Module 2

Series expansion and multivariable calculus

2.1 Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series for one variable
Introduction:
Taylor’s series:
𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)3 ′′′
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑎) + 𝑓′′(𝑎) + 𝑓 (𝑎) + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
Maclaurin’s series:
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓′(0) + 𝑓′′(0) + 𝑓 ′′′ (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
Maclaurin’s series is a Taylor’s series expansion of a function at the origin.

1. Obtain the Maclaurin’s series expansion for √𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 (May 22)

𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑦1 (0) = 1
= √1 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑦1 = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑦1 (0) = 1

= √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑦2 = − sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = −𝑦 𝑦2 (0) = −1

𝑦3 = −𝑦1 𝑦3 (0) = −1
= √(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2
𝑦4 = −𝑦2 𝑦4 (0) = 1
𝑦5 = −𝑦3 𝑦5 (0) = 1

By Maclaurin’s series,
𝑥 ′ 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓"(0) + 𝑓′′′(0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑦 = 𝑦(0) + 𝑦1 (0) + 𝑦2 (0) + 𝑦3 (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
Therefore,

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
√1 + sin 2𝑥 = 1 + (1) + (−1) + (−1) + + ⋯
1! 2! 3! 4!

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
√1 + sin 2𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 − − + +⋯
2 6 24

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

 2. Obtain the Maclaurin’s series expansion for 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 upto 𝒙𝟒 term
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑦1 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑦1 (0) = 0
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 tan 𝑥 + 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 𝑦2 (0) = 1
= 𝑦 tan2 𝑥 + 𝑦 3
= 𝑦 3 + 𝑦(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 = 2𝑦 3 − 𝑦
𝑦3 = 6𝑦 2 𝑦1 − 𝑦1 𝑦3 (0) = 0
𝑦4 = 12𝑦𝑦12 + 6𝑦 2 𝑦2 − 𝑦2 𝑦4 (0) = 5

By Maclaurin’s series,
𝑥 ′ 𝑥2 x3 𝑥 4 𝑖𝑣
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓′′(0)+ 𝑓′′′(0) + 𝑓 (0) + …
1! 2! 3! 4!
𝑥 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
= 𝑦(0) + 1! 𝑦1 (0) + 𝑦 (0) + 3! 𝑦3 (0) + 𝑦4 (0) + …
2! 2 4!
𝑥2 𝑥4
sec 𝑥 = 1 + 0 + (1)+0 + (5) + ⋯
2! 4!

𝑥 2 5𝑥 4
=1+ +
2 24
3. Obtain the Maclaurin’s series expansion for 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 ) up to 3rd degree term.

𝑦 = log(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑦(0) = log 2

𝑒𝑥 1
𝑦1 = 𝑦1 (0) =
1 + 𝑒𝑥 2
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 1
𝑦2 = = 𝑦1 − 𝑦1 2 𝑦2 (0) =
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )2 4
𝑦3 = 𝑦2 − 2𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 (0) = 0

𝑦4 = 𝑦3 − 2(𝑦1 𝑦3 + 𝑦22 ) 1
𝑦4 (0) = −
8

By Maclaurin’s series,
𝑥 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 1! 𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓′′(0)+ 3! 𝑓′′′(0) + 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 (0) + …
2! 4!

𝑥 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
= 𝑦(0) + 𝑦1 (0) + 𝑦2 (0) + 𝑦3 (0) + 𝑦4 (0) + …
1! 2! 3! 4!
𝑥 1 𝑥2 1 x3 𝑥4 1
log(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = log 2 + ( ) + ( ) + (0) + (− )
1! 2 2! 4 3! 4! 8
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4
= log 2 + + −
2 8 192
Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2
 4. Prove that
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) = 𝒙 − + − +⋯
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝑦 = log(1 + 𝑥) 𝑦(0) = 0
1
𝑦1 =
1+𝑥 𝑦1 (0) = 1
1
𝑦2 = − = −𝑦12
(1 + 𝑥)2
𝑦2 (0) = −1

𝑦3 = −2𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑦3 (0) = 2

𝑦4 = −2𝑦1 𝑦3 − 2𝑦22
𝑦4 (0) = −6

By Maclaurin’s series,
𝑥 ′ 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓′′(0)+ 𝑓′′′(0) + 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 (0) + …
1! 2! 3! 4!
𝑥 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
= 𝑦(0) + 𝑦1 (0) + 𝑦2 (0) + 𝑦3 (0) + 𝑦4 (0) + …
1! 2! 3! 4!
𝑥 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
log(1 + 𝑥) = 0 + − + (2) + (−6) + …
1! 2! 3! 4!
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
=𝑥− + − +⋯
2 3 4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

 5. Prove that
𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟓
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒙 + + +⋯
𝟑! 𝟓!
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑦(0) = 0

𝑦1 = sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑦1 (0) = 1

𝑦2 = 2𝑦𝑦1 𝑦2 (0) = 0

𝑦3 = 2𝑦12 + 2𝑦𝑦2 𝑦3 (0) = 2

𝑦4 = 4𝑦1 𝑦2 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 2𝑦𝑦3 = 6𝑦1 𝑦2 + 2𝑦𝑦3 𝑦4 (0) = 0

𝑦5 = 6𝑦22 + 6𝑦1 𝑦3 + 2𝑦1 𝑦3 + 2𝑦𝑦4 𝑦5 (0) = 16

By Maclaurin’s series,
x ′ x2 x3
f(x) = f(0) + f (0) + f ′′ (0) + f ′′′ (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
𝑥 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
= 𝑦(0) + 𝑦1 (0) + 𝑦2 (0) + 𝑦3 (0) + 𝑦4 (0) + …
1! 2! 3! 4!
x3 x5
tan x = 0 + x + 0 + + 0 + (16) + ⋯
3 5!
x3 x5
=x+ + (16) + ⋯
3 5!

