Prelims Reviewer

Subject:
FAR- Financial Accounting and Reporting- Libro to be print
Applied Economics- Gclassroom to be print
Art Appreciation- Gclassroom
Purposive Communication- ppt to be print
FILITWO- Sinesyodad- ppt to be print
Business Marketing- Lessons on the gclass
MathWorld- Integers on the yellow pad
NSTP 2- materials to be print
P. E. 2- materials to be print
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

The word communication has been derived from the Latin word “communis”,
which means common or to share.

Communication is a process of making connections with people through verbal

and nonverbal approach

Elements of the
Communication Process

Sender: encodes/sends the message to be sent. He/she formulates ideas,

thoughts, opinions or feelings in his/her mind

Channel: refers to the medium where the sender sends his/her message.

Receiver: is the person who decodes/receives the message. He/she gives feedback
to the sender.

Feedback: is the effect/impact of the communication activity. Listener’s response

can be verbal, nonverbal, or in written form.

Characteristics of Feedback

Intention
Specificity
Descriptions
Usefulness
Timeliness
Clarity
Validity and reliability
Noise: is the barrier or interference in the communication process. There are two
kinds of noise. These are internal and external noise. Internal noise
happens when something is bothering you. External noise is the noise or
interference in the surroundings

Models of Communication
Schramm’s Model of Communication
Aristotle’s Linear Model
Gatekeeper Model
Shannon and Weaver’s Model

Schramm’s Model of Communication- In 1954, Wilbur Schramm (1907-1987)

created a model showing that both sender and receiver can both
transmit and receive the message making it a cycle of communication.
It involves encoding where the sender translates the message and
decoding where the receiver creates meaning out of the sent message.

Aristotle’s Linear Model was proposed before 300 B.C. and was considered
to be the first communication model.
In this model, the speaker has the most vital role and the only active in
which made it known as the “speaker centered model”.
Speaker has the role to the audience which makes them passive and
influenced by the speech.

The gatekeeper model has its focus on the gatekeepers of persons who control the
information in the media industry.

This idea creates a two-step flow of communication as introduced by Paul

Lazarsfeld (1901-1976) and Elihu Katz (1926-Present).

In 1955, the gatekeepers are publishers and editors of newspapers, magazines,

journals, peer-reviewed publications and books; news personalities of broadcast
stations; and social media moderators and administrators.
 Shannon and Weaver model demonstrates the message that was encoded by the
sender and transfers it to the receiver through an industrial channel like telephone
and telegraph.

The message was converted by the sender into codes that are sent through a
medium. Decoding of messages was done by the receiver before understanding and
interpreting it.

Factors Affecting Communication

Communicator/ Sender

Message

Channel

Treatment of message

Audience/ Receiver

Feedback/ Audience Response

Noise

Problems in Communicaton

Language or code
Not listening
Overconfidence, egoism and complacency.
Insufficient information
Difference in thinking, perceptions, beliefs and prejudice.
Life positions: Essentially of proper mindset
Physical environment
Inarticulateness
 Types and Principles of

Communication

Types of Communication according to Mode:

Verbal Communication - refers to spoken words of the ability to deliver messages

orally. It is from the Latin word verbum which refers to word. This is a face-to-face
interaction or can be a mediated form of communication as in the case of video
conferencing or teleconferencing.

2. Non-Verbal Communication – the delivery of message through non-word

messages is the process of non-verbal communication.

Visual Communication – Visual communication, on the other hand, is the type of

communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages.

Types of Communication according to Context:

Intrapersonal Communication - The Latin prefix intra – means within or inside.

Intrapersonal communication then means talking to oneself. Some label it as self or
inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue.

2. Interpersonal Communication - As opposed to intra, the Latin prefix inter –

means between, among, and together. An interactive exchange takes place as
interpersonal communication takes place.

3. Extended Communication – Extended Communication involves the use of

electronic media.

4. Organizational Communication - With this type, the focus is on the role that
communication plays in organizational contexts. Organization compromise
individual who work for company.
 Four Approaches of Organizational Communication

Downward Communication a type of communication that flows from upper to

lower positions, i.e. from a superior to a subordinate.

Upward Communication is a type of flow is bottom-up in which the subordinates

send communication to their superior/boss bearing their views/feedbacks.

Horizontal Communication – is lateral in approach as it takes place among people

belonging to the same level.

