Unit I

Extra Solved Examples

25 Chapter 1Power System MOdelling

EXAMPLE 1.7

A300 MVA, 20 kV, 36 generator has asubtransient reactance of 20%. The generator
supplies 2synchronous motors through a64 km transmission line having transformers
at both ends as shown in fig 1.7.1. In this, T, is a3Ù transformer and T, is made of 3
single phase transformer of rating 100 MVA, 127/13.2 kV, 10% reactance. Series reactance
of the transmission line is 0.5 2/km. Draw the reactance diagram with all the reactances
marked inp.u. Select the generator rating as base values.
350 MVA
200 MVA
20/230 kv, 3x 100 MVA 13.2 kV
300 MVA 10% 127/13.2kV 20%
20kV
20%, 10% T, M)
jO.5 2/km
A
M) Y
100 MVA
Fig 1.7.1 13.2 kV
20%
SOLUTION

Base megavoltampere, MVAb, new = 300 MVA

Base kilovolt, kV,b, new = 20 kV

Reactance of Generator G
Since the generator rating and the base values are same, the generator p.u. reactance
does not change.
.p.u. reactance of generator = 20% = 0.2 p.u.
Reactance of Transformer T,

The new p.u. reactance

of Transformer T,
kVb,old
=Xpu, old kV6, ncw
MVAb
MVAb, old
new

(20) 300
= 0.0857 p.u.
350
Reactance of Transmission line
Reactance of transmission line = 0.5 S2/km.
Total reactance of transmission line = 0.5 x64 = 32 Q.
Base kV on HT side HT voltage rating 230
= Base kV on LT side x = 20 x = 230 kV
of transformer T, LT voltage rating 20
Power System Analysis
26
2302 = 176.33 2
Base impedance, Z =(KV. 300
MVA
Per unit reactance of Actual reactance 32
-= 0.1815 p.u.
Transmission line Base impedance 176.33

Reactance of Transformer T,
The transformer T, is a 3-phase transformer bank ormed using three numbers of
Single phase transformers with voltage rating 127/13.2 kV. In this the high voltage side is
star connected and low-voltage side is delta connected.
3x 127 220 kV
..Voltage ratio of line voltage of 3- phase transformer bank = 13.2 13.2
LT voltage rating
Base kV on LT side of transformer T, = Base kV on HT side x HT voltage rating
13.2
230 x .=13.8 kV
220

The new p.u. reactance of transformer T, = Xpu, old X

kVb, old X MVAb, ncw
kVb, new MVAb, old
-0.1x132)
13.8
300
3x 100) = 0.0915 p.u.

Reactance of M,

p.u. reactance of M, on new base = Xpu, old X kVb, old MVAb, new
kVb, new MVAb, old
=0.2 x (132)300 = 0.2745p.u.
13.8 200

Reactance of M,

p.u. reactance of M2 on new base = Xpu. old x kVb, old MVAb, new
kVb, new MVAb, old
2
=0.2 x 13.2 ) 300
X
=0.549 p.u.
138) 100
27
Chapter 1Power System Modeling
Reactance diagram
The reactance diagram is shown in fig 1.7.2.

j0.0857 j0.1815 j0.0915

j0.2
j0.2745 j0.549

E m2

Fig 1.7.2:Reactance diagram of the system shown in fig 1.7.1. (all reactance values are in p.u)

EXAMPLE 1.8

A120 MVA, 19.5 kV generator has asynchronous reactance of 0.15 p.u. and it is
connected to a transmission line througha transformer rated 150 MVA, 230/18 kV (Y/A)
with X= 0.1 pu.
a Calculate the p.u. reactances by taking generator rating as base values.
(b) Calculate the p.u. reactance by taking transformer rating as base values.
(c) Calculate the p.u. reactances for abase value of 100 MVA and 220 kV on HT
side of transformer.
SOLUTION

Base megavoltampere, MVA,new = 120 MVA

Base kilovolt, kV,b,new= 19.5 kV
Since the generator ratings are chosen as base values, its p.u reactance will not change.
..Reactance of generator = 0.15 p.u.

