The three phase power and line-line voltage rating of the electric

power system are shown in Fig. given below.

 20 kV 20kV/ 200 kV 200 kV/ 20kV
MVAb,new = 100 MVA
KVb,new= 20 KV
Impedance of Generator, G 200 kV
18 kV
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 20 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.09 × × = 0.15 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20 60

Impedance of T1
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 20 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.1 × × = 0.2 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20 50

Impedance of line
𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Base kV on HT side of transformer T1 = Base KV on LT side × 𝐿𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

200
= 20 × = 200 kV
20

(𝐾𝑉𝑏 )2 (200)2
𝑍𝑏 = =
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 100

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 120+𝑗200

per unit reactance of line = = × 100 = 0.3 + 𝑗0.5 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2002
Impedance of T2
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 200 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.1 × × = 0.2 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 200 50

Impedance of M
𝐿𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Base kV on LT side of transformer T1 = Base KV on HT side × 𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

20
= 200 × 200 = 20 kV

2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 18 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.08 × × 43.2 = 0.15 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20
Impedance diagram
A 300 MVA, 20 KV, three phase generator has a subtransient
reactance of 20%. The generator supplies 2 synchronous motors
through a 64 km transmission line having transformers at both
ends as shown in Fig. In this, T1 is a three phase transformer, T2 is
made of three single phase transformer of rating 100 MVA, 127/
13.2 KV, 10% reactance. Series reactance of the transmission line
is 0.5 Ω/ km. Draw the reactance diagram with all the reactances
marked in p.u. Select the generator rating as base values.
 MVAb,new = 300 MVA KVb,new= 20 KV

Reactance of Generator, G

2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 20 2 300
Xpu,new = Xpu,old × × = 0.2 × × 300 = 0.2 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20

Reactance of T1
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 20 2 300
Xpu,new = Xpu,old × × = 0.1 × × 350 = 0.0857 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20
Reactance of transmission line
Reactance of transmission line = 0.5 Ω/ km

Total reactance of transmission line=0.5×64 = 32 Ω

𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Base kV on HT side of transformer T1 = Base KV on LT side × 𝐿𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

230
= 20 × = 230 kV
20

(𝐾𝑉𝑏 )2 (230)2
𝑍𝑏 = = =176.33 Ω
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 300

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 32
per unit reactance of transmission line = = 176.33 = 0.1815 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Reactance of transformer, T2

3×127 220
Voltage ratio of line voltage of three phase T/F bank= = 13.2
13.2

𝐿𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Base kV on LT side of transformer T2 = Base KV on HT side × 𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

13.2
= 230 × 220 = 13.8 kV

2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 13.2 2 300
Xpu,new = Xpu,old × 𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤
× 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0.1 × × 3×100 = 0.0915 p.u.
13.8
Reactance of Generator, M1

2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 13.2 2 300
Xpu,new = Xpu,old × 𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤
× 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑
= 0.2 × 13.8
× 200 = 0.2745 p.u.

Reactance of M2
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 13.2 2 300
Xpu,new = Xpu,old × 𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤
× 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑
= 0.2 × × 100 = 0.549 p.u.
13.8
Reactance diagram (all reactance values are in p.u.)
The one-line diagram of a power system is shown in Fig. Select a
common base of 100 MVA and 20 kV on the generator side. Draw an
impedance diagram with all impedances including the load impedance
marked in p.u.
 220/11 kV
20/220 kV

MVAb,new = 100 MVA

KVb,new= 20 KV

20/110 kV 110/11 kV

Impedance of Generator, G1
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 20 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.16 × × = 0.188 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20 85

Impedance of T1
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 20 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.1 × × = 0.167 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20 60

Impedance of T3
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 20 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.07 × × = 0.14 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 20 50
Impedance of line 1
𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Base kV on HT side of transformer T1 = Base KV on LT side × 𝐿𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

220
= 20 × 20
= 220 kV

(𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 )2 (220)2
𝑍𝑏 = =
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 100
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 45×100
per unit reactance of line 1 = = = 0. 093 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2202

Impedance of T2
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 220 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.05 × × = 0.1 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 220 50
Impedance of line 2
𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Base kV on HT side of transformer T3 = Base KV on LT side × 𝐿𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

110
= 20 × 20
= 110 kV

(𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 )2 (110)2
𝑍𝑏 = =
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 100
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 60×100
per unit reactance of line 2 = = = 0.496 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1102

Impedance of T4
2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 110 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.09 × × = 0.225 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 110 40
Impedance of M

𝐿𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Base kV on LT side of transformer T4 = Base KV on HT side × 𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
11
= 110× 110 = 11 kV

2
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 10.5 2 100
Zpu,new = Zpu,old × × = 0.17 × × = 0.238 p.u.
𝐾𝑉𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 11 65
Load at bus 4

SL (3 phase) = 62 ∠ cos −𝟏 (0.8) = 62 ∠−36.87°

(𝑘𝑉)2 (10.5)2
𝑍𝐿 = = 62 ∠36.87° =1.4226+j1.07 Ω
𝑆𝐿 ∗

𝑍𝐿 (1.4226+j1.07)×100
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = = = 1.176 + 𝑗0.884 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 112
Impedance diagram