Crosswise Communication -it is diagonal in nature as employees from different

units or department working at various levels communicate with each other.

Types of Communication according to Purpose and Style

Formal Communication - Employs formal language delivered orally or in written

form. Lectures, public talks/speeches, research and project proposal, reports, and
business letters among others are all considered formal situations and writings.

Informal Communication - It certainly does not employ formal language. It

involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members, or
acquaintances

Principles of Communication
1.The message directed is not certainly the message received.

2. Non communication is impossible.

3.Messages have content and feeling.

4.Nonverbal cues are realistic than verbal cues.

Communication Ethics- The National Communication Association has presented

the following principles of ethical communication:

1.Truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and

reason as essential to the integrity of

communication must be advocated.

2.Freedom of expression, diversity of

perspective, and tolerance of dissent to

achieve the informed and responsible

decision making fundamental to a civil

society should be recommended.

3.Respect and strive to understand other

communicators before evaluating and

responding to their messages.

4. Access to communication resources and

opportunities as necessary to fulfill human

potential and contribute to the well-being

of families, communities, and society

should be endorsed;

5.As well as the promotion for

communication climates of caring and

mutual understanding that respects the

unique needs and characteristics of

individual communicators.

6. Communication that degrades individuals

and humanity through distortion,

intimidation, coercion, and violence, and

through the expression of intolerance and

hatred must be condemned.

7. People needs to be committed to the

courageous expression of personal convictions

in pursuit of fairness and justice.

8. Advocacy in sharing information, opinions,

and feelings when facing significant choices

while also respecting privacy and

confidentiality should be implemented;

9. And we should accept responsibility for the

short- and long-term consequences for our

own communication and expect the same of

others because this can lead to a healthy and

lasting relationship

Week 3-4:

Language Register, Genre, and Style in Multi-Cultural Settings

Register - refers to the way a speaker uses language differently in different

situations.

5 types of register

formal-exists when there is a formal intercaction

consultative- happens when you are trying to ask advice on a professionak

casual- language that you use of your friends

intimate- communication that takes place who are in intimate relationship

frozen- graduation rights, as long as specific script is followed and unchangeable

Genre - refers to the convention of language use for specific purpose whether to
inform, convince, influence, or actuate any behavior.

Style - refers to a technique bound up with the communication presentation. It is

more based on aesthetic/artistic preferences; often, it is up to the personality, the
knowledge of the writer
Culture pertains to the characteristic of a particular group of people, defined by
everything including language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

The word culture was derived from the Latin root word cultural which means
“cultivation”. Human beings represent their experiences through symbols and
ideas that show distinct ways of how they live

Communication in Multi-Cultural Settings

Intercultural communication -Inter means between, while communication refers

to an exchange of information. Intercultural communication refers to the exchange
of information between people from different cultures

Barriers in Intercultural Communication

Assumption of similarities –some people thinks that humans are all alike,
disregarding of the fact that different people have different values , beliefs, and
traditions.

Language differences – Understanding language without referring to connotation

and context is a challenge in intercultural communication.

Non-verbal misinterpretation – different cultures can exhibit various non-verbal

patterns such as gestures, postures, and other body movements on their frames, of
reference have many interpretations.

Pre-conceptions and Stereotypes – when one culture is over generalized,

stereotypes arise. In some instances, people judge other people based on
stereotypical racial judgement.

Tendency to evaluate – similar to being pre-judgmental in making statements

regarding someone else’s actions, leading to a communication breakdown.

High anxiety – feelings of stress and tension affect how people behave period.
 Intercultural Communication Competence

Context – varied meaning of actions depending on cultural events and practices.

Appropriateness – behaviors that are acceptable and proper for the

expectations of any given culture.

Effectiveness – behaviors that lead to the desired outcome being achieved.

Knowledge – the vast information on the person’s culture in which another

is interacting with in order to interpret meanings and understand culture

general and culture specific cues.

Tools to improve Intercultural Communication Competence:

Interest – respect and positive regard of one culture to another

Orientation – terms people use to explain themselves and their perception of the
world.

Empathy – understanding the world as others do, placing one’s self in the shoes of
another of Interaction management – ability to regulate conversations.

Tolerance for ambiguity – ability to react to new cultural situations with little
discomfort.