New p.u. reactance of transformer = Xnu.old x kVb, old X MVAb, new

kVb,new MVAb, old
120
-0.1 = 0.0682 p.u.
150

b) Base megavoltampere, MVA,ncw = 150 MVA

Base kilovolt, kV, = 18kV
b, new
Since the transformer ratings are chosen as base values, its pu reactance will not change.
.:Reactance of transformer = 0.1p.u.
Power System Analyss

New p.u. reactance of generator MVAn,

Xy, d MVA,d4
-0.15410S,
150 0.22 p.u,
18 120

(c) Base megavoltampere, MVA, 100 MVA

Base kilovolt, kV,220 kV
In this case the base values are neither generator ratings nor transtormer ratings. Hence
both the p.u. reactances should be converted o new base.

New p.u. reactance of transformer - X, old MVAb, cw

kVb, new MVAb, old
230 100
-0.1x % 0.0729 p.u.
220) 150

The generator is conneced toLT side of transformer.

:. Base kV referred of
Base kV on HT side x LT voltage rating
LT side of transformer HT voltage rating
18
220% 17.22 KV
230
Now, kV,. new =17.22 kV

New p.u. reactance KVb, old

of generator kVb, ncw
MVAb,ncw
MVAb, old

-0.15*() o-01603p.u.
RESULT

kV, -19.5 kV; MVA, - 120 MVA, X r 0.15 p.u. ;X 0.0682 p.u.
pu, tr
b kV, - 18 kV; MVA, = 150 MVA, X -
pu, gen 0.22 p.u.; X
pu, r 0.1 p.u.
C. kV, 220kV; MVA, 100 MVA, Xm 0.1603 p.u. ; X.-0.0729
pu, r p.u.
 29
Chapter1 Power System Modelling
EXAMPLE 1.9

The single line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in fig 1.9.1. The generator
and transformers are rated as follows.

j8002 T,
section1 j10092
A section 2
Y

Fig 1.9.1
20 k k
Generator, G, = 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X" = 20%
Generator, G, =30MVA, 18 kV, X" = 20%
Generator, G, = 30 MVA, 20 kV, X" = 20%
Transformer, T, 25MVA, 220/13.8 kV, X= 10%
Transformer, T, - 3single phase units each rated at 10 MVA, 127/18 kV, X= 10%.
Transformer, T, - 35 MVA, 220/22 kv, X= 10%.
Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50 MVA and 13.8 kV on the
generator G,.
SOLUTION

Base megavoltampere, MVA, e= 50MVA

Base kilovolt, k nw = 13.8 kV
Reactance of Generator G,
New p.u. reactance | 2

of generator G = Xpu, old x kVb, old (MVAb, ncw

kVb, new MVAb, okd
138)2
=0.2 x
13.8 *=05 pu
20

Reactance of Transformer T,
New p.u. reactance
kVb, old MVAb, new
of transformer T, Xpu, old x
kVb, new
x

MVAb, old -o1-(-02pu

Power System Analysis
Reactance of Transmission lines

Base kV on HT side HT voltage rating =13.8 x 220

-= 220 ky
= Base kV on LT side x LT voltage rating 13.8
of transformer T,
Now, kV, new = 220 kV

Base impedance on HT (kV, new) 220 =968 SQ

side of transformer MVAb, new 50

p.u. reactance of section1 Actual reactance, S2 80

=0.0826 p.u.
Base impedance, 2 968
of transmission line

p.u. reactance of section 2) Actual reactance, S2 100

= 0.1033 p.u.
of transmission line Base impedance, 2 968

Reactance of Transformer T,
The transformer T, is a 3-phase transformer bank formed using three numbersof
single phase transformer with voltage rating 127/18 kV. In this the HT side is star
connected and LT side is delta connected.

.:.Voltage ratio of line voltage N3x 127 220 kV

of 3-phase transformer bank 18 18

Base kV on LT side = BasekV on HT sidex LT voltage rating = 220 x

18
-= 18 kV
of transformer T HT voltage rating 220

Now, kV,b, o 18 kV
2
New p.u. reactance
pu,old X
kVb, old MVAb. ncw
of transformer T, kb, ncw ) MVAb, old
2
-0.1x = 0.1667 p.u.

