)3 produced (based on the amount of limiting reagent)

20.00 g KAuCl4 x 1 mol KAuCl4 x 2 mol Au(OH)3 x 247.99 g Au(OH)3 = 13.13 g Au(OH)3
377.88 g KAuCl4 2 mol KAuCl4 1 mol Au(OH)3

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3.4 Theoretical Yield and Percentage Yield

• The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of

product that can be made
– In other words it’s the amount of product possible from
stoichiometry. The “perfect reaction.”
• The actual yield, the amount of product actually
produces and measures in a given experiment
Percentage yield: a measure of the efficiency of the
reaction and is defined as:

actual yield
percentage yield = x 100%
theoretical yield

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Example
In the previous example (slide 18), if only 12.00 g of Au(OH)3 was obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield of the product.

12.00 g
Percentage yield = x 100%
13.13 g

Percentage yield = 91.39 %

Stoichiometry
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Example

A chemist set up a synthesis of phosphorus trichloride (PCl3)

by mixing 12.0 g of phosphorus (P) with 35.0 g chlorine gas
(Cl2) and obtained 42.4 g of solid phosphorus trichloride.
Calculate the percentage yield of this compound.

Do it yourself

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 3.4 Reactions in Solutions
NaCl + AgNO3
- only outer surface
solid with come in contact
solid - A very small fraction of
substances could react

solid dissolved - Each individual

in liquid particle is free and
become mixed with
solvent molecules

NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) Stoichiometry

precipitate
The electrical conductivity of ionic solutions.
Stoichiometry
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 Terminology applied to solutions

• Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixture in which the ions or

molecules of the components freely mix when a solution forms, at least
two pure substances are involved.

• A solution is formed from a solute(s) dissolved in a solvent.

• The solvent is present in greatest abundance: the medium into which the
solutes are mixed or dissolved (e.g.: aqueous solutions (water)) .

• All other substances are solutes (gas, liquid, solid).

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• Concentration: define the relative amount of solute either to the
amount of solvent or amount of solution.

• Diluted solution: ratio of solute to solvent is small.

• Concentrated solution: ratio of solute to solvent is large.

• Molar concentration (Molarity):

moles of solute
Molarity (M)=
liters of solution

M  mol/L

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Example
A 2.00-g sample of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, was dissolved in water to give
a solution with a volume of 200 mL. What is the molarity of this solution?

1 mol NaOH
2.00 g NaOH × = 0.0500 mol NaOH
40.0 g NaOH

0.0500 mol NaOH

Molarity (M)= = 0.250 M NaOH
0.200 L soln.

Stoichiometry
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Example
a. How many milliliters of 0.250 M NaOH solution are needed to provide
0.0200 mol NaOH

1000 mL soln
0.0200 mol NaOH × = 80.0 mL soln
0.250 mol NaOH

b. How many grams of NaOH solution are in 50.0 mL of 0.400 M NaOH

solution?

0.400 mol NaOH 40.0 g NaOH

50.0 mL soln × × = 0.800 g NaOH
1000 mL soln 1 mol NaOH

Stoichiometry
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Example
a. How many grams of silver nitrate AgNO3, are needed to prepare 500 mL
of a 0.300 M AgNO3 soln?

0.300 mol AgNO3 170.0 g AgNO3

500 mL soln × × = 25.5 g AgNO3
1000 mL soln 1 mol AgNO3

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3.6 Preparing Solutions by Dilution

𝑀𝑜𝑙 = 𝑀 × 𝑉
in case of dilution
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑓 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑖
𝑀𝑓 × 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑀𝑖 × 𝑉𝑖 Stoichiometry
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Preparation of a diluted solution

Stoichiometry
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Example
a. How many milliliters of concentrated H2SO4 (18.0 M) are required to
prepare 750 mL of 3.00 M H2SO4 soln?