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

 6. Prove that
𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟒 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟔
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = + + +⋯
𝟐! 𝟒! 𝟔!

𝑦 = log sec 𝑥 𝑦(0) = 0

1
𝑦1 = sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑦1 (0) = 0

𝑦2 (0) = 1
𝑦2 = sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦12
𝑦3 (0) = 0
𝑦3 = 2𝑦1 𝑦2 = 2𝑦1 (1 + 𝑦12 ) = 2𝑦1 + 2𝑦13

𝑦4 = 2𝑦2 + 6𝑦12 𝑦2 = 2𝑦2 + 6(𝑦2 − 1)𝑦2

𝑦4 (0) = 2
= 6𝑦22 − 4𝑦2
𝑦5 (0) = 0
𝑦5 = 12𝑦2 𝑦3 − 4𝑦3
𝑦6 (0) = 16
𝑦6 = 12𝑦2 𝑦4 + 12𝑦32 − 4𝑦4

By Maclaurin’s series,
x ′ x2 x3 x4 x5
f(x) = f(0) + f (0) + f ′′ (0) + f ′′′ (0) + f ′v (0) + f v (0) …
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
𝑥 𝑥2 x3 𝑥4
= 𝑦(0) + 1! 𝑦1 (0) + 𝑦 (0) + 3! 𝑦3 (0) + 𝑦4 (0) + …
2! 2 4!

x2 x4 x6
log sec x = 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 + (2) + 0 + (16) + ⋯
2! 4! 6!
x 2 2x 4 x 6
= + + (16) + ⋯
2! 4! 6!

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

 𝐞𝐱
7. Obtain the Maclaurin’s series expansion for𝟏+𝒆𝒙 up to 3rd degree term.

𝑒𝑥 1
𝑦= 𝑦(0) =
1 + 𝑒𝑥 2
Diff w.r.to 𝒙
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑦2 1
𝑦1 = = = 𝑦1 (0) = 𝑦 2 =
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )2 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )2 𝑒 𝑥 4
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦1 = 𝑦 2
Diff w.r.to 𝒙
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦1 = 2𝑦𝑦1 𝑦2 (0) = 0

Diff w.r.to 𝒙
1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑦3 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦1 = 2(𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑦12 ) 𝑦3 (0) = −
8
By Maclaurin’s series,
x ′ x2 x3
f(x) = f(0) + f (0) + f ′′ (0) + f ′′′ (0) + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
𝑒𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 𝑦(0) + 𝑦 (0) + 𝑦 (0) + 𝑦 (0) + …
1 + 𝑒𝑥 1! 1 2! 2 6 3
1 𝑥 𝑥3
= + − +⋯
2 4 48
8. Prove that
𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟒 𝟖𝒙𝟓
𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + − − +⋯
𝟐! 𝟒! 𝟓!

𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦1 = 1, 𝑦2 = 1, 𝑦3 = 0, 𝑦4 = −3, 𝑦5 = −8
−𝟏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝟕𝒙𝟒
9. 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 =𝟏+𝒙+ − − +⋯
𝟐 𝟑! 𝟒!

𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦1 = 1, 𝑦2 = 1, 𝑦3 = −1, 𝑦4 = −7, 𝑦5 = 5

𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒
10. 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟐 + − 𝟏𝟗𝟐 + ⋯
𝟖
1 1 1
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑦 = log 2 , 𝑦1 = , 𝑦2 = , 𝑦3 = 0, 𝑦4 = −
2 4 8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

 2.2 Evaluation of indeterminate forms
Basic results:
sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −1 log(1+𝑥)
❖ lim = lim = lim = lim =1
𝑥→0 x 𝑥→0 x 𝑥→0 x 𝑥→0 x

1 𝑥 1
❖ lim (1 + x) = lim(1 + x)x = 𝑒
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
𝑎𝑥 −1
❖ lim = log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑥→0 x

Note:
0 ∞
❖ Indeterminate forms: , , ∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0 .
0 ∞
❖ Limits which lead to indeterminate forms are evaluated by using L’ Hospital’s rule.
❖ L’ Hospital’s rule: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are functions such that
(i) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 (ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′ (𝑥) exist and 𝑔′ (𝑎) ≠ 0,
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔′ (𝑥) provided the limit on the RHS exists.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟏⁄𝒙 = 𝒆

