MATH04

Pre-Calculus
Course Outcome 1
Lesson 3: Trigonometric Identities 2

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Course Outcome 3.2
• Trigonometric Identities
- Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
- Proving Trigonometric Identities
- Addition and Subtraction Identities
- Double Angle Identities
- Half Angle Identities
- Sum and Product Identities

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Double and Half Angle Identities
Double-angle identities can be derived from the sum identities and half angle identities can be
derived from double-angle formulas.
To derive the double angle of sine, cosine and tangent, substitute A for B in the formulas

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) , cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) and tan(𝐴 + 𝐵).

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Double Angle for Sine

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑨)

Use the formula sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Then, sin 𝐴 + 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴

sin 𝐴 + 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝑨)

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Double Angle for Cosine

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑨)

Use the formula cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Then, cos 𝐴 + 𝐴 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨

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Double Angle for Tangent

𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝑨) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑨)

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
Use the formula: tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐴
Then, tan 𝐴 + 𝐴 = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨

Simplify =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑨

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Half Angle Identities
Half-Angle Identity for Sine
𝑥
To derive the half angle of sine and cosine, replace A by 2 in two formulas for cos(2𝐴)
cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 Double Angle Identity for Cosine
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin2 Substitute 𝐴 = 2
2 2
𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 Simplify
2
𝑥 𝑥
2 sin2 = 1 − cos 𝑥 Isolate 2 sin2
2 2
𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
sin2 2
= 2
Divide both sides by 2

𝒙 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
=± 𝟐
Get the square root of both sides

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Half-Angle Identity for Cosine
cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1
𝑥 𝑥
cos 2 = 2 cos 2 −1
2 2
𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 2 cos 2 −1
2
𝑥
2 cos2 = cos 𝑥 + 1
2
𝑥 cos 𝑥+1
cos 2 =
2 2
𝒙 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 =±
𝟐 𝟐

Note:
𝑥
The use of a positive or negative depends on the quadrant in which 2 is located.

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The half-angle formulas for sine and cosine can be used to derive the half-angle formula for tangent. There are
three equivalent forms for this formula.

𝒙 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐
=± 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

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II. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:

5
1. If sec 𝐴 = − 4 and angle A is in second quadrant, find sin(2𝐴).

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II. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:

5
1. If sec 𝐴 = − 4 and angle A is in second quadrant, find sin(2𝐴).

Use the formula 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨

𝑥=4 42 + 𝑦 2 = 52 𝑦2 = 9
𝑟=5 𝑦 2 = 52 − 42 𝑦=3

3 4
At quadrant 2, the values of sin 𝐴 = 5 and cos 𝐴 = − 5

3 4
sin 2𝐴 = 2 −
5 5
24
sin 2𝐴 = −
25

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II. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:

12
2. If sin 𝐴 = − 13 and 270° < 𝐴 < 360°, find cot(2𝐴) .

𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨
Use the formula 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨

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II. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:

12
2. If sin 𝐴 = − 13 and 270° < 𝐴 < 360°, find cot(2𝐴) .

𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨
Use the formula 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨
Then, cot 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨
𝑦 = −12 𝑥 2 + (−12)2 = (13)2 𝑥 2 = 25
𝑟 = 13 𝑥 2 = 169 − 144 𝑥=5
12
At quadrant 4, the value of tan 𝐴 = − 5

𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝟏− − 𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝟗
Then, cot 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝟐 −𝟓

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III. Verify the following:

sin 2A cos A−cos 2A sin A 1

1. sin A cos A
=
cos A

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III. Verify the following:

sin 2A cos A−cos 2A sin A 1

1. sin A cos A
=
cos A
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
sin 2A cos A − cos 2A sin A 2sinA cos A cos 𝐴 − 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1 sin 𝐴
=
sin A cos A sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
2sin A cos 2 𝐴 − 2 cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴
=
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴
=
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

1
=
cos 𝐴

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III. Verify the following:
1 −tan2 𝐵
2. Verify: cos 2𝐵 =
sec2 𝐵

Work from LEFT to RIGHT

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III. Verify the following:
1 −tan2 𝐵
2. Verify: cos 2𝐵 =
sec2 𝐵

Work from LEFT to RIGHT

cos 2𝐵 = 2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1
sec 2 𝐵
= 2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1 ∗
sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 𝐵 − 1 sec 2 𝐵
2 Recall: cos 2𝐵 = 2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1
=
sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1 1 + tan2 B Recall: sec 2 B = 1 + tan2 B
=
sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 2 𝐵 + 2 cos2 𝐵 tan2 𝐵 − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵 sin 𝐵
= Recall: tan 𝐵 =
sec 2 𝐵 cos 𝐵
2
2 2 sin 𝐵 2
2 cos 𝐵 + 2 cos 𝐵 2 𝐵 − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 Recall: sin2 𝐵 + cos2 𝐵 = 1
= cos
sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 2 𝐵 + 2 sin2 𝐵 −1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
=
sec 2 𝐵
2(cos 2 𝐵 + sin2 𝐵) − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
=
sec 2 𝐵
2(1) − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
=
sec 2 𝐵
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
=
sec 2 𝐵

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III. Verify the following:
3. Verify: sin 𝐴 (4 cos2 𝐴 − 1) = sin (3𝐴)
Work from RIGHT to LEFT

