DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

- A computer is an electronic device that helps people perform

different tasks.
- an electronic device for storing and processing
data, typically in binary form, according to
instructions given to it in a variable program.

Since the 1940s, the computer has dramatically

changed our way of life. We are in the dawn of
the new age—the INFORMATION AGE. It changes our way of living, thinking, and
working. Like the industrial age, the information age causing massive changes in the
society.
Computers are everywhere- in our home, in offices, in the malls, in the school, in any
place you go. It is a must for work and even for play. WE all depend on them. There
will be so many “hows” if we put them aside. Just imagine how poor the services will
be, especially in the government if we don’t have computers.
But why are there so many people who are afraid of the computers? Even in
business many people who deal with computers daily may experience some form of
CYBERPHOBIA- fear of computers. The reason behind there is they maybe afraid if some
error arise, another is they are computer illiterate, they are intimidated (become
panic), invasion of privacy, and depersonalization.
Because of the availability of inexpensive, powerful and easier to use personal
computers is reducing the intimidating factor. A lot of people are now studying
computers. More and more people are becoming computer literate. Being computer
literate is does not mean that you need to be expert with computers. It means that
you are aware of the importance, versatility, pervasiveness and their potential for
fostering good and evil.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
4 BASIC PERIODS BEFORE THE COMPUTER AGE
Pre-Mechanical
Mechanical
Electro-Mechanical
Electronic

1. THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE--- 3000- B.C.- 1450 A.D.

Writing and Alphabets---communication.

Firs t human communicated only through speaking and simple

drawings knows as PETROGLYTHS (Signs or simple figures
carved in rock). IDEOGRAPHS (symbols to represent ideas or
concepts)

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Starting in 3100 B.C the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (southern Iraq) devised
CUNEIFORM- the first true written language and the first real INFORMATION
SYSTEM. Pronounced “coo-nay-eh-form”. They are using pictographs like star, head
and water.
Early pictographic tablet (3100 B. C) Petroglythic image

In 2800 B.C pictographs were

turned on their sides
In 2500 B.C. developed the
pictographs into actual
cuneiform symbols

Around 2000 B.C. Phoenicians

created symbols that
expressed single syllables and
consonants. (the first true alphabet), The Greek later adopted the Phoenicians
alphabet and added vowels, the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create
alphabet we use today.

The early alphabet to modern alphabet A cuneiform Tablet

Paper and Pens- input technologies

Sumerian’s input technology was a STYLUS that could scratch marks in wet clay.
Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant at about 2600 B.C.
Chinese made paper from rags on which modern-day paper making is based.

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 Stylus papyrus papyrus plant chinese paper

Books and Libraries- output technologies

Mesopotamia’s Religious leaders in kept the earliest books

Egyptian kept scrolls.
Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves
and bind together

scroll
The First Numbering Systems

Egyptian system: the number 1-9 as vertical lines, the

number 10 as loop, the number 100 as a coiled rope,
and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.

The first numbering systems similar to those in use today

were invented between 100 and 200 A.D by Hindus in
India who created a nine digit numbering system.

Around 875 A.D the concept of zero was developed

Egyptian Number system

The First Calculators: The Abacus-

One of the very first information
processors.

The abacus was man’s first recorded

adding machine. It was in 500 B.C. when the abacus was
invented in Babylonia, then popularized in China, the abacus is an ancient computing
device constructed of sliding beads on small wooden rods, strung on a wooden
frame. You could call the abacus the first Calculator.

2. MECHANICAL AGE (1450-1840)

The First Information Explosion

Johan Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany; c. 1387-1468)- invented the movable metal type
printing process in 1450.

The First general purpose computers

John Napier introduces logarithms, the logs allow multiplication and division to be
reduced to addition and subtraction.

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Wilhelm Shickard, a professor at the University of Tubingen, Germany, invents the first
mechanical calculator;
William Oughtred- invented the slide rule.
Blaise Pascal- invented the mechanical calculation machine called Pascalinethat made
out of clock gears and levers and could solve basic mathematical problems like
addition and substaction.