Communication and Globalization Evaluating

Communication Messages

with a Purpose
Communication and Globalization

Globalization- Globalization can be defined in various ways:“the disappearance of

borders between nations and the rise and increase of international relations”

“The similarity of values among different cultures”; or “everybody and everything

together.”

International communication plays a great role in the process of globalization.

The Power of ICT in the Communication Process:

Information and Communication Technology - otherwise known as ICT, is the

combination of hardware and equipment, organizational structures and social
values through which individuals collect, process, and exchange information with
other individuals.

The word technology came from two Greek word techne and logos, which means
“art,” “skill,” “craft,” or “manner” and “word” respectively.

Everett Rogers (1986) defined technology as “a design for instrumental action that
reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a
desired outcome.”
 Social Media and Its Applications

Social media refers to the web-based and mobile communication applications that
lets people interact with each other and build networks.

Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein (2010) defined social media as a “group of
internet-based applications that built on the ideological and technological
foundations allowing the creation and exchange of user-generated content”.

Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) created a classification scheme for the different types
of social media:

Collaborative projects (e.g., Wikipedia), blogs, and

micro-blogs (e.g., Twitter)

Content communities (e.g., Youtube)

Social networking sites (e.g., Facebook)

Virtual game worlds (e.g., World of Warcraft)

Virtual social worlds (e.g., Second Life which include picture

sharing, vlogs, wall postings, email, instant messaging,

music-sharing, crowd-sourcing, and voice over IP, to name a

few)

Uses of Social Media: The 7 Cs

Communicating – the “conveying of information” as the main

function of social media.

Cause-support – social media can help solve societal problems

by raising awareness and advocate a stand regarding an issue.

Competitive – since 2007, competitions and contests in social

media has been a trend. Participation, judging process, and

announcement of winners all happen with social media sites for

the competition themselves are dependent on the functions of

sites like YouTube, Facebook and Twitter.

4. Communication research – social media can also be a venue

for online or internet-based research. Certain topics can be further

studied from different social media-based resource databases.

5. Connecting others – social media matches people together

based on similar interests. It also allows them to share off-site

contact information in a conversation, with trained moderators for

civil participation.

6. Client service – social media can be a place where people can

market goods or even file complaints to companies.

7. Community service – social media creates a sense of community by

“connecting others” by using shared interests to build communities without a third-
party platform.

Speech- means the communication used by people. It is the expression of ideas

and thoughts by means if articulate vocal sounds
Informative Speech-informs people or the audience

Sub-divided into types of comms

1. Descriptive Speech-public speaking that narrates about an object or event in a

way the audience is able to visualize the image that is portrated by the public
speaker

ex. highlight the tarsier in bohol, you would create a description, what they eat
basically their information

2. Demonstrative Speech- a form of informative speech where speakers purpose is

to teach the audience how to complete a process or task through a series of steps

ex. cooking sessions or tutorials, highlights process or procedures

3. Explanatory speech- it explains an idea, a process or event. It goes into detailes

related to a particular topic and simplify to an audience. It focus on how and why
rather than telling them about the subject

tell us a reason how its done

ex. it highlights process, speech about photosynthesis that shows its process

4. Definition Speech- explains the meaning of the specific topic that does not know
mmuch about. Topics may be general such as sport. The main of objective of this
speech is to educate audience

EX. theory of relativism, to know it by researching to define

Main learning styles of purposive Comms

1. Visual- information shown through visual aids, using text graphics, charts or
other media about a certain topic
2. Auditory- process information well when they hear it. prefer to hear or recite the
information

Ex. people that learns from listening

3. Kinesthetic- are tactile, they like to learn through movement or doing. THey
acquire information fastest when participating in a science lab, drama
presentation. Basically, they learn when they do things or exposed

Ex.

Argumentative Communication- when two people argue with each other about a
certain topic

1. Assertive Communication- Speaker is dominant and forceful in assertive

comms. He uses aggressiveness to accomplish personal objectives but creates
positive feelings at the same time. Straightforwarness either rude or sarcasm,
refusal of unreasonable demands

they may used rude words, individuals that are not open minded on a certain topic
they may shout, angry or violent. THey tend to refuse any other judgement

meaning BIAS diay sya KANI KAY RUDE WORDS RA

2. Hostility Communication- people use verbal and non verbal messages that
shows irritability, anger and doubt is a form of hostility.it includes quick temper,
little patience, exhibit moodiness. Hostiliy

meaning show indefferences to the people they dont agree with so they use bad or
rude verbal and non verbal languages that to the point they hurt that people in front
of the crowds KANI KAY GA INCLUDE NA TENDENCY NA MO ATTACK PHYSICALLY
OR VERBALLY HURT THE PERSON