𝑀𝑓 = 3.00 𝑀
𝑉𝑓 = 750 𝑚𝑙
𝑀𝑖 = 18.0 M
𝑉𝑖 = ?? 𝑀𝑓 × 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑀𝑖 × 𝑉𝑖

𝑀𝑓 × 𝑉𝑓
𝑉𝑖 =
𝑀𝑖

3.00 𝑀 × 750 mL
𝑉𝑓 = = 125 mL
18.0 𝑀
Stoichiometry
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Example
How much water must be added to 25.0 mL of 0.500 M KOH solution to
produce a solution whose concentration is 0.350 M?
𝑀𝑓 = 0.350 𝑀
𝑉𝑓 =? ? ml
𝑀𝑖 = 0.500 M
𝑉𝑖 = 25.0 ml
𝑀𝑓 × 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑀𝑖 × 𝑉𝑖

𝑀𝑖 × 𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑓 =
𝑀𝑓

0.500 𝑀 × 25.0 mL
𝑉𝑓 = = 35.7 mL
0.350 𝑀

Water must be added = 35.7 mL – 25.0 mL = 10.7 mL

Stoichiometry
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Example
Suppose that 200 mL of water were added to 300 mL of a solution labeled
0.600 M HNO3. what will be the concentration of the solute in the final
solution ?
𝑀𝑓 =? ? 𝑀
𝑉𝑓 = 200 + 300 ml
𝑀𝑖 = 0.600 M
𝑉𝑖 = 300 ml 𝑀𝑓 × 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑀𝑖 × 𝑉𝑖

𝑀𝑖 × 𝑉𝑖
𝑀𝑓 =
𝑉𝑓

0.600 𝑀 × 300 mL
𝑀𝑓 = = 0. 360 𝑀
500 mL

Stoichiometry
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3.7 The Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solutions

Solution’s volume and concentration are used to find

out the no. of moles (amount of reactant)

Stoichiometry
35
 Example
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, can be prepared by the reaction of Al3(SO4)3
and sodium hydroxide:
Al2(SO4) 3 (aq) + 6 NaOH (aq)  2 Al(OH)3 (aq) + 3 Na2SO4 (aq)
How many milliliters of 0.200 M NaOH solution are needed to completely react
with 3.50 g Al2(SO4) 3 ?

1 mol Al2(SO4) 3 6 mol NaOH

3.50 g Al2(SO4) 3× × = 6.12 × 10−2 mol NaOH
342.2 g Al2(SO4) 3 1 mol Al2(SO4) 3

1000 mL soln
6.12 × 10−2 mol NaOH× = 306 mL soln
0.200 mol NaOH

Stoichiometry
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 Example
Chalk is composed of calcium carbonate CaCO3. This water/insoluble
compound is formed according to the following equation :
CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq)  CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)
How many milliliters of 0.250 M CaCl2 solution are needed to completely react
with 50.0 mL of 0.150 M Na2CO3?

0.150 mol Na2CO3 1 mol CaCl2

50 mL soln× × = 7.50 × 10−3 mol CaCl2
1000 mL soln 1 mol Na2CO3

1000 mL soln
7.50 × 10−3 mol CaCl2× = 30.0 mL soln
0.250 mol CaCl2

Stoichiometry
37
Example
Silver bromide AgBr formed according to the following equation:
2 AgNO3 (aq) + CaBr2 (aq)  2 AgBr (s) + Ca(NO3)2 (aq)
How many grams of AgBr will be formed if 50 mL of 0.180 M AgNO3 solution
are mixed with 60.0 mL of 0.085 M CaBr2?

0.180 mol AgNO3

50 mL soln× = 9.00 × 10−3 mol AgNO3
1000 mL soln
0.085 mol CaBr2
60 mL soln× = 5.10 × 10−3 mol CaBr2
1000 mL soln

1 mol CaBr2
9.00 × 10−3 mol AgNO3× = 4.50 × 10−3 mol CaBr2
2 mol AgNO3

Since we have more moles of CaBr2 as needed … so AgNO3 is Stoichiometry

the limiting reactant 38
 2 molAgBr 187.7 g AgBr
9.00 × 10−3 mol AgNO3× × = 1.69 g AgBr
2 mol AgNO3 1 mol AgBr

Stoichiometry
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Solving stoichiometry problems

Stoichiometry
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Homework: A chemist was asked to analyze a solution of
chlordane, C10H6Cl8, dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent.
Reactions were carried out on a 1.446 g sample of the
solution which converted all of the chlorine to chloride ion
dissolved in water. This aqueous solution required 91.22 mL
of 0.1400 M AgNO3 to precipitate all of the chloride ion as
AgCl. What was the percentage of chlordane in the original
solution? The precipitation reaction was
Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl (s)

Stoichiometry
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