Reactance of Generator G,

New p. u. reactance
= Xpu, old X KVb, old MVAb, new
of generator G2 kVb,bno
ncw MVAb, od
S0
- 0.2 x 30 =0.3333 p.u.
31 Chapter 1Power System Modelling
Reactanco of Transformer T,
Base kV on LT side)
Base kV on HT side x LT voltage rating 220 >X
22
22 kV
of transfomer T, HT voltage rating 220

Now, kV,. ney =22 kV

New p.u. reactance KVb, old

of transformer T,
=pu,old X
kVb, now
MVAb,new
MVAb, old
22)
01x-01429 p.u
Reactance of Generator G,
New p.u. reactance
= Xpu, old x KVb, old MVAb, new
of generator G kVb, now MVAb, old
=0.2 : = 0.2755 p.u.

Reactance diagram
The reactance diagramis shown in fig 1.9.2.
j0.2 j0.0826 j0.1033 j0.1667
j0.5 j0.1429
j0.2755 jD3333

Fig 1.9.2 : Reactance diagram ofthesystem shown in fig 1.9.1(allreactance values are in p.u)
EXAMPLE 1.10

Draw the reactance diagram forthe power systemshown in fig 1.10.1. Neglect resistance
and use a base of 100 MVA, 220 kV in 50 Q line. The ratings of the generator, motor and
transformer are given below.

j5092

Fig 1.10.1

Generator: 40 MVA, 25 kV, X"= 20%

Synchronous motor:50 MVA,11 kV, X" 30%
Power System Analysis
Y-YTransformer: 40 MVA, 33/220 kV,X= 15%
Y-A Transformer :30 MVA, 11/220 kV (), X= 15%
SOLUTION
Base megavoltampere, MVAb,new = 100MVA
Base kilovolt, kV,b, new 220kV

Reactance of Transmission line

Base impedance =
(kV, new) 220 = 484 S2
MVAb, new 100

p.u. reactance of| Actual reactance, 2 50

= 0.1033p.u.
transmission line Base impedance, 2 484

Reactance of Transformer T,
Base kV on LT side
= Base kV on HT side x LT voltage rating = 220 x
33
=33 kV
of Transformer T, HT voltage rating 220
Now, kV, new =33 kv

New p. u. reactance of 2

Transformer T, =Xpu, od x kVb, old MVAb, new

kVb, new MVAb, old
=0.15 x = 0.375 p. u.

Reactance of Generator G

New p.u. reactance 12

of generator G = Xpu, old x kVb, old MVAb, ncw
kVb, ncw MVAs, old
-02(1(0 =0.287 p.u.
Reactance of Transformer T.
Base kV on LT side)
Base kV on HT side x LT voltage
HT voltage rating
of Transformer T, 11 =ll kV
rating =220x 220
Now, kV. new = 11 kV
 Chapter |wer iystem Modell9

Newpu Itace ot MVA,

MVA, wtd

Reactance of Synchronous motor

New pu, reactanve ofl MVA,
syuchonous motor KVn, ww MVAb, old
0.6p.u.

Reactance diagram
The reactance diagramis shown in fig 1.10.2.
j0.375 jO. 1033 jO.5
jO.287
&o.6

Fig I.10.2 :Reactance diagram of the system shown in fig 1.10.1 (all reactance values are in p.u.)

EXAMPLE 1.11
Draw the reactance diagram for the power systemshown in fig 1.11.1.The ratings of
generator, motor and transformers are given below. Neglect resistance and use abase of 50
MVA, 138kV in the 402 line.
j402

j2052

Fig 1.11.!
(M)
 Unit II

Extra Solved Examples

121 Chapter 2 Load Flow Studies

EXAMPLE2.5

In the system shown in fig 2.5.1, generators are connected to all the four buses, while
loads are at busess2 and 3. The specifications of the buses are given in table 2.5.1.and line
impedancesin table 2.5.2. Assume that all the buses other than slack bus are PQtype. By
ing aflat voltage profle, determine the bus voltages at the end offirst Gauss Seidel iteration.
Table 2.5.1 : BuS specifications 2