EX. you may land on a hand or attack people physically, rude, resentment, violent
nadakpan sa police and do not cooperate which will they shows hostility, physical
violence

3. Verbal Aggresiveness- attacks the ideas of others rather their place in the issues
is verbal aggresiveness. Attacks on another person's self concept are considered
verbally aggresive.

ex. they attack you personally such as threats not on the issue you are talking about

Several types of attacks in verbally agressive communication this includes

Competence Attacks Teasing and Ridicule Attacks

Character Attacks Maledictions Threat

BUSSINESS MARKETING

Overview of Marketing

Marketing plays a pivotal role in the success and sustainability of any business.
It is not just a department within a company but a dynamic and multifaceted
business function that permeates every aspect of an organization. In this course,
we will explore the fundamental concepts that constitute the backbone of
marketing as a business function, shedding light on its evolution, key
components, and its profound impact on achieving overall business objectives.

Over the years, the concept of marketing has undergone a significant

transformation. Historically, businesses adhered to a production-oriented
approach, focusing on manufacturing efficiency. This evolved into a sales-
oriented mindset, where aggressive selling tactics took precedence. However,
the modern era heralded a paradigm shift towards market orientation,
emphasizing customer needs and preferences. Today, societal orientation
underscores the importance of not just meeting customer needs but also
contributing positively to society.

Key Components of the Marketing Mix (4Ps):

The marketing mix, often referred to as the 4Ps, constitutes the foundation of
marketing strategy. These four elements – Product, Price, Place, and Promotion
– are carefully orchestrated to meet the needs of target customers and create a
competitive advantage.

Product:

Understanding customer needs and developing products that meet those needs.
Product differentiation and innovation as strategic imperatives.

Price:

Strategic pricing to reflect product value and meet market demands.

Pricing strategies such as penetration pricing, skimming, and value-based
pricing.

Place:

Distribution channels and logistics for delivering products to consumers.

The importance of choosing the right distribution strategy based on the target
market.

Promotion:

Communication strategies to create awareness and persuade customers.

Utilizing advertising, public relations, sales promotions, and personal selling.

Market Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP):

A crucial aspect of marketing strategy involves breaking down the market into
segments, identifying target customers, and positioning the product or service in
a way that resonates with the intended audience. This process, known as
segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP), enables businesses to tailor their
marketing efforts for maximum impact and relevance.
The Role of Marketing in Achieving Business Objectives:

Marketing is not an isolated function but an integral part of the broader business
strategy. Its primary objective is to contribute to the achievement of overall
business goals. By understanding customer needs, creating value, and effectively
communicating with the target audience, marketing contributes to revenue
generation, customer satisfaction, and brand loyalty.

Marketing is a dynamic and essential business function that goes beyond mere
promotion. It involves a holistic approach to understanding customers, creating
value, and aligning with broader business objectives. As businesses navigate an
increasingly competitive landscape, a strategic and customer-centric approach
to marketing becomes paramount. By embracing the principles outlined in this
overview, organizations can position themselves for success and sustained
growth in the ever-evolving business environment.

Evolution of Marketing Concepts: from product-oriented to customer-oriented

approaches

The landscape of marketing has undergone a remarkable transformation over

the years, evolving from a product-centric focus to a more nuanced and
customer-oriented approach. This evolution reflects a fundamental shift in how
businesses perceive and interact with their markets. In this topic, we will explore
the key stages of this evolution and the implications it has for contemporary
marketing strategies.

Product-Oriented Era:
Historically, businesses operated under a product-oriented paradigm. The
emphasis was on manufacturing efficiency and producing goods that could be
easily mass-produced. In this era, the belief was that if a product was well-made
and readily available, consumers would naturally gravitate towards it. The
success of a business was largely measured by its ability to produce efficiently
and bring products to market.
 Sales-Oriented Era:
As markets became more saturated and competition intensified, businesses
transitioned into a sales-oriented mindset. The focus shifted from mere
production to aggressive selling tactics. The belief was that a persuasive sales
force could convince consumers to choose a particular product over others. This
era marked a departure from the assumption that the inherent quality of a
product alone would ensure its success.