𝒙→𝟎

Let

𝐿 = lim (1 + 𝑥)1⁄𝑥
𝑥→0

log 𝐿 = lim log(1 + 𝑥)1⁄𝑥

𝑥→0

1
= lim log(1 + 𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥

log(1+𝑥) 0
= lim 𝑥
= 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0

By L.H rule,

1
log 𝐿 = lim 1+𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0

By taking anti log,

𝑳=𝒆

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

 2. Evaluate
𝟏
𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑

Let
1
1𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥
𝐿 = lim ( )
𝑥→0 3
1
1𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim log ( )
𝑥→0 3
1 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥
= lim log
𝑥→0 𝑥 3
log(1 + 2 + 3𝑥 ) − log 3 0
𝑥 𝑥
= lim = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
By L.H Rule,
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim (1 log 1 + 2 log 2 + 3 log 3)
𝑥→0 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥
1
= (log 1 + log 2 + log 3)
3
1
= log 63
By taking anti log,
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝟔𝟑

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

 3. Prove that
𝟏
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙 𝒙 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = (𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝟑 (𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟐𝟐)
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑

Let
1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 𝑥
𝐿 = lim ( )
𝑥→0 3
1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim log ( )
𝑥→0 3

1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥
= lim log
𝑥→0 𝑥 3
𝑥
log(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 ) − log 3 0
= lim = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 0

By L.H Rule,

1 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim (𝑎𝑥 log 𝑎 + 𝑏 log 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 log 𝑐)
𝑥→0 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥

1
= (log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 + log 𝑐)
3
1
= log(𝑎𝑏𝑐)3

Taking anti log,

𝟏
𝑳 = (𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝟑

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

 𝟏
𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐
4. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 )𝒙 = 𝒆𝟑
𝒙→𝟎

Let
1
tan 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝐿 = lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥2
log 𝐿 = lim log ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥

1 tan 𝑥 0
= lim 2
log = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥 0

By L.H rule,

1 𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim ( )
𝑥→0 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑥2

1 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 0
= lim ( 3
) = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
2 𝑥→0 𝑥 0

By L.H rule,

1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑥. 2 sec 𝑥. sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥

log 𝐿 = lim ( )
2 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2

1 2 sec 𝑥. sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥

= lim ( )
2 𝑥→0 3𝑥

1 tan 𝑥 1
= 3 lim ( ) sec 2 𝑥 = 3
𝑥→0 𝑥

By taking anti log,

𝟏
𝑳 = 𝒆𝟑

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

 𝟏
5. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙 = 𝒆
𝒙→
𝟒

Let
𝐿 = lim
𝝅
(tan 𝑥)tan 2𝑥
𝑥→
𝟒

log 𝐿 = lim𝝅 log(tan 𝑥)tan 2𝑥

𝑥→ 𝟒

= lim𝝅 tan 2𝑥 log tan 𝑥

𝑥→ 𝟒

log tan 𝑥 0
= lim𝝅 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→ 𝟒 cot 2𝑥 0

By L.H rule,

1
tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim𝝅 ( )
𝑥→ 𝟒 −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 2𝑥

sin2 2𝑥
log 𝐿 = − lim𝝅 ( )
𝑥→ 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝟒

= − lim𝜋 sin 2𝑥 = −1
𝑥→
4

Taking anti log,

𝟏
𝑳 = 𝒆−𝟏 =
𝒆

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

 𝝅𝒙
𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝒂) 𝟐
6. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐 − ) = 𝒆𝝅
𝒙→𝒂 𝒂

Let
𝜋𝑥
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑎 )
𝐿 = lim (2 − )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑎
𝜋𝑥
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑎)
log 𝐿 = lim log (2 − )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑎
𝜋𝑥 𝑥
= lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) log (2 − )
𝑥→𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
𝑥
log (2 − 𝑎) 0
= lim 𝜋𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→𝑎 cot (2𝑎)
By L.H rule,

1 1
( − 𝑎) 𝑥
2−𝑎
log 𝐿 = lim 𝜋
𝑥→𝑎 (− 2 𝜋𝑥
2𝑎) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑎
𝜋𝑥
2 sin2 2𝑎 2
log 𝐿 = lim =
𝜋 𝑥→𝑎 2 − 𝑥 𝜋
𝑎

Taking anti log,

𝟐
𝑳 = 𝒆𝝅

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

 7. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝝅
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒙→
𝟐

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐿 = lim
𝜋
(sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥
𝑥→
2

log 𝐿 = lim𝜋 log(sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥

𝑥→2

= lim𝜋 tan 𝑥 log sin 𝑥

𝑥→2

log sin 𝑥 0
= lim𝜋 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→2 cot 𝑥 0

By L.H rule,

cot 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim𝜋 =0
𝑥→2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥

Taking anti log,

𝐿 = 𝑒0 = 1

𝟏 𝒙
8. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) =𝟏
𝒙→∞ 𝒙𝟐

1 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑥→∞

1 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim log (1 + 𝑥2 )
𝑥→∞

1
= lim 𝑥 log (1 + 𝑥2 )
𝑥→∞

1
log(1+ 2 ) 0
𝑥
= lim 1 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→∞
𝑥