Buscode P Q Remarks
1 -

10520° Slack bus

2 0.5 -0.2 PQ bus Table-2.5.2 :. Line Impedances
3 -1.0 0.5 PQ bus
4 0.3 -0.1 PQ bus Line R X
SOLUTION in p.u. in p.u.
1-2 0.05 0.15
First convern the line impedances to line admittances. The 0.30
1-3 0.10
ine admittances are given by the inverse ofhe line impedances, 0.20 0.40
14
From the table 2.5.2 weget the following ine impedances. 24 0.10 0.30
34 0.05 0.15
Z, =0.05+ j0.15 p.u. Z4 =0.10+ j0.30 p.u.
Z, =0.10 + j0.30 p.u. - 0.05 + j0.15 p.u.
Z, =0.20+j0.40 p.u.
1 1
1
=2- j6 Y13 =l- j3
0.05 + j0.15 Z13 0.10+ j0.30
Z12
1
1
-=1-j2 -=1-j3
0.20+ j0.40 Z24 0.10+ j0.30
Z14
1 -=2- j6
Z34 0.05 + j0.15
calculator in
Note: The inverse ofa complex number can be easily obtained using a
Complex mode.
admittances as
The elements of bus admittance matrix can be obtained from the line
shown below.
4-j11
nY, + y,, + y, 2-j6 + 1-j3+ 1-j2=
I2Y, + y,, 2-j + 1-j3 =3-j9
-3-j9
I3 Y t yy -1-j3 + 2-j6
4-j11
4Y, t y,, t y, 1-j2+1-j3 +2-j6 =
Power System Analysis
Y-Y --y,, --(2-j6) =-2 +j6
Y-Y,-y, =-(1-j3) = -1+
IuY- -Y, --(1-j2) --1 +/2
Y- Y, - 0
Y4-Yg--y, =-(1-j3) =-1 +j3
Y4-Y- -y, =-(2-j6) -2 +j6
|Y Y2 Y414- jli -2+ j6 -1+ j3
|Y Y2 Y Y -2 + j6 -1+2
3- j9 0
-1+3
Yy1 Y32 Y3 -l+j3 3-9
Y4, Y42
Ye Y Y Yu -1+2 -1+j3 -2+ j6
-2+j
The initial value of load bus voltages can be assumedas 1+ j0p.u. 4-j1|
.:.V,° = 1+ j0 V,°= 1+ jo : V,°= 1 +jo
The slack bus (bus-1) voltage is not modifiedin any iteration
-V'-V,- 1.05 +j0p.u.
The load bus votages can be calcuated using the following equation. For the firs
k-0.Here the table 2.5.1, provides the net power and so the values of Pand Qareierain used z
such in the following equation.

Yp (v) q=1

v =V, = L05+ j0 =L05Z0 (:: Bus-1is slack bus)

1

(V)
05+j02
1- j0 -(-2+ j6) (1.05 +j0) - 0x (1+ jo)-(-1+
3-j9
fo.5+ j0.2 +2.1- j63 +1-3]
3-9
3.6-9.l 9.78622-6842°
= 1.0316Z3.15= 0300+
3-9 94868Z-7157 j0.0567 p.u.

v--Y,V-Y,v
Y33

3-9 1-pl* 3)(1.05+ j0) -(0xv}) -(-2+ j6) (1+j0)|

 load SOLUTION Tactive EXAMPLE2.6 RESULT 123
violation remaining
Since Ihe bus-1The is bus) The In The
power
example =1.03522-1.12°= jl14-
bus2 voltages bus bus jl14663 1
3.9171 - jl4- Y4 2.05-
j9.65 3-j9
of: 0). the .:V,°=1+ j0 V= V,'= V, '= 3- 9
ecified::V,°-V-.
bus-2 is admittance constraint same V'=1.0333-j0.1166 voltages jl14-
a slack bus, a 2.5 [0.3+ [-I-
generator can (except 1.0350-j0.0202 1.0300 1. 05 1-
j0
j0.0.13 (+Ve)*
is let 9.4868-71.57° j0.5
a be th e + at j0.1+1.05- 9.86532- 78.01°
limits.
generator assumedmatrix of + j0 the L0350- -(-l+j2)
Q), the bus-2 0.0567 =end 11.70472-70.02° 12.1169-71.14° -(-2+ 1.05- +
(n bus, calculate 1.0520°
is generator of j0.0202 j3.15+2-
first bus .:.V,° as
same be - = = first j2.1 j6)
- 1 a (1.0333-
- (1.05+
PV 1.03992-6.44°
1.03522-1.12° 1.031623.15° p.u (-1.200 =
ationk V' its -V,- + as th e Gauss-Seidel p.u. 1.0399Z-
reactive 1.07 V,°=1+jo j0that bus bus j6]
p.u. bus is j0)
(Generator 1+ j0.1
+ of voltages 0.3 j3.0333) 166)-(-1+j3)
power= jO 1.05 example sQS1.0. 6.44°
p.u p.u p.u iteration
+j0 at -(-1367 1.0333- =
has (1.03
2.5. the bus)
to are, +
be The end With with j0.1166 Chapter
+ j0.0567)|
calculated initial or j6.433)]
trstother V,| p. 2
value G-S data - u. Load
and iteration. 1.07 Flow
of of
checked PQ example p.u. Studies
bus The
 phase Since bus2 Analysis
System
Power