Market-Oriented Era:
The realization that customer needs and preferences should be at the core of
business operations gave rise to the market-oriented era. Businesses began to
conduct market research to understand consumer behavior, identify market
segments, and tailor their products to meet specific customer demands. This
shift emphasized the importance of satisfying customer needs as a means of
achieving business success.

Customer-Oriented Era:
In recent decades, the marketing landscape has witnessed a further evolution
towards a customer-oriented approach. This era acknowledges that businesses
must go beyond meeting basic customer needs and actively engage in building
relationships and delivering superior customer experiences. The focus is on
understanding customer wants, providing personalized solutions, and fostering
long-term loyalty.

Key Implications for Contemporary Marketing:

The evolution from product-oriented to customer-oriented approaches has

profound implications for contemporary marketing strategies:

Customer-Centricity:

• Businesses now prioritize understanding and anticipating customer needs.

• Customer feedback and data analysis play a crucial role in shaping products and
services.

Relationship Marketing:

• Building and maintaining relationships with customers is integral to success.

• Loyalty programs, personalized communication, and post-purchase engagement
are common strategies.

Value Creation:

• Value creation extends beyond the product to include the overall customer
experience.
• Brands are focusing on providing solutions that add value and address specific
pain points for customers.

Data-Driven Decision Making:

• Advances in technology allow businesses to leverage data for targeted marketing

efforts.
• Data analytics and customer insights inform marketing strategies and enhance
decision-making processes.

The evolution of marketing concepts from product-oriented to customer-oriented

approaches underscores the importance of adapting to changing consumer
expectations and market dynamics. In today's competitive landscape,
businesses that prioritize customer satisfaction, engagement, and relationship-
building are better positioned for sustained success. As we continue to witness
advancements in technology and changing consumer behaviors, the evolution of
marketing concepts is likely to persist, shaping the strategies of businesses in
the years to come.
 Steps in the Marketing Process: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and
Control

The field of marketing is a dynamic and multifaceted domain that demands a

systematic approach to achieve success. The marketing process is a strategic
framework that guides businesses from understanding market dynamics to
implementing and assessing their marketing efforts.

1. Analysis: Unveiling Market Realities:

The foundation of any successful marketing strategy lies in a comprehensive
analysis of the market environment. This step involves scrutinizing internal and
external factors that may impact the business. Internally, organizations assess
their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis).
Externally, market trends, competitor activities, and changes in consumer
behavior are closely examined. The goal is to gain insights that will inform
subsequent decisions and actions.
- **Market Research:**
- Conducting thorough market research to gather relevant data.
- Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods to understand customer
needs and market trends.

- **Competitor Analysis:**
- Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of competitors.
- Identifying opportunities for differentiation and competitive advantage.

2. Planning: Crafting the Blueprint for Success:

Armed with insights from the analysis phase, the next step is to formulate a
comprehensive marketing plan. This plan serves as a roadmap, outlining the
marketing objectives, target audience, and the strategies to be employed. It
involves making informed decisions on product development, pricing,
distribution, and promotional activities. A well-crafted marketing plan aligns with
the overall business goals and provides a structured framework for the
implementation phase.

- **Setting Marketing Objectives:**

- Clearly defining measurable and achievable marketing goals.
- Aligning objectives with the broader business strategy.

- **Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP):**

- Identifying and segmenting the target market.
- Positioning the product or service in a way that resonates with the target
audience.

3. Implementation: Bringing the Plan to Life:

With a solid plan in place, the focus shifts to the execution of strategies outlined
in the marketing plan. This involves coordinating various elements of the
marketing mix – product, price, place, and promotion – to reach the target
audience effectively. Implementation requires collaboration across departments,
effective communication, and the allocation of resources in line with the plan.

- **Product Development and Delivery:**

- Ensuring the product or service meets the specified standards.
- Establishing efficient distribution channels to reach the target market.

- **Promotional Activities:**
- Deploying advertising, public relations, and other promotional efforts.
- Leveraging digital marketing channels for wider reach and engagement.

4. Control: Evaluating and Adapting for Continuous Improvement:

The final step in the marketing process is control, which involves monitoring and
evaluating the performance of the implemented strategies. This step ensures
that the marketing efforts align with the original objectives and adapts to any
unexpected changes in the market environment. Key performance indicators
(KPIs) are used to measure success, and feedback from customers, sales data,
and other relevant metrics are analyzed for continuous improvement.