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 III. Verify the following:
3. Verify: sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) = sin (3𝐴)
Work from RIGHT to LEFT
sin 3𝐴 = sin (2𝐴 + 𝐴) Recall: sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= sin 2𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 2𝐴 sin 𝐴
Recall: sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
2
= (2sin Acos A) cos 𝐴 + (2 cos 𝐴 − 1) sin 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1
= 2sinA cos 2 𝐴 + 2 cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐴

= 2 cos 2 𝐴 sinA + 2 cos2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐴

= 4 cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐴

= sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1)

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Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°

A 3
1. sin 2 if cos A = 5 and A lies in quadrant 1

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Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
A 3
1. sin
2
if cos A =
5
and A lies in quadrant 1
𝑨 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
Use the formula: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 =±
𝟐 𝟐

𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴
sin =
2 2
3
𝐴 1−
sin = 5
2 2

5−3
= 5
2

2 1
= ∗
5 2

5
=
5

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Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°

𝐴
2. csc 2 if sec 𝐴 = −2 and A lies in quadrant 2

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Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
𝐴
2. csc if sec 𝐴 = −2 and A lies in quadrant 2
2
𝑨 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
Use the formula: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 =±
𝟐 𝟐
𝐴 1
csc =
2 1 − cos 𝐴
2
1
cos 𝐴 = −
2
𝐴 1
csc =
2 1
1− −
2
2
1 1
= =
3 3
2 4
2

2 𝟐 𝟑
= =
3 𝟑

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Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines
1. cos 13x sin(13x)

7𝑥 3𝑥
2. sin sin
2 2

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Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines
1. cos 13x sin(13x)
1
Use the formula: cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
cos 13𝑥 sin 13𝑥 = [sin(13𝑥 + 13 𝑥) − sin(13𝑥 − 13𝑥)]
2
𝟏 𝟏
= [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝟔 𝒙) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟎)] = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟔 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
7𝑥 3𝑥
2. sin sin
2 2
1
Use the formula: sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2

7𝑥 3𝑥 1 7𝑥 3𝑥 7𝑥 3𝑥
sin sin = [cos − − cos( + )]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝟏
= [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟓𝒙)]
𝟐

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Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines
3πx 5πx
3. sin − 2
cos − 2

4. 6 cos −3x cos(2x)

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Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines
3πx 5πx
3. sin −
2
cos −
2
1 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: sin −𝐴 = − sin 𝐴
Use the formula: sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: cos −𝐴 = cos 𝐴
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
− sin cos
2 2
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
− sin cos = − [sin + + sin − ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝟏 𝟏
= − [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝝅𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝝅𝒙)] or − [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝝅𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝅𝒙)]
𝟐 𝟐

4. 6 cos −3x cos(2x)

1
Use the formula: cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
6cos −3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = 6 ⋅ [cos −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − cos(−3𝑥 − 2𝑥)]
2

= 𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝟓𝒙)]

= 𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟓𝒙)] 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: cos −𝐴 = cos 𝐴

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Simplify the following trigonometric expression
sin 5x +sin(3x)
1. cos 5x −cos(3x)

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵

Use the formula: sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos and cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2

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Simplify the following trigonometric expression
sin 5x +sin(3x)
1. cos 5x −cos(3x)
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
Use the formula: sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos and cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
5𝑥 + 3𝑥 5𝑥 − 3𝑥
sin 5𝑥 + sin(3𝑥) 2 sin cos
2 2
=
cos 5𝑥 − cos(3𝑥) −2 sin 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥 − 3𝑥
2 2
2 sin 4𝑥 cos 𝑥
= = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
−2 sin 4𝑥 sin 𝑥

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 𝐴
1. Prove:cos 𝐴 + 1 = cot sin 𝐴
2

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 𝐴
1. Prove:cos 𝐴 + 1 = cot sin 𝐴
2

Recall
Work from right to left 1
cot 𝐴 =
tan 𝐴
𝐴 1
cot sin 𝐴 = sin 𝐴
2 𝐴
tan
2
1
= sin 𝐴 Recall
sin 𝐴
1 + cos 𝐴 𝐴 sin 𝐴
tan =
2 1 + cos 𝐴
1 + cos 𝐴
= sin 𝐴
sin 𝐴

=1+cos A

=cos A+1

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 sin(4𝐴)+sin(6𝐴)
2. Prove: = − cot 𝐴 tan(5𝐴)
sin 4𝐴 −sin(6𝐴)

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 sin(4𝐴)+sin(6𝐴)
2. Prove:
sin 4𝐴 −sin(6𝐴)
= − cot 𝐴 tan(5𝐴) Recall
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
Work from left to right sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos
2 2
4𝐴 + 6𝐴 4𝐴 − 6𝐴 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
sin(4𝐴) + sin(6𝐴) 2 sin cos sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos
= 2 2
4𝐴 − 6𝐴 4𝐴 + 6𝐴 2 2
sin 4𝐴 − sin(6𝐴) 2 sin cos
2 2
2 sin(5𝐴) cos(−𝐴)
= Recall
2 sin(−𝐴) cos(5𝐴) cos −𝐴 = cosA sin −𝐴 = − sin 𝐴
sin 5𝐴 cos 𝐴
=
− sin 𝐴 cos(5𝐴)
cos 𝐴 sin 5𝐴
= Recall
− sin 𝐴 cos(5𝐴) sin 𝐴 co𝑠 𝐴
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 =
cosA sinA
= − cot 𝐴 tan(5𝐴)

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