The ofthe can The is

=1.0399
bus2 bus-2 be
3-
j9 3-9
-j0 voltage calculated
Y .:.V} :.8} V2.temp yk+! treated
pp voltage is
2lspec
Pieny a
2-644° -1 jQ3
(vg)* P-
=|Vof = generatorbus, as -x -lx
- bus3 j9.63
Vlemp 3.5673- 3-
j9 3-j9 PP
j0.5 1 cangeneratorwithinvaluethe
3-
j9 Im m
+ aid [0.4673 be {1.07[0.11 {1.07
1.0333 1.05 -(-1+ q=1 8=1.90 j0.353
0.5- 1 calculated reactive of
1.07j0-
j3.15+2- - j3) bus41.07Z19° = bus. (-2.1
- 10.2695Z-69.67°
-
j0.1166 9.4868-7157° j0.33 magnitude of
(1.05 are Now,
power, j0.33) - j6.3 + [(-2+
p.u.=1.0694
calculated using FSecri
j6]= qp+l + -(-2
p.u. j0) + 2.1 Q
- + the 3.21 ++(0× j6)
2.05-
j9.65 j6.3 j6) o, 0.3531
3-
j9 (0x - following the g - (1.03
using + (1.05 qp+l j9.63-
V})-(-2+ =1.0825Z1.9°
+ 1- bus-2 Vg)
j0.0355 j3 + 0.3531 p.u. +(-1+ j0) +
the j0) 1+
868L-7157°
986532-78.01° -
voltage
equation. j3} (3- +
j6)
following p.u. (0 p.u., j3)
x specified] (I+ j9)
(1+ Vù) (1.077
emains ra P, j0)
j0)| - -
equation. (-1+Í3) 0.5and +
iraits. jo
at
(1+9) 1.07
pa.T
 teration. hs
eration ample SOLUTIONi4s,s EXAMPLE2.7 RESULT
The Now,Q,-0.4
initialIhe p.u. pu. l2.6. The In The
admittahce example bus
bus-1is bus-2of
The The bus 1.0. 1.0455-j0.0263 V'= V'= v= 1
:V,°=1+ j0 calculated Now 1.0333-j0.1166 V'- voltages -
value calculated 2.6 1.0458Z-144°= 3.8929 -jl j14- 1 jl -4
slack a fixed is 1.0694 1.05
calculate let jl14-
of the + at [0.3+
bus, PO j0 the 0.j30+.1 P
val u
at value e ismatrix + 1.6057 1-j0
bus (th0.e4 reactive
the j0.0355 end j0.l+
1.0520°p.u 1.0455-
(load thlanethsse ofand bus of11.7047-70.02°
12.24122-7146° 1. 0 5-
-(-2+ -(-1+
,- first
limit).
lower reactive calculated 1.03992-6.44°
voltagespower1.0458Z-1.44° p.u 1.0721.9°
p.u p.u j6)
V=V,- bus) Gauss-Seidel j0.0263 j2.1-(-1759 2)
j0
V.°1+voltages P, power (1.0333- (I.05
- specified lower
limit constraint at
0.5 p.u.
value the j0) 4
1.05 and bus2
Nowthe with end j0. ]
are of iteration j3.1727) + 166)-(-j3)
+ initial
reactiv of
j0 assumed V,°1 of
first the
voltage generator are, -(-1367 (.0694
+ G. S. 9lontfw
Chapteies
as j0 treated as isand so power are
1+ V,° iteration.
j0 reactivethe bus j6433)] + jo.0355)| +
p.u. 1.07 same be
load +thatof changed
as
busfpower
or p.u. jo
is to
 RESULT Analysis
System
Power