- **Performance Metrics and Evaluation:**

- Measuring the effectiveness of marketing campaigns against predetermined
KPIs.
- Analyzing customer feedback and adjusting strategies based on market
response.

- **Adaptation and Flexibility:**

- Remaining flexible and adaptable to changing market conditions.
- Iteratively refining the marketing plan based on insights gained during the
control phase.

The marketing process, encompassing Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and

Control, provides a structured and iterative approach for businesses to navigate
the complexities of the market successfully. By understanding market dynamics,
crafting a well-thought-out plan, executing strategies effectively, and continually
evaluating and adapting, organizations can enhance their competitiveness and
achieve sustained success in an ever-evolving business landscape.

Role of Marketing in Achieving Business Objectives

Marketing is not merely a department within an organization; it is the strategic

engine that propels businesses toward their objectives and aspirations. The role
of marketing goes beyond promoting products and services; it is intricately
woven into the fabric of the entire business strategy.

Revenue Generation and Profitability:

One of the primary objectives of any business is to generate revenue and ensure
profitability. Marketing plays a central role in this by identifying and capitalizing
on market opportunities. Through effective market research, segmentation, and
targeting, marketing strategies are crafted to optimize revenue streams. Pricing
strategies, product positioning, and promotional activities are carefully
orchestrated to maximize profitability while meeting customer needs.

- **Market Expansion:**
- Identifying untapped markets and opportunities for growth.
- Implementing strategies to enter new markets and expand the customer base.
Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty:
Happy and satisfied customers are the bedrock of business success. Marketing
is instrumental in understanding customer needs and preferences. Through
tailored products, personalized communication, and excellent customer service,
marketing creates a positive customer experience. By building strong
relationships and fostering loyalty, marketing contributes to repeat business and
enhances the lifetime value of customers.

- **Relationship Marketing:**
- Cultivating long-term relationships with customers through personalized
interactions.
- Implementing loyalty programs and incentives to encourage repeat purchases.

Brand Building and Differentiation:

In a competitive landscape, a strong brand is a valuable asset. Marketing is
responsible for shaping and managing the brand image. Through strategic
branding initiatives, businesses can differentiate themselves from competitors,
establish a unique identity, and create a positive perception in the minds of
consumers. Brand equity, built through effective marketing, enhances trust and
credibility.

- **Brand Positioning:**
- Defining the unique value proposition that sets the brand apart.
- Creating a consistent brand message across various marketing channels.

Alignment with Corporate Strategy:

Marketing cannot operate in isolation; it must align with the broader corporate
strategy. Marketing strategies should reflect and support the overall goals and
objectives of the business. By understanding the organizational mission and
vision, marketing can contribute to a cohesive and integrated approach that
ensures everyone in the company is working towards common objectives.

- **Strategic Integration:**
 - Collaborating with other departments to ensure alignment.
- Integrating marketing goals with broader corporate objectives.

Innovation and Adaptability:

The business landscape is dynamic, and marketing plays a critical role in
innovation and adaptability. Through market analysis and feedback mechanisms,
marketing identifies emerging trends and changing customer preferences. This
information is then used to innovate products, services, and marketing
strategies, ensuring that the business remains relevant and responsive to market
demands.

- **Market Research and Analysis:**

- Utilizing data-driven insights to identify market trends.
- Adapting marketing strategies based on changing consumer behavior.

The role of marketing in achieving business objectives is multifaceted and

integral to organizational success. By contributing to revenue generation,
fostering customer satisfaction and loyalty, building a strong brand, aligning with
corporate strategy, and driving innovation, marketing serves as the strategic
navigator that guides businesses toward their goals. In an era where markets are
dynamic and customer expectations are ever-evolving, the strategic importance
of marketing has never been more pronounced. As businesses navigate the
complexities of the modern marketplace, a well-executed and strategic
marketing approach becomes a key determinant of sustained success.
 The Marketing Mix

The marketing mix, also known as the 4Ps of marketing, is a fundamental

concept in marketing strategy. It consists of four elements: product, price, place,
and promotion. These elements are the foundation for any marketing plan and
are essential for creating a successful marketing strategy.