By L.H rule,

1 2
1 (− 𝑥3 ) 1
1+ 2
𝑥 𝑥
log 𝐿 = lim 1 = 2 lim =0
𝑥→∞ (− 2 ) 𝑥→∞ 1+ 12
𝑥 𝑥

Taking anti log, 𝐿 = 𝑒 0 = 1.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

Home work:
1
9. Prove that lim (𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒
𝑥→0
log(𝑎𝑥 +𝑥) 0
Hint: log 𝐿 = lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 log 𝑎+1
log 𝐿 = lim = log 𝑎 + 1 = log 𝑎 + log 𝑒 = log 𝑎𝑒
𝑥→0 𝑎𝑥 +𝑥
1
1
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 +𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
10. Prove that lim (
4
) = (𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑)4
𝑥→0
1
1
11. Prove that lim (cot 𝑥)log 𝑥 =
𝑥→0 𝑒
1
2 )log(1−𝑥)
12. Prove that lim (1 − 𝑥 =𝑒
𝑥→1
1
1
sin 𝑥 𝑥2 −( )
13. Prove that lim ( ) =𝑒 6
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
14. Prove that lim (𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒
𝑥→0
𝜋
15. Prove that lim𝜋(cos 𝑥)2 −𝑥 = 0
𝑥→
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

 2.3 Partial differentiation
Introduction:

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a function of two independent variables x and y.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
❖ First order partial derivatives: 𝑓𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
❖ Second order partial Derivatives: 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
❖ Property: = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Problems:
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
1. If 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟔. Find 𝝏𝒙 , .
𝝏𝒚

𝑧 = 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 6 ---- (1)

Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 8𝑥 + 24𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= 16𝑥 3 𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑦 + 8.
𝜕𝑦

𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
2. If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒄𝒕) + 𝒈(𝒙 − 𝒄𝒕), Prove that = 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐 (MQP)
𝝏𝒕𝟐

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡) ---- (1)

Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝜕𝑥

Differentiate (1) again partially w. r. to 𝑥

𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 2

Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑡

𝜕𝑧
= 𝑐𝑓 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) − 𝑐𝑔′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝜕𝑡

Differentiate (1) again partially w. r. to 𝑡

𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑐 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑐 2 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)
𝜕𝑡 2

= 𝑐 2 [𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑡) + 𝑔′′ (𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡)]

𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 2

Therefore,
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑡 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15

 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
3. If 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 − 𝒃𝒚) Prove that 𝒃 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒂 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝒛 (May 22)

𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) ----- (1)

Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦)
𝜕𝑥

= 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑎𝑧

Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= −𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

= −𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑏𝑧

Therefore,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑏 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑎 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑎𝑏𝑧 − 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑎𝑏𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
∴ 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑎 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑏𝑧

Note: (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟑
4. If 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛). then Prove that + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛 = 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛
𝝏𝒙
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐 −𝟗
and hence show that (𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛) 𝒖 = (𝒙+𝒚+𝒛)𝟐

𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2 −3𝑦𝑧
= 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3+𝑧 3−3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 3𝑦 2 −3𝑥𝑧
= 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3+𝑧 3−3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 3𝑧 2 −3𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3+𝑧 3−3𝑥𝑦𝑧

Case 1:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2 −3𝑦𝑧 3𝑦 2 −3𝑥𝑧 3𝑧 2 −3𝑥𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑥 3+𝑦 3+𝑧 3−3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3+𝑧 3−3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3+𝑧 3−3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥

3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
= 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧

3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
= (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)(𝑥 2+𝑦 2+𝑧 2−𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
3
= 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

 Case 2:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧) 𝑢 = (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧) (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧) 𝑢
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧) (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3 −9
= (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧) (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧) = (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2

𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
5. If 𝒛(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 , show that (𝝏𝒙 − 𝝏𝒚) = 𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝝏𝒙 − 𝝏𝒚)

𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ---- (1)

Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑥
𝜕𝑧
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧(1 + 0) = 2𝑥 + 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 2𝑥−𝑧
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑥+𝑦

Differentiate (1) partially w. r. to 𝑦

𝜕𝑧
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧(0 + 1) = 0 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2𝑦−𝑧
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦

Therefore,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 2𝑥−𝑧 2𝑦−𝑧 2
(𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦) = ( 𝑥+𝑦 − )
𝑥+𝑦

2𝑥−𝑧−2𝑦+𝑧 2
=( )
𝑥+𝑦

𝑥−𝑦 2
= 4 (𝑥+𝑦) ----- (2)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥−𝑧 2𝑦−𝑧
4 (1 − 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦) = 4 (1 − − )
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
4
= 𝑥+𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑧 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧)
4
= 𝑥+𝑦 (2𝑧 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
4 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
= 𝑥+𝑦 [2 ( ) − (𝑥 + 𝑦)]
𝑥+𝑦
4
= (𝑥+𝑦)2 (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦
= 4( (𝑥+𝑦)2
)

𝑥−𝑦 2
= 4 (𝑥+𝑦) ----- (3)

Equating (2) and (3),

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦) = 4 (1 − 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17

 𝟏
𝝏𝟐 𝒗 𝝏𝟐 𝒗 𝝏𝟐 𝒗
6. If 𝒗 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )−𝟐 prove that 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝝏𝒚𝟐 + 𝝏𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎
1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 = 1/𝑣
1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑣2