Gutenberg John Napier

ShickardOughtred

Gottfried Leibniz-a German mathematician, invented a machine called the stepped

reckoner that could multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers yielding up to 16 digit
number.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard- developed an automatic loom that was controlled by punched
cards.
Charles Babbage-(FATHER OF COMPUTER) invented the first modern computer design:
a steam powered adding machine called “the difference engine” and the “analytical
engine” that took information from punched cards to solve and print complex
mathematical operations.
Ada Augusta Lovelace- writer of the first program for Babbage’s Difference Engine. She
is the first computer programmer.

Leibneiz

Babbage Engine
Pascal
3. ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840-1940)

The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this
period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.
The beginning of Telecommunication
Voltaic Battery

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Telegraph
Telephone and Radio
Voltaic Battery- the first electric battery, known as the voltaic pile, was invented in 1800
by Alessandro Volta.
Telegraph- Samuel F.B. Morse conceived of his version of an electromagnetic telegraph
in 1832 and constructed an experimental version in 1835. He did not construct a
truly practical system until 1844, when he built a line from Baltimore to Washington.

Voltaic battery Telegraph

Telephone and Radio- In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell. Developed the first working
telephone and transmitted his now famous quotation “Watson, come here, I want
you.”
In 1894, Guglielmo Marconi discovered that electrical waves travel through space and
can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated.
George Boole-develops binary algebra. This became known as Boolean algebra and
became important in the 20th century when binary computer were developed.

Electromechanical Computing

Pehr and EdvardScheutz complete their tabulating Machine, capable of processing

fifteen-digit numbers, printing out results, and rounding off to eight digits.
Dorr Felt devices the Comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator.
Felt’s Comptograph, containing a built in printer, is introduced.
Herman Hollerith- the first person to successfully used
punch card- specifically used for census. In 19th
century the people in United States was so large, it
took seven years to count them all. The Census
Bureau held a contest to find fastest adding machine.
Hollerith won the contest and the census finished for
just 2 ½ years only. He was then considered as the
father of information processing. He then went on to
found the Tabulating Machine Company which later
became Computer Tabulating Recording Company
and at present became the International Business
Machine Corporation or IBM.
Hollerith machine
4. ELECTRONIC AGE (1941-PRESENT)

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Z3- the first programmable computer built by KonradZuse.
Mark 1- the first stored program computer built by Howard Aiken
ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)- the first computer use electricity in the form of
vacuum tubes and was built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942.

Z3 Computer Mark 1 ( 8 ft tall, 51 ft. long, 2 ft. thick, 5 tons weigh,

750,000 parts , 500 miles of wires)

2 AREAS OF COMPUTER USE

Graphics- layouting and designing

Commerce-buisness
Energy- to locate oil, natural gas, coal and uranium
Transportation- used to run rapid transit transit, railroads, airport takeoffs, schedule travel
Paperwork- sending email, newspaper or magazines, office documents
Money- ATM, credit card, department store
Government- SSS, tax collection, PCOS machine
Education- as a tool for teaching, libraries
Home- educational tool for children, online shopping
Health and Medicine- ICU, ultrasounds
Robotics- military, underwater, surveillance, doctor, paint spray
Science- DNA, experimental airplanes
Training- interactive trainings gives a new dimension to stimulations like full motion videos

4 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

1. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
General-Purpose Computers- this computer have the capability to do a variety of tasks
depending on the type of program or software that are provided.
Example: Personal Computer
Special-Purpose Computers- as the name implies, these machine are designed to
perform specific task.
Examples: ATM, Ultrasound machine, appliances

2. ACCORDING TO TYPE PROCESSING

Analog Computers- used for scientific, engineering and process-control purposes like
speedometer
Digital Computers- machines that specialize in counting like calculator

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Hybrid Computers- machine that incorporate the measuring capabilities if the analog
and digital computers which are used in working special types of problems in
science and various areas in engineering.

3. ACCORDING TO CAPACITY
Micro Computer
Mini Computer
Mainframe Computer
Supercomputers

1. Microcomputer
Microcomputer is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer
or PC, a computer designed for an individual. It uses microprocessor technology to
input, manipulate, store, and output data.

Business use personal computers for word processing, accounting desktop publishing,
and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the
most popular use for personal computer is for playing games.