Evolution of the Marketing Mix

The traditional marketing mix, built around the 4Ps, has evolved considerably
over time. While the concept of marketing remains the same, the factors that
influence the delivery of value have changed. Some marketers argue that the
original mix is still as applicable as it ever was, while others propose theories of
seven or eight Ps. The marketing-mix components can be viewed as elements
that make up a car, with the understanding that the market and consumer
behavior have evolved, impacting the way these elements are utilized[1].

The 4Ps of marketing, which trace back to 1960, are:

- **Product:** This refers to the tangible or intangible item that is being offered
to the customer. It includes the design, features, and quality of the product.
- **Price:** This refers to the amount of money customers have to pay to acquire
the product. Pricing strategies can have a significant impact on the success of a
product.
- **Place:** This refers to the location where the product can be purchased and
how it is distributed to the target market.
- **Promotion:** This includes all the methods used to communicate and
persuade the target audience to buy the product. It encompasses advertising,
sales promotion, public relations, and personal selling[2].

Purpose of the Marketing Mix

At its core, the marketing mix is focused on promoting a product or service to
generate revenue for a company. It integrates key marketing strategies that
create brand awareness, build customer loyalty, and drive product sales. By
keeping the 4Ps in mind, marketing professionals are better able to maintain
focus on the things that really matter and make strategic decisions when
launching new products[2].

The marketing mix, or 4Ps of marketing, is a foundational framework that helps

organizations make strategic decisions and create effective marketing plans.
While it has evolved over time, the core elements of product, price, place, and
promotion remain essential for any marketing strategy.

Product

The product aspect of the marketing mix is the item or service that is being offered
to the customer. It is the foundation of any marketing strategy and plays a crucial
role in determining the success of a product or service. The product should be
designed to meet the needs and desires of the target market, and it should be
differentiated from competitors in a way that appeals to the target audience.

A successful product should have the following characteristics:

- **Satisfies a consumer's need or desire:** The product should fill a void in the
marketplace or offer a unique experience that meets the needs and desires of the
target audience.
- **Competitive advantage:** The product should be differentiated from
competitors in a way that appeals to the target audience, such as offering superior
quality, unique features, or a more attractive design.
- **Value proposition:** The product should provide value to the customer, whether
it is through functionality, convenience, or emotional appeal.

Product-Led Marketing
Product-led marketing is an approach that prioritizes making the product the best it
can be and optimizing product lines accordingly. This approach focuses on
understanding the customer's needs and desires and creating a product that meets
those needs in a unique and compelling way[1].

Product Mix
The product mix refers to the variety of products or services offered by a company. It
can be categorized into different types, such as product progression, product life
cycle, market coverage mix, service mix, marketing program mix, channel mix, and
global marketing mix[1].

The product aspect of the marketing mix is a crucial element in any marketing
strategy. By understanding the needs and desires of the target audience and
creating a product that meets those needs in a unique and compelling way,
companies can increase their chances of success in the marketplace.

Price

The price aspect in the marketing mix is a critical element that directly impacts a
company's revenue and profitability. It is the only revenue-generating element in the
marketing mix, making it essential to set the right price to match buyer perceptions
and maximize profit[5]. Pricing strategies can make or break a product, so getting
them right is essential[3].

Pricing is one of the most important aspects of any marketing mix. It is the only part
of the mix that generates revenue, and pricing strategies can make or break a
product[3]. The price set for goods and services offered will have a direct impact on
the company’s profitability[5].

There are different methods of pricing, such as value-based pricing, cost-plus

pricing, and competitive pricing. Value-based pricing attempts to establish the
return generated by the product’s use from the customer's perspective[4].

Pricing and marketing are closely intertwined. Pricing controls promotion, and the
selling price itself is adjustable, allowing for a balance between pricing, marketing
budget, and marketing efficiency[1].

The price aspect of the marketing mix is a fundamental element that directly
impacts a company's revenue and profitability. Setting the right price is essential to
match buyer perceptions and maximize profit. Pricing and marketing are closely
integrated, and pricing strategies can make or break a product.

PLACE

The "place" aspect in the marketing mix, also known as distribution, refers to the
strategies and tactics used to bring a product or service to the target market. It
encompasses both the final location where a customer purchases a product and
the process of delivering the product[5]. Place is all about decisions regarding
the distribution channels and physical movement of goods, aiming to reduce the
gap between the producers and the customers by concentrating on the location,
connecting both, and transporting the products to the customers at the right time
and in the right form[4].