The The
bus voltages
V'V= V'V'= v (Note:
V=1.0399Z-644°=
voltages
= =1.05142-142°= 3.9171 j4- l1 4-jll Y44 Y2
1.0511
1.333- 1.09+ 1.0 5 Value =1.0906Z193° 3-j9 of
j4-
l1 3.6-
j9.7 j9
3-
j9 11-j03- the
at - 0.3
jl T0.3+j0.1
- j0.0367 j0+the 1.6663 1-
j0 of (V9 load
j0.0261
j0.1166 + [0.5-
end j0.1+ V,' 0.5-
1.05Z0° 10.346569.64° j0.4 buses
= 1.051l-
of11.70472-70.02° -(-2+ -(-1+ remains1.0333-9.4868/Z-71.57°
1.0900-+ = j04+
= = 12.3063Z-71.44° 1.05
1.0906Z1.93° first .- are
514-1.42°
1.0399/-6.44° - 2.1- (-2+
p.u
Gauss-Seidel j0.0261 j2.1 j6) j2) same j0.1166 j0.0367
pqqcalculated
-
(1.0333- (1.05 j6.3
(-1.2001
j3.2333) + +1- j6)
p.u. as p.u. (1.05 q=p+!
p.u. n

p.u + in j3
j0.1 j0) using
p.u p.u iteration - example Yp
166) (-1+ j0) +
the
(0x -
j3) tollowing
are, -(-1.367
j6.433)] + 2.6) V÷)-(-l+
(1.09
+
j0.0367) equation
j3)
(1+jo)
 iteration.
forthis power
0353e1sampleThe26.leSOLUTION 127
The The ThNow,
e =0.Q,3p.u. powerThe EXAMPLE 2.8
voltages bus-1 initial
p.u. 2
(Note:
V=1.0399-6.44°=
generaspecified
tionupper.The .6. candabrues exampl0.3. eInlet
:V,°=1+ is j0 ecalculated
calculated
1 value
(V) Y2 a
admittance iteration.G.NoSw.
Value =1.0807Z2.13° 3.6-j9.6 3-j9 3-j9 1-
j0 of slack of generatorthe2.6.
3-j9 1 the bus-2 calculate
of
of load bus, PQ the
j6.3+1-i)
j03+2.1-
[0.5- 0.5-j0.3 eeeeeeeeeee* value
is valuematrix:
ot as
V.1 buses bus fixed at reactive
the
10.2528Z-69.44°
remains 1.0333- 9.4868-7157º
1.0800 = q=l (load is bus
-(-2+ are greaterreactive
+
-V=V,=
calculated
0.3 calculated voltagespower
same j0.1166 j0.0402 V.°-1+jo0 bus) P, (the than
j6) voltages = initial
with
q=p+1 0.5 lower power constraint
n
as p.
p.u.
(1.05+ the
in u. using 1.05 value the at
example j0) are and limit). end
(0x - the j0 + assumed V,° reactive;
same of of of
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 Unit III

Extra Solved Examples

402 Principles of Power System
from other generators is small due to the presence of
reactors. Therefore, only that section of bus-bar is af-
fected to which the feeder is connected, the other sec-
tions being able to continue in normal operation.
(ii) Tie-Bar system. Fig. 17.7 shows the tie-bar
system. Comparing the ring system with tie-bar system,
it is clear that in the tie-bar system, there are effectively
two reactors in series between sections so that reactors
must have approximately half the reactance of those used
in a comparable ring system. Another advantage of tie-
bar system is that additional generators may be connected
to the system without requiring changes in the existing
reactors. However, this system has the disadvantage that
it requires an additional bus-bar i.e. the tie-bar.
17.8 Steps for Symmetrical Fault Calculations
It has already been discussed that 3-phase short-circuit faults result in symmetrical fault currents i.e.
o
fault currents in the three phases are equal in magnitude but displaced 120 electrical from one an-
other. Therefore, problems involving such faults can be solved by considering one phase only as the
same conditions prevail in the other two phases. The procedure for the solution of such faults in-
volves the following steps :
(i) Draw a single line diagram of the complete network indicating the rating, voltage and per-
centage reactance of each element of the network.
(ii) Choose a numerically convenient value of base kVA and convert all percentage reactances
to this base value.
(iii) Corresponding to the single line diagram of the network, draw the reactance diagram show-
ing one phase of the system and the neutral. Indicate the % reactances on the base kVA in
the reactance diagram. The transformer in the system should be represented by a reactance
in series.
(iv) Find the total % reactance of the network upto the point of fault. Let it be X%.
(v) Find the full-load current corresponding to the selected base kVA and the normal system
voltage at the fault point. Let it be I.
(vi) Then various short-circuit calculations are :
100
Short-circuit current, ISC = I ×
%X
100
Short-circuit kVA = Base kVA ×
%X
Example 17.1. Fig. 17.8 (i) shows the single line diagram of a 3-phase system. The percentage
reactance of each alternator is based on its own capacity. Find the short-circuit current that will
flow into a complete 3-phase short-circuit at F.
Solution. Let the base kVA be 35,000 kVA.
% Reactance of alternator A at the base kVA is
35,000
% XA = × 30 = 70%
15,000
% Reactance of alternator B at the base kVA is
35,000
%XB = × 50 = 87·5 %
20,000
Line current corresponding to 35000 kVA at 12 kV is
Symmetrical Fault Calculations 403
35,000 × 103
I = = 1684 A
3 × 12 × 103
Fig. 17.8 (ii) shows the reactance* diagram of the network at the selected base kVA.