Personal computers first appeared in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular
personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During
the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competing operating systems
seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with its first personal
computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer
of choice.

2 Classification of Microcomputers
Personal Computer or PC
Portable Computer

Personal Computers have become widely popular with

people of all lifestyles because they are powerful,
affordable and easy to use. Personal Computers are
various sizes and design. Below are some of the
examples:

Portable computerinclude, laptops or notebooks, sub-notebook, tablet computer and

personal digital assistants. They are small
enough to move easily from on e place to
another and they can operate on batteries.
They are popular with the people who
travel and need computing power on the
go.

2. Minicomputer

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A midsize computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstation and
mainframes. In general, a minicomputer is a multi processing system capable of
supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.

3. Mainframe Computer
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even
thousands of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple
microprocessor at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top,
mainframes are just below supercomp0uters. In some ways, mainframes are more
powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous
programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a
mainframe. The distinction between small mainframes and minicomputers is vague,
depending really on how the manufacturer wants to market its machines.

4. Supercomputer

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other
uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations,
nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

Micro computer Mini Computer Mainframe Super Computer

THE FOUR GENERATION OF COMPUTER

First Generation Computer (The Vacuum Tube) 1951-1958

Second Generation Computer (The Transistor) 1959-1963
Third Generation Computer ( The Integrated Circuit or IC) 1963-1974
Fourth Generation Computer (The Microprocessor) 1979- to present

1ST GENERATION- VACUUM TUBE (1951-1958)

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They were large, slow, expensive and produced a lot of
heat. In addition, first generation computers often
broken down because of burned-out vacuum tube. It
needed many experts to operate them. In fact, when
these computers were running, people stood by with
shopping carts full of replacement tubes.

ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) – developed by Presper Eckert

and John Mauchly was the first operational electronic digital computer for US Army.
ENIAC had 18,000 vacuum tubes that could fit in a modern wristwatch for today.

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)- first commercially available electronic

computer and used first in US Census Bureau.

The first generation were using Machine language programming. Which is using
numbers for programs.

2ND GENERATION- TRANSISTOR(1959-1963)

Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could

be used in the design of a device called a transistor.

John Barden, Walter Brattain and William Shockley-

invented the transistor.
Transistors were smaller, faster, cheaper, required less
power, and produced less heat than vacuum tube.

Development of FORTRAN (FORMULA TRANSLATION) and COBOL (Common Business

Oriented Language).

FORTRAN-is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially

suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by
IBM at their campus in south San Jose, California in the 1950s for scientific and
engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early
on and has been in continual use for over half a century in computationally intensive
areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational
fluid dynamics, computational physics and computational chemistry.

COBOL-The COBOL specification was created by a committee of researchers from

private industry, universities, and government during the second half of 1959. The
specifications were to a great extent inspired by the FLOW-MATIC language
invented by Grace Hopper

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The 2nd generation were using assembly language programming. Which is using
abbreviation for programs.

3RD GENERATION- INTEGRATED CIRCUIT OR IC (1963-1974)

The integrated circuit is single wafer or chip that

can hold many transistors and electronic
circuits. IC were faster, offered improved
memory, and reduced the price of computers.
Today,, integrated circuits are everywhere. From
personal computers, to microwave ovens, to
pagers, it has forever changed technology.

The chip may be less than 1/8 inc square and

contain thousands and millions of electronic components.

Robert Noyce-(one of the inventors of the integrated circuit) and others.

4TH GENERATION- MICROPROCESSOR (1979- TO PRESENT)

Intel Corporation designed the first tiny computer

on a chip, it was called a microprocessor which
has made computers the fastest and the most
powerful they have ever been.

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon. It contains

thousands, or even millions of transistors, which are interconnected via superfine
traces of aluminum. The transistors work together to store and manipulate data so
that the microprocessor can perform a wide variety of useful functions.

One of the most common tasks microprocessors performs is to serve as the Brains inside
personal computers, but they deliver “intelligence” countless other devices as well.

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3 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER

1. System Unit
2. Output devices
3. Input Devices

These components work together like a team to complete tasks. The system unit acts
like the center or core, processing the data and information it receives from input
devices, output devices—like printers—received the system unit’s processed
information (data).