Differentiate partially w. r. to 𝑥
2 𝜕𝑣
− 𝑣3 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑣
= −𝑥𝑣 3
𝜕𝑥

Differentiate again partially w. r. to 𝑥

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑣 3 − 3𝑥𝑣 2 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2

= −𝑣 3 − 3𝑥𝑣 2 (−𝑥𝑣 3 )
= −𝑣 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑣 5
Similarly,
𝜕2𝑣
= −𝑣 3 + 3𝑦 2 𝑣 5
𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2𝑣
= −𝑣 3 + 3𝑧 2 𝑣 5
𝜕𝑧 2

Therefore,
𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 = −3𝑣 3 + 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑣 5
𝜕𝑥 2

𝑣5
= −3𝑣 3 + 3 𝑣2

= −3𝑣 3 + 3𝑣 3 = 0
Home work:
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕2𝑢 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
7. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 tan−1 𝑦 , prove that 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 .
2𝑥𝑦 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
8. If 𝑢 = tan−1 (𝑥 2 −𝑦 2) prove that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0.

9. Find the first and second partial derivatives of 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦

𝜕3𝑢 𝜕3𝑢
10. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 show that 𝜕𝑥 2𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

 2.4 Total differentiation
Introduction:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
❖ If 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) then = 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

❖ If 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) where 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡) and 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑡) then

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑧 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Problems:
𝒅𝒛
1. If 𝒛 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 where 𝒖 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 and 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 find .
𝒅𝒕

𝑧 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑢, = 2𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑣 = 2𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 2𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣 = 2𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Therefore,

𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑣
= 𝜕𝑢 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑣 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= (2𝑢)𝑣 + (2𝑣)2𝑎

= 2𝑎𝑡 2 (2𝑎𝑡) + 4𝑎𝑡(2𝑎)

= 4𝑎2 𝑡(𝑡 2 + 2)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

 𝒅𝒖
2. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 with 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 find using partial derivatives.
𝒅𝒕

𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦, = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑎𝑡 = 𝑦 = 2𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= (𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑦 + (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑎
𝑑𝑡

= 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑥 2

= (2𝑎𝑡)3 + 2(𝑎𝑡 2 )(2𝑎𝑡)2 + 4𝑎 (𝑎𝑡 2 )(2𝑎𝑡) + 2𝑎(𝑎𝑡 2 )2
= 2𝑎3 𝑡 3 (4 + 4𝑡 + 4 + 𝑡)
= 2𝑎3 𝑡 3 (8 + 5𝑡)

𝒚 𝒅𝒖
3. If 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 and 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒆−𝒕 find 𝒅𝒕

𝑦
𝑢 = tan−1 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑦 2
(− 𝑥 2 ) = − 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 1+( )
𝑥

𝜕𝑢 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑦 2
(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 1+( )
𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 = 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 𝑥
= (− 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2) 𝑦 + (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2) 𝑥
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
2 2
(𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡 ) −(𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑡 )
= (𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡 )2 +(𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑡 )2
−2
= 𝑒 2𝑡 +𝑒 −2𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

 𝒅𝒖
4. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕 , 𝒛 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕 find .
𝒅𝒕

𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥, = 2𝑦, = 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 − 3𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 + 3𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2𝑧 + 3𝑦

Therefore,
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑧 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= 2𝑥(2𝑥) + 2𝑦(2𝑦 − 3𝑧) + 2𝑧(2𝑧 + 3𝑦)

= 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
= 4(𝑒 4𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡 )
= 8 𝑒 4𝑡
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
5. If 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒚𝒛), where 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒕 − 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝒕 find at 𝒕 = 𝟏.
𝒅𝒕

𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦𝑧)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦𝑧), = 𝑧𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑧) , 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑡2 𝑦 =𝑡−1 𝑧=
1
𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑡 =1 𝑑𝑧 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡

At 𝒕 = 𝟏,
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 2, = 1, = −1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 0, = 𝑒, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Therefore,
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
= 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑧 . 𝑑𝑡 = 0 + 𝑒. 1 + 0 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

 𝒅𝒖
6. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒕 then find .
𝒅𝒕

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥 + 𝑦, = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑡2 𝑦 = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑡 =3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Therefore,
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= (2𝑥 + 𝑦)2𝑡 + (𝑥 + 2𝑦)3

= (2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡)2𝑡 + (𝑡 2 + 6𝑡)3
= 4𝑡 3 + 6𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 2 + 18𝑡
= 4𝑡 3 + 9𝑡 2 + 18𝑡
𝒅𝒖
7. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 with 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 find using partial derivatives.
𝒅𝒕

𝑢 = 𝑥3𝑦2 + 𝑥2𝑦 3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 , = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑎𝑡 = 𝑦 = 2𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Therefore,
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 )𝑦 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )2𝑎

= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 4 + 4𝑎𝑥 3 𝑦 + 6𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= 3𝑎2 𝑡 4 . 8𝑎3 𝑡 3 + 2𝑎𝑡 2 . 16𝑎4 𝑡 4 + 4𝑎. 𝑎3 𝑡 6 . 2𝑎𝑡 + 6𝑎. 𝑎2 𝑡 4 . 4𝑎2 𝑡 2
= 8𝑎5 𝑡 6 (3𝑡 + 4 + 𝑡 + 3)
= 8𝑎5 𝑡 6 (4𝑡 + 7)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

 𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒖
8. If 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 , where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 find .
𝒅𝒕

𝑥
𝑢 = sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 1 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑦 cos 𝑦 , = − 𝑦 2 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡, = 𝑒𝑡 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡 , = 2𝑡𝑒 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑦
𝑑𝑡

Therefore,
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= (𝑦 cos 𝑦 ) 𝑥 + (− 𝑦 2 cos 𝑦 ) 2𝑡𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
= (1 − 2𝑡) 𝑦 cos 𝑦
2 2
= (1 − 2𝑡)(𝑒 𝑡−𝑡 cos 𝑒 𝑡−𝑡 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

 2.5 Partial derivatives of composite functions
Introduction
❖ If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞) where 𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦)and 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑥, 𝑦) then 𝑧 is a composite function of 𝑥 and
𝑦. Partial derivatives of composite function 𝑧 are given by

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞
= 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞
= 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦

❖ If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟) where 𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑥, 𝑦) then 𝑧 is a composite

function of 𝑥 and 𝑦. Partial derivatives of composite function 𝑧 are given by

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= + + ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧

𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
1. If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚), where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝒆−𝒗 , 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒖 − 𝒆𝒗 then P.T. − 𝝏𝒗 = 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 − 𝒚 𝝏𝒚.
𝝏𝒖

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑒𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑒 −𝑣 = −𝑒 𝑣
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 = = (𝑒 𝑢 ) + (−𝑒 −𝑢 ) ----- (1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= + = (−𝑒 −𝑣 ) + (−𝑒 𝑣 ) ----- (2)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

(1) − (2) gives,

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
− 𝜕𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑣 ) + 𝜕𝑦 (−𝑒 −𝑢 + 𝑒 𝑣 )
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= (𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑣 ) 𝜕𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑣 ) 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
2. If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚), where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒗 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒗 then P.T. 𝒚 𝝏𝒖 + 𝒙 𝝏𝒗 = 𝒆𝟐𝒖 𝝏𝒚.

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣 = 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣 = −𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝑦 𝜕𝑢 = 𝑦 {𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢}
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦 {𝜕𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦)}
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 ---- (1)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 𝜕𝑣 = 𝑥 {𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 }
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 {𝜕𝑥 (−𝑦) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥)}
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 ---- (2)

(1) +(2) gives,

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= (𝑒 2𝑢 cos2 𝑢 + 𝑒 2𝑢 sin2 𝑣) 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑒 2𝑢 𝜕𝑦

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25

 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
3. If 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒚 , 𝒚 − 𝒛 , 𝒛 − 𝒙) then prove that 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎.

𝑝 =𝑥−𝑦 𝑞 =𝑦−𝑧 𝑟 =𝑧−𝑥

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑟
=1 =0 = −1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑟
= −1 =1 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑟
=0 = −1 =1
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑝 (1) + 𝜕𝑞 (0) + 𝜕𝑟 (−1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑝 − 𝜕𝑟 ---- (1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑝 (−1) + 𝜕𝑞 (1) + 𝜕𝑟 (0)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑞 − 𝜕𝑝 ---- (2)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑝 (0) + 𝜕𝑞 (−1) + 𝜕𝑟 (1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= − 𝜕𝑞 ---- (3)
𝜕𝑟

(1) + (2) + (3) gives,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = − 𝜕𝑞 + 𝜕𝑞 − 𝜕𝑟 + 𝜕𝑟 − 𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝

=0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

 𝟏 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒖
4. If 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 , 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 , 𝟒𝒛 − 𝟐𝒙) then prove that 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 + 𝟑 𝝏𝒚 + 𝟒 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎.

𝑝 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑞 = 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 𝑟 = 4𝑧 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑟
=2 =0 = −2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑟
= −3 =3 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑟
=0 = −4 =4
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Therefore,
1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 2 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥}
2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2 {𝜕𝑝 (2) + 0 + 𝜕𝑟 (−2)}
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑝 − 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 3 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦}
3 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= { (−3) + (3) +} 0
3 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑞 − 𝜕𝑝
1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 4 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧}
4 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 4 {0 + 𝜕𝑞 (−4) + 𝜕𝑟 (4)}
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= − 𝜕𝑞
𝜕𝑟

(1) + (2) + (3) gives,

1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ 3 𝜕𝑦 + 4 𝜕𝑧 = − 𝜕𝑟 + 𝜕𝑞 − 𝜕𝑝 + 𝜕𝑟 − 𝜕𝑞
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝

=0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27

 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
5. If 𝒖 = 𝒇 (𝒚 , 𝒛 , 𝒙) then prove that 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎. (May 22)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑝=𝑦 𝑞= 𝑟=𝑥
𝑧
𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
=𝑦 =0 = − 𝑥2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑝 𝑥 𝜕𝑞 1 𝜕𝑟
= − 𝑦2 =𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 1
=0 = − 𝑧2 =𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥}
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑧
= 𝑥 {𝜕𝑝 (𝑦) + 0 + 𝜕𝑟 (− 𝑥 2 )}
𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑦 𝜕𝑝 − 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 ---- (1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑦 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦}
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑦 {𝜕𝑝 (− 𝑦 2 ) + 𝜕𝑞 (𝑧) + 0}
𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢
= − 𝑦 𝜕𝑝 ---- (2)
𝑧 𝜕𝑞
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑧 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧}
𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑧 {0 + 𝜕𝑞 (− 𝑧 2) + 𝜕𝑟 (𝑥)}
𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 − 𝑧 𝜕𝑞 ----- (3)

(1) + (2) + (3) gives,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 x 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 y 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = y 𝜕𝑝 − 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 + z 𝜕𝑞 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑝 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 − 𝑧 𝜕𝑞

=0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28

 𝒚−𝒙 𝒛−𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
6. If 𝒖 = 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝒚 , ) then prove that 𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒛𝟐 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎.
𝒛𝒙

𝑦−𝑥 1 1 𝑧−𝑥 1 1
𝑝= =𝑥−𝑦 𝑞= =𝑥−𝑧
𝑥𝑦 𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑞 1
= − 𝑥2 = − 𝑥2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑞
= 𝑦2 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 1
=0 = 𝑧2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Therefore,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞
𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 2 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑥 }
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑥 2 {𝜕𝑝 (− 𝑥 2 ) + 𝜕𝑞 (− 𝑥 2 )}
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= − 𝜕𝑝 − 𝜕𝑞 ---- (1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞
𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑦 2 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦}
𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑦 2 {𝜕𝑝 (𝑦 2) + 0}
𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑝 ---- (2)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞
𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑧 2 {𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 }
𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑧 2 {0 + 𝜕𝑞 (𝑧 2)}
𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑞 ---- (3)

(1) + (2) + (3) gives,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 = − 𝜕𝑝 − 𝜕𝑞 + 𝜕𝑝 + 𝜕𝑞 = 0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝟏 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
7. If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚), 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 then P.T. (𝝏𝒙) + (𝝏𝒚) = (𝝏𝒓) + 𝒓𝟐 (𝝏𝜽)

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
= cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 = sin 𝜃 =
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑟 sin 𝜃 = −𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2
(𝜕𝑟) = (𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 )

𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 2
= {𝜕𝑥 (𝑟 ) + 𝜕𝑦 ( 𝑟 )}

1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
= 𝑟 2 {𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦} ----- (1)

1 𝜕𝑧 2 1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2
( ) = 𝑟 2 {𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃}
𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃

1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
= 𝑟 2 {−𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑦} ----- (2)

(1) + (2) gives,

𝜕𝑧 2 1 𝜕𝑧 2 1 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
(𝜕𝑟) + ( ) = 𝑟 2 {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (𝜕𝑥) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (𝜕𝑦) }
𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
= (𝜕𝑥) + (𝜕𝑦) [∵ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 ]

Home work:

8. If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗), 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 then prove that

𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
(𝝏𝒙) + (𝝏𝒚) = 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) [(𝝏𝒖) + (𝝏𝒗) ]

𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
9. If 𝒖 = 𝒇 (𝒙𝒛, 𝒛 ) then prove that 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 − 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 − 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎.

𝒙 𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
10. If 𝒖 = 𝒇 (𝒛 , 𝒛 ) then prove that 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30

 2.6 Jacobians
Introduction:

❖ If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of two independent variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 then

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑢,𝑣 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦
= |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
| (OR) 𝐽 (𝑥,𝑦) = | 𝑣 𝑣𝑦 |
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
❖ If 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 are functions of three independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 then
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑧
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) | 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 | 𝑢,𝑣
= (OR) 𝐽 (𝑥,𝑦) = | 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧 |
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝑤𝑥 𝑤𝑦 𝑤𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Problems:

𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
1. If 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 then prove that 𝝏(𝒓,𝜽) = 𝒓.

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Therefore, 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
|
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
=| | = 𝑟 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑟
−𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
2. If 𝒙 = 𝒖(𝟏 − 𝒗), 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗 then find 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) .

𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=1−𝑣 =𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑢 =𝑢
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
Therefore, 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) = | 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
|
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

1−𝑣 𝑣
=| | = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢
−𝑢 𝑢

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 31

 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
3. If 𝒙 = 𝒖(𝟏 − 𝒗), 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒗 then find .
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)

𝑦
𝑢 =𝑥+𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑥+𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑦
=1 = − (𝑥+𝑦)2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑥+𝑦−𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= (𝑥+𝑦)2 = (𝑥+𝑦)2
𝜕𝑦
=1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Therefore, 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 |
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
𝑦
1 − (𝑥+𝑦)2
=| 𝑥 |
1 (𝑥+𝑦)2
𝑥 𝑦
= (𝑥+𝑦)2 + (𝑥+𝑦)2
1
= 𝑥+𝑦

4. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙, 𝒘 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 then prove that

𝒖, 𝒗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘 are functionally dependent.

𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑤 =𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= 2𝑥 =𝑦+𝑧 =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= 2𝑦 =𝑥+𝑧 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= 2𝑦 =𝑥+𝑦 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
= |𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 𝑤𝑦 |
𝑢𝑧 𝑣𝑧 𝑤𝑧
2𝑥 𝑦+𝑧 1
=|2𝑦 𝑧+𝑥 1|
2𝑧 𝑥+𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦+𝑧1
= 2 |𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦0|
𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑧0
𝑥 𝑦+𝑧 1
= 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑧) |−1 1 0|
−1 1 0
=0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 32

 Therefore, 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 are functionally dependent.
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗,𝒘)
5. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑 , 𝒗 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛, 𝒘 = 𝟐𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚, evaluate at (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟎).
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
(May 22)

𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑧 3 𝑣 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑤 = 2𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
=1 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = −𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= 6𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 𝑧 = −𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
= −3𝑧 2 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 4𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
= |𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 𝑤𝑦 |
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
𝑢𝑧 𝑣𝑧 𝑤𝑧
1 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 −𝑦
= | 6𝑦 4𝑥 2 𝑧 −𝑥 |
−3𝑧 2 4𝑥 2 𝑦 4𝑧
At (1, −1, 0),
1 0 1
= |−6 0 −1| = 20
0 −4 0
𝒙𝒚 𝒚𝒛 𝒛𝒙 𝒖,𝒗,𝒘
6. If 𝒖 = ,𝒗 = ,𝒘 = find 𝑱 ( 𝒙,𝒚,𝒛 ) [Jan 17
𝒛 𝒙 𝒚

𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥
𝑢= 𝑣= 𝑤=
𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑤 𝑧
= = − 𝑥2 =𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝑧 𝜕𝑤 𝑧𝑥
=𝑧 =𝑥 = − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝑥
= − 𝑧2 =𝑥 =𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑤𝑥
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
= |𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 𝑤𝑦 |
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
𝑢𝑧 𝑣𝑧 𝑤𝑧
𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧
− 𝑥2
𝑧 𝑦
𝑥 𝑧 𝑧𝑥
= || 𝑧 𝑥
− 𝑦 2 ||
𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
− 𝑧2 𝑥 𝑦
𝑦𝑧 −𝑦𝑧 𝑦𝑧
1
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑧 2 | 𝑧𝑥 −𝑧𝑥 −𝑧𝑥 |
−𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 33

 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
𝑥2 𝑦2𝑧 2
= 𝑥2 𝑦2𝑧 2 | 1 1 −1| = | 1 1 −1| = 4
−1 1 1 −1 1 1
𝒙,𝒚,𝒛
7. If 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓, 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓, 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 find 𝑱 (𝒓,𝜽,𝝓) [July 16

𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin 𝜙 = cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 = −𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 =0
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙

𝑥𝑟 𝑦𝑟 𝑧𝑟
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
𝑥
=| 𝜃 𝑦𝜃 𝑧𝜃 |
𝜕(𝑟,𝜃,𝜙)
𝑥𝜙 𝑦𝜙 𝑧𝜙
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃
= | 𝑟 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 0 |
−𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 −𝑟 sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃
2
= 𝑟 sin 𝜃 |cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − sin 𝜃|
− sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 0
= 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 {cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃) + sin 𝜃 (sin 𝜃) − 1(0)}
= 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
8. If 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒖𝒗 = 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒖𝒗𝒘 = 𝒛 find 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗,𝒘). [Jan 16,

𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=1−𝑣 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑤 = 𝑣𝑤
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑢 = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑤 = 𝑢𝑤
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=0 = −𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤

𝑥𝑢 𝑦𝑢 𝑧𝑢
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
= | 𝑥𝑣 𝑦𝑣 𝑧𝑣 |
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
𝑥𝑤 𝑦𝑤 𝑧𝑤
1 − 𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑤 𝑣𝑤
= | −𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑤 𝑢𝑤 |
0 −𝑢𝑣 𝑢𝑣
1 − 𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑤 𝑣𝑤
= 𝑢2 𝑣 | −1 1−𝑤 𝑤|
0 −1 1
1 − 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣𝑤
2
= 𝑢 𝑣 | −1 1 𝑤 | , 𝑐2 → 𝑐2 + 𝑐3
0 0 1
Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 34
 = 𝑢2 𝑣(1 − 𝑣 + 𝑣)
= 𝑢2 𝑣
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
9. If 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒗 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒗 then find 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗).

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑣
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
Therefore, 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) = | 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
|
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣

𝑒 cos 𝑣 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣
𝑢
=| |
−𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑣 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑣
cos 𝑣 sin 𝑣
= 𝑒 2𝑢 | |
− sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣
= 𝑒 2𝑢
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
10. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 – 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 find 𝝏(𝒓,𝜽)

𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 = cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −2𝑦 = 2𝑥 = −𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 | = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
|
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

2𝑥 2𝑦 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
=| | =| |
−2𝑦 2𝑥 −𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
= 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 4𝑟 2 = 𝑟 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑟
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
Therefore, 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) = 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) × 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) = 4𝑟 2 × 𝑟 = 4𝑟 3

Home work:
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
11. If 𝑢 = 1−𝑥𝑦 and 𝑣 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 find 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) . Ans: 0

𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
12. If 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 show that =𝜌
𝜕(𝜌,𝜙,𝑧)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 35