Total % reactance from generator neutral up to fault point is

%X = XA || XB
XA XB 70 × 87 ⋅ 5
= = = 38·89 %
X A + X B 70 + 87 ⋅ 5
100 100
∴ Short-circuit current, ISC = I × = 1684 × = 4330 A
%X 38 ⋅ 89
Alternate method. The problem can also be solved by component short-circuit current method.
Each alternator supplies short circuit current to the fault. The total current fed to the fault is the sum
of the two.
Full-load current delivered by alternator A,
IA =
Rated kVA of alternator A
3 × Bus − bar voltage
15000 × 103
= = 721·7 A
3 × 12 × 103
∴ Short-circuit current fed to fault by alternator A,
100
ISA = IA × % Reactance**of A
= 721·7 × (100/30) = 2405·5 A
Full-load line current delivered by alternator B,
20000 × 103
IB = = 962·28 A
3 × 12 × 103
∴ Short-circuit current fed to fault by alternator B,
ISB = 962·28 × 100/50 = 1924·5 A
∴ Total short-circuit current fed to fault,
ISC = ISA + ISB = 2405·5 + 1924·5 = 4330 A
* Note that the diagram shows one phase and neutral. The percentage reactances of the alternators are in parallel.
** At its own rated capacity.
404 Principles of Power System
Comments. In simple problems, either of the two methods can be used with about the same
degree of ease. However, in complicated networks, it will be found that the first method (known as
equivalent % reactance method) has greater advantage owing to the ease by which calculations can be
carried out.
Example 17.2. A 3-phase, 20 MVA, 10 kV alternator has internal reactance of 5% and negli-
gible resistance. Find the external reactance per phase to be connected in series with the alternator
so that steady current on short-circuit does not exceed 8 times the full load current.
Solution.
20 × 106
Full-load current, I = = 1154·7 A
3 × 10 × 103
10 × 10
3
10,000 volts
Voltage per phase, V = =
3 3
As the short-circuit current is to be 8 times the full-load current,
∴ Total percentage reactance required
Full - load current
= × 100
Short - circuit current
=
FH IK
1
× 100 = 12·5 %
8
∴ External percentage reactance required
= 12·5 − 5 = 7·5%
Let X Ω be the per phase external reactance required.
IX
Now, percentage reactance = × 100
V
1154 ⋅ 7 X
or 7·5 = 10,000 × 100
3
7 ⋅ 5 × 10000
∴ X = = 0·375 Ω
3 × 100 × 1154 ⋅ 7
Example 17.3. A 3-phase transmission line operating at 10 kV and having a resistance of 1Ω
and reactance of 4 Ω is connected to the generating station bus-bars through 5 MVA step-up trans-
former having a reactance of 5%. The bus-bars are supplied by a 10 MVA alternator having 10%
reactance. Calculate the short-circuit kVA fed to symmetrical fault between phases if it occurs
(i) at the load end of transmission line
(ii) at the high voltage terminals of the transformer

Solution. Fig. 17.9 shows the single line diagram of the network. Let 10,000 kVA be the base
kVA.
Symmetrical Fault Calculations 405
% reactance of alternator on base kVA,
10,000
% XA = 3 × 10 = 10%
10 × 10
% reactance of transformer on base kVA,
10,000
%XT = 3 × 5 = 10%
5 × 10
The line impedance is given in ohms. It can be converted into percent-
age impedance by using exp. (ii) of Art. 17.3.
% reactance of transmission line is