1. SYSTEM UNIT- the core of a computer is responsible for processing and storing data
and controls all computer functions. It is the system unit that raw data is processed
into information.

The basic parts of system units:

1. Power supply
2. CPU- (Central Processing Unit) the device that
interprets and executes instructions.
3. Motherboard- the most important component of computer, the largest board of the
computer and all peripherals (CPU, BIOS, memory, ports and etc.) are being
connected to the motherboard
4. CD Rom-
5. Hard drive
6. System case- the plastic and metal box that houses components
7. Expansion slot-are located at the back of the computer. Other slots are use to plug
more devices

2. OUTPUT
DEVICES-is any peripheral device that presents, displays,
alters, or records output after it has left a computer’s
system unit.
Examples: computer speaker, monitor, printer

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 3. INPUT DEVICES- an input device is any
peripheral appliance that generates input for
the computer and allows users to enter
information into the computer to be processed.
Examples: keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner,
digital camera, graphic tablet, joy stick

THE COMPUTER MEMORY

THE COMPUTER MEMORY- A computer’s memory is like a person’s memory, the more
it has the more it can remember.

The two fundamental types of memory

1. Main memory- is where programs and data are kept when the
processors is actively using them. It is sometimes called RAM
(Random Access Memory).

2. Secondary memory -refers to storage devices, such

as hard drives and solid state drives. It may also
refer to removable storage media, such as USB flash
drives, CDs, and DVDs.
Unlike main memory, secondary memory is not
accessed directly by the CPU. Instead, data accessed from
secondary memory is first loaded into RAM and is then sent to
the processor. The RAM plays an important intermediate role,
since it provides much faster data access speeds than
secondary memory. By loading software programs and files into
primary memory, computers can process data much more quickly.
While secondary memory is much slower than primary memory, it typically offers far
greater storage capacity. For example, a computer may have a one terabyte hard drive, but
only 16 gigabytes of RAM. That means the computer has roughly 64 times more secondary
memory than primary memory. Additionally, secondary memory is non-volatile, meaning it
retains its data with or without electrical power. RAM, on the other hand, is erased when a
computer is shut down or restarted. Therefore, secondary memory is used to store "permanent
data," such as the operating system, applications, and user files.
Common Secondary Memory
1. Flask Disk
2. Hard disk
3. Compact disk

Units of Measurement for

Storage

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 Kilobytes (KB)- is equivalent to 1024 bytes.
Megabyte (MB)- is equivalent to 1 million bytes.
Gigabyte (GB)- equivalent to 1 billion bytes.
Terabytes (TB)- equivalent to 1 trillion bytes.

BINARY

In mathematics and computer science, the binary numeral system,

or base-2 numeral system, represents numeric values using two symbols:
typically 0 and 1. More specifically, the usual base-2 system is a positional
notation with a radix of 2. Numbers represented in this system are
commonly called binary numbers. Because of its straightforward
implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary
system is used internally by almost all modern computers and computer-based
devices such as mobile phones.An hour of music can be stored on a compact disc
using about 6 billion binary digits.
HISTORY OF BINARY

The Indian scholar Pingala (around 5th–2nd centuries BC) developed

mathematical concepts for describing prosody, and in doing so presented the first known
description of a binary numeral system. He used binary numbers in the form of short and long
syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), making it similar to Morse code.

So the PURPOSE OF BINARY CODEis to issue human readable code, changed to

machine code (binary) that the computer understands and can execute the
instructions.

Data representation

Bit- the smallest unit of information. It consists of 0’s and 1’s

Byte/Character-collection of bits. It consists of 8 bits that is equal to 1 byte. Each byte
may represent one character of data- a letter, digit or special character. The
memory capacity of computer is expressed in terms of bytes it can hold. The number
of bytes is expressed as Kilobytes or equivalent to 1024.

Example: if your computer memory is 640 KB, then it can store 640 x 1024 =655,360
bytes.

BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

The binary (base two) numeral system has two possible values, often represented as 0 or 1, for
each place-value. In contrast, the decimal (base ten) numeral system has ten
possible values (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, or 9) for each place-value.

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example: 10112 = 1110

1 30 21 11 0

=1x20 + 1x21 + 0x22 + 1x23

=1x1 + 1x2 + 0 + 1x8
= 1 + 2 + 0 + 8
answer = 1110
HARDWARE

HARDWARE- all the physical equipment and machinery

associated with the computer system. It is the parts of the
computer that you can see and touch. It is the computer
itself. It refers to the physical parts or components of a
computer such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data
storage, hard drive disk, mouse, CPU (graphic cards, sound
cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc.

3 Basic operation of computer

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

1. Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices.
Examples of Input devices
1. keyboard,
2. touch devices,
3. scanning devices,
4. voice recognition devices
5. audio input devices
6. video input devices
7. electronic cameras
8. sensors
9. magnetic stripe
10. optical cards.
11. Bar code reader

2. Processing: The CPU or central processing

unit is sometimes called the Control Unit and
directs the operation of the input and output
devices. The information is processed by the
computer processor (CPU), which performs
data calculations, data comparisons, and data

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 copying with the information from the processing devices. The CPU then saves that
information to the computer memory (RAM).
Diagram of Computer Operation

3. Output: Output Devices displays information on the screen (monitor) or the printer and
sends information to other computers. It provides the user a view of information in a
hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy refers to a printed output in paper, film or in
other tangible format. Softcopy refers to an output that appears on screen, or audio or
voice form.

SOFTWARE

Just as an automobile without the a driver is useless, a

computer without software is useless. The software provides
the commands that tell the hardware what task to perform,
what to read and write, how to send the end result to a
monitor and/or printer. Software is the programs and data
that a computer uses. Software is kept on some hardware
device such as hard disk or floppy disk, but itself is
intangible.

Software consist of both program and data. Programsare list of instructions for the processor.
Datacan be any information that a program needs.

Examples of Computer data:

1. character data ( a-z alphabets)

2. numerical data (0-9 numbers)
3. image data (pictures or video)
4. audio data (music, voice recorded)

KINDS OF SOFTWARE
1. Application software
2. System software
3. General-Purpose software

1. GENERAL PURPOSE SOFTWARE- Most general-

purpose software is sold as a package. The
advantage would be that it should solve that
particular problem well, because it was designed
just for that purpose like productivity software for
spreadsheets, word processing, databases software.

Examples: word processor, spreadsheet, database, presentation software, web browser

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 2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE- is designed and written to
perform specific personal, business, or scientific
processing tasks, such as payroll processing, order
entry or financial analysis.

Examples: accounting software, enterprise

software, graphics software, media
players, and office suites.

3. SYSTEM SOFTWARE- is usually independent of any general purpose software package or

any specific application area. This software
controls the computer and runs
applications. It keep all the hardware and
software running together smoothly.

Examples: DOS, Windows, Mac OS, Linux,

Unix
PROGRAMMING

A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the

hardware of a computer what operations to perform
on data. Programs can be built into the hardware
itself, or they may exist independently in a form
known as software.

In some specialized embedded, computers, the

operating instructions are contained in their
circuitry, common examples are the microcomputers
found in calculators, wristwatches, automobile
engines and microwave ovens.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

A programming language is a formal language designed to communicate instructions to a

machine, particularly a computer.

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 GENERATION OF LANGUAGES

1. Machine Language-first generation

2. Assembly Language-second generation
3. High Level Languages-third generation
4. 4GL& 5GL -fourth generation and fifth generation language

1. MACHINE LANGUAGE- the programmer must input every

command and all data in binary form, and basic operation
such as comparing the contents of a register data in a memory
chip might look like this: 10011000111000111.

2. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE- they shorten and simplify

the process by assigning a short usually three letter
mnemonic code to reach machine language
command.

3. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES- often used words that are more

like the English language (List, Print, Open) as commands
that might stand for a sequence of tens or hundreds of
machine language instructions.

4. 4GL & 5GL - are even closer to natural languages is to rely

on graphical user interface (GUI) featuring symbolic icons
and drag-and-drop technique and English like statements.