% XL =
akVAf × reactance in Ω
10 a kVf
2

10,000 × 4
= = 40%
10 × a10f 2

% age resistance of transmission line,

10,000 × 1
% RL = = 10%
a f
10 × 10 2
(i) The reactance diagram of the network on the selected base kVA is
shown in Fig. 17.10. For a fault at the end of a transmission line
(point F2),
Total % reactance = %XA + %XT + %XL
= 10 + 10 + 40 = 60%
% resistance = 10%
∴ % impedance from generator neutral upto fault point F2
= a60f + a10f
2 2
= 60·83%
∴ Short-circuit kVA = 10,000 × 100/60·83 = 16,440 kVA
(ii) For a fault at the high voltage terminals of the transformer (point F1),
Total % reactance from generator neutral upto fault point F1
= % XA + % XT = 10 + 10 = 20%
∴ Short-circuit kVA = 10,000 × 100/20 = 50,000 kVA
Example 17.4. The plant capacity of a 3-phase generating station consists of two 10,000 kVA
generators of reactance 12% each and one 5000 kVA generator of reactance 18%. The generators
are connected to the station bus-bars from which load is taken through three 5000 kVA step-up
transformers each having a reactance of 5%. Determine the maximum fault MVA which the circuit
breakers on (i) low voltage side and (ii) high voltage side may have to deal with.
Solution. Fig. 17.11 shows the single line diagram of the network. Let 10,000 kVA be the base
kVA.
The percentage reactance of generators A, B and C and that of each transformer on the selected
base kVA is
% XA = 12 × 10,000/10,000 = 12%
% XB = 12 × 10,000/10,000 = 12%
% XC = 18 × 10,000/5,000 = 36%
% XT = 5 × 10,000/5,000 = 10%
(i) When the fault occurs on the low voltage side of the transformer (point F1 in Fig. 17.11), the
reactance diagram at the selected base kVA will be as shown in Fig. 17.12. Obviously, the
406 Principles of Power System

total reactance upto the point of fault F1 is the parallel combination of the reactances of the
three alternators i.e.
Total % reactance form generator neutral upto fault point F1
= % XA || % XB || % XC

6 × 36
= 12% || 12% || 36% = 6 + 36 = 5·14%
100 × 1
∴ Fault MVA = 10,000 × = 194·5
5 ⋅ 14 1000
(ii) When the fault occurs on the high voltage side of the transformer (point F2 in Fig. 17.11),
the reactance diagram will be as shown in Fig. 17.13.
Total % reactance from generator neutral upto fault point F2
= 5·14 + 10 = 15·14%
100 × 1
∴ Fault MVA = 10,000 × = 66
15 ⋅14 1000
It may be noted that circuit breakers of lower ratings will be required on the high voltage side of
the transformers.
Symmetrical Fault Calculations 407
Example 17.5. The section bus-bars A and B are linked by a bus-bar reactor rated at 5000 kVA
with 10% reactance. On bus-bar A, there are two generators each of 10,000 kVA with 10% reac-
tance and on B two generators each of 8000 kVA with 12% reactance. Find the steady MVA fed into
a dead short circuit between all phases on B with bus-bar reactor in the circuit.

Solution. Fig. 17.14 shows the single line diagram of the network.
Let 10,000 kVA be the base kVA.
% Reactance of generator 1 or 2 on the base kVA
= 10 × 10,000/10,000 = 10%
% Reactance of generator 3 or 4 on the base kVA
= 12 × 10,000/8000 = 15%
% Reactance of bus-bar reactor on the base kVA
= 10 × 10,000/5000 = 20%

When fault occurs on section B (point F in Fig. 17.14), the reactance diagram at the selected base
kVA will be as shown in Fig. 17.15 (i). This series parallel circuit is further reduced to Fig. 17.15 (ii).
Referring to Fig. 17.15 (ii), it is clear that reactance from generator neutral upto the fault point F is
(5% + 20%) in parallel with 7·5% i.e.
Total % reactance from generator neutral upto fault point F
= (5 % + 20%) || 7·5%
25 × 7 ⋅ 5
= = 5·77%
25 + 7 ⋅ 5
∴ Fault kVA = 10,000 × 100/5·77 = 1,73,310
or Fault MVA = 173·31