SOFTWARE CATEGORY

1. Open System- software can be modified for use with any hardware. It is not
exclusive property or design of a particular vendor. For example, UNIX is the first

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 operating system that works on minicomputers and PCs. Its inner working are
available to public and anyone can adapt it or develop application to work with it,
2. Proprietary- software products are designed for particular systems and cannot be
used with other hardware. It inner working are protected information. Proprietary
software or closed source software is computer software licensed under exclusive
legal right of the copyright holder with the intent that the licensee is given the right
to use the software only under certain conditions, and restricted from other uses,
such as modification, sharing, studying, redistribution, or reverse engineering
Usually the source code of proprietary software is not made available.
For example, Apple computer and software for them have been proprietary products for
many years. Other examples: Microsoft Windows, Adobe Flash Player, PS3 OS,
iTunes, Adobe Photoshop, Google Earth, Mac OS X, Skype, WinRAR

NETWORKS
Networks are multiple computers
linked together to make simultaneous
information sharing and exchange by
multiple users. Computer network
make it possible for its connected user
to share tools, resources and
information. Resources include data,
printers, internet servers and software
applications. Each network, no matter
its size, is a vital communication and
data-sharing tool for business and organization worldwide. Network differ in their
number of connected computers, the distance between their users and their
construction and maintenance cost.

BASIC NETWORK CATEGORIES

LAN - Local Area Network

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WAN - Wide Area Network
OTHER TYPES OF NETWORK
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes
Small Area Network
CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area
Network
PAN - Personal Area Network
DAN - Desk Area Network
LAN and WAN were the original categories of area networks, while the others have
gradually emerged over many years of technology evolution.
LAN - Local Area Network
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office
building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one
building will contain a few small LANs
WAN - Wide Area Network
A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs As the term implies, a WAN
spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.

LAN
WAN WLAN

MAN SAN CAN

INTERNET

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 The Internet is a collection of computers
throughout the world which are connected
mostly using telephone lines for the purpose of
sharing information.

Historically, the Internet was used mainly by

government and educational institution. Today,,
the Internet is used by millions of people
including individuals, small and large businesses,
associations, schools, universities and
governments.
The most popular part of the Internet is the World Wide Web.

WHO OWNS THE INTERNET?

No organization, corporation or government owns or runs

the Internet. Instead, many people and organizations
voluntarily participate in task force groups who meet to
develop standards for the many various technical needs of
running the Internet.
NO one is in charge of the Internet. There are
organizations which develop technical aspects of this
network and set standards for creating applications on it,
but no governing body is in control. The internet backbone, through which Internet traffic
flows, is owned by private companies. All computers on the Internet communicate with one
another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite, abbreviated to
TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a client/server architecture. This means that the remote
server machine provides files and services to the users local client machine. Software can be
installed on a client computer to take advantage of the latest access technology.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET

Sometimes in the mid 1960’s during the Cold War, it became apparent that there was a
need for a bombproof communication system. A concept was devised to link computers
together throughout the country. With such a system in place large sections of the country
could be nuked and messages could still get through.
The internet was designed in part to provide a communication network that would
work even if some of the sites was were destroyed by nuclear attack. If the most direct route
was not available, routers would direct traffic around the network vial alternate routes.
The early Internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians.
There was nothing friendly about it. There were no home or office personal computers in those
days, and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or
librarian, had to learn to used a very complex system.

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ARPANET- (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was one of the world's first
operational packet switching networks, the first network to implement TCP/IP, and the
progenitor of what was to become the global Internet.

WHO USES THE INTERNET?

When the Internet began, it was restricted to university scientific researchers, who were
mostly men. But eventually the Internet grew, so people outside universities. The World Wide
Web grew to become a big worldwide library. “Reading in a library: appeals to women more
than men. E-mail grew to be a powerful force. Sending e-mail is like passing a note. “Writing,
reading, and passing notes.” Are activities that appeal to women more than men.

COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET

1. World Wide Web- is one of the protocols that lets you link to
many sites of the Internet.
2. E-mail- Electronic mail allows the computer users locally and
world to exchange messages.0
3. TELNET-is a program that allows you to log into computers on
the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat
services and more
4. FTP- stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and
the method used to transfer files between computers.
5. E-MAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS-this was a large community of
individual at home who carry out active discussions organized
around topic-oriented forums distributed by e-mail.
6. USENET NEWS- is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions of
computer users exchange information on a vast range of topics. The difference of
USENET to email is that the USENET messages are stored on central computers and can
be read and downloaded anytime by anyone.

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7. FAQ, RFC, FYI-
FAQ- Frequently Asked Questions.-these are periodic postings to Usenet newsgroups
that contains a wealth information related to the topic of the newsgroup.
RFC- Request for Comments- these are documents created by and distributed to help
define the nuts and bolts of the Internet.
FYI- For Your Information. These notes are a subset of RFCs and contain information of
interest to new Internet users.

WHAT CAN WE GET IN THE INTERNET? TOP LEVEL DOMAIN NAMES

com- commercial enterprise

1. E-mail edu- educational institution
2. Information gov- government entity
3. Group Discussion mil- military entity
4. Entertainment net- network access provider
org- usually nonprofit organizations
5. On line shopping
6. Free Programs (software)

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 FINAL TOPIC

WHAT IS COMPUTER VIRUS?

Computer viruses are called viruses because they share come of

the traits of geological viruses. A computer virus passes from computer
to computer like biological virus passes from person to person.
A computer virus is a program (a block of executable code) which
attached itself of, overwrites or replaces another program in order to
reproduce itself without the knowledge of the PC user.
Most viruses are comparatively harmless, and may be present for
years with no noticeable effect some, however, may cause
random damage to data files. Others cause unintended damage.
Even benign viruses(apparently non-destructive viruses) cause
significant damage by occupying disk space and or main memory,
by using CPU processing time and by the time and expense
wasted in detecting and removing them. Since computer viruses
are malicious malevolent software, they’re calledmalware.

HISTORY

Traditional computer viruses were first widely seen in the late 1980’s, and they came about
because of several factors.
1. The first factor was spread of personal computers.
2. The second factor was the use of computer bulletin boards.
3. The third factor that lead to the creation of the viruses was the floppy disk.
Fred Cohen- in 1983 he invented the first virus by experimenting a computer security.
Brain- in 1986 the first virus ran on PC.
Jerusalem virus- the first destructive virus that spread fast. It was noticed at the Hebrew
University at Israel.

2 MAIN TRICKS THAT VIRUS PROPAGATE

1. Trojan Horse- Homer’s epic poem. The Iliad, described how Greeks destroyed Troy by a
trick.: they persuaded the Trojans to accept a “gift” a gigantic wooden horse that
secretly contained Greek warriors, who then destroyed Troy.
2. Time bomb- if a virus damages your computer immediately, you will easily figure out
who sent the virus, and you can stop the perpetrator. To prevent such detection, clever
viruses are time bombs. They purposely delay damaging your computer until you’ve
accidentally transmitted the virus to another computer, then, several weeks or months

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 after you’ve been secretly infected and have secretly infected others, they suddenly
destroy your computer system.

Some virus symptoms

1. Slower operation
2. Decreased memory
3. Or a disk drive LED lighting up for no apparent reason

7 kinds of viruses
1. File virus examples: yankee doodle, die hard2, Chernobyl
2. Boot-sector virus examples: stoned, michaelangelo, monkey
3. Multipartite virus examples: SPAM, polymorphic virus, armored virus, one half
4. Macro virus examples: Melissa, Class, Thus
5. E-mail worm examples: pretty park, free link, love bug
6. Denial-of-service attack examples: Trin00, Tribe Flood Network
7. Hoax- examples: Good times, bad times, e-mail tax

ANTI VIRUS PROGRAMS

1. Norton Anti-Virus
2. McAfee Anti-Virus
3. Sophos Anti-Virus
4. AVG Anti-Virus
5. Kaspersky

WHY DO PEOPLE CREATE COMPUTER VIRUSES?

1. Some people think its funny to create mischief, by creating viruses.
2. Some people are angry (at dictatorships, at military, at big impersonal corporations,
at client who don’t pay bills, at lovers who rejected them, and at homosexuals)
3. Some people are intellectuals who want the challenge of trying to create a program
that replicates itself. Too often, the program replicates itself too well and too fast
and accidentally does more harm that the programmer intended.
4. Some people want to become famous (or infamous or influential) by inventing
viruses. They are the same kinds of people which who, as kids, wrote graffiti on
school walls and in bathrooms.

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