The place mix is an arrangement of channels, both physical and non-physical,

through which the product is made available for purchase[4]. It involves making
the right product available with the right approach, in the right spot, at the right
time, and to the right customers. This includes decisions about distribution
channels, types of distribution, transport, storage, and inventory management[4].

The place aspect is vital to the overall marketing strategy, as marketing

objectives can only be realized when products readily reach the customer. It is
essential for reducing the gap between the producers and the customers and
ensuring that the product is available where and when the customer needs it[4].

Today, consumers may learn about products and buy them online, through a
smartphone app, at retail locations, or through a sales professional. The decision
of where the product should be available is key. For example, the makers of a
luxury cosmetic product would want to be displayed in high-end stores, not in
discount stores[3].

The place aspect in the marketing mix is a critical element that focuses on the
distribution strategies and tactics to ensure that the product is available where
and when the customer needs it. It encompasses both the physical and non-
physical channels through which the product is made available for purchase, and
it is essential for reducing the gap between the producers and the customers.

Promotion

The "promotion" aspect in the marketing mix is a crucial element that involves all
activities related to communicating with the customer about the product and its
benefits and features[3]. It is the communication component of the marketing mix,
creating a channel for conversation with the targeted consumer base[3]. Here are
some key details about the promotion aspect:

The role of promotions is integral to the marketing mix, as it focuses on attracting

the attention of consumers and motivating them to make a purchase[1]. It is about
creating awareness, generating interest, and ultimately driving purchase
behavior[2].

The promotional mix includes various elements such as advertising, public

relations, sales promotions, special offers, and other promotional strategies[2].
These elements are combined to create a cohesive and effective promotional
strategy that reaches the target audience through suitable channels[2].
Promotional activities have various objectives, including raising awareness,
increasing sales, creating and fostering brand loyalty, and providing information to
customers to aid in their purchase decisions[3]. While there are costs associated
with promotional activities, the potential increase in sales and customer loyalty is
seen as a long-term return on investment[3].

Promotion ties into the other elements of the marketing mix, such as product, price,
and place. It is essential to consider the best time, place, and channel for the
promotion, ensuring that it is suitable for the product, price, and end user it is being
marketed to[2].

The promotion aspect of the marketing mix is about effectively communicating with
the target market to create awareness, generate interest, and drive purchase
behavior. It involves a mix of elements such as advertising, public relations, and
sales promotions, and it is closely integrated with the other elements of the
marketing mix to ensure a cohesive and effective marketing strategy.

STP in Modern Marketing Strategy

In the evolving landscape of marketing, where consumer behaviors shift rapidly and
competition intensifies, the concept of Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning
(STP) remains a fundamental framework for crafting effective marketing strategies.
STP provides marketers with a structured approach to understanding their target
market, identifying distinct segments within it, and positioning their products or
services in a way that resonates with consumers.

Segmentation: Understanding Diversity in Consumer Needs

Segmentation is the process of dividing a heterogeneous market into smaller, more

manageable segments based on shared characteristics or needs. Effective
segmentation allows marketers to identify and understand these differences,
enabling them to tailor their offerings to meet the specific needs of each segment.

Demographic Segmentation: Segmenting consumers based on demographic

factors such as age, gender, income, education, and occupation. This approach
helps marketers target different age groups, genders, or income brackets with
customized marketing messages and product offerings.

Psychographic Segmentation: Segmenting consumers based on psychological

variables such as lifestyle, values, beliefs, interests, and personality traits.
Psychographic segmentation provides deeper insights into consumer motivations
and preferences, allowing marketers to create more targeted and resonant
marketing campaigns.

Behavioral Segmentation: Segmenting consumers based on their behaviors, usage

patterns, brand loyalty, purchase frequency, and buying intentions. By analyzing
consumer behaviors, marketers can identify key segments with distinct purchasing
habits and tailor their marketing strategies accordingly.

Targeting: Navigating Toward High-Value Opportunities

Once segments have been identified, the next step is to select target segments that
represent the most attractive opportunities for the brand. Targeting involves
evaluating the attractiveness of each segment based on factors such as size,
growth potential, profitability, and competitive intensity. By focusing resources on
high-potential segments, marketers can maximize their marketing effectiveness
and ROI.

Evaluating Segment Attractiveness: Assessing the size, growth potential, and

profitability of each segment to determine its attractiveness. Marketers may also
consider factors such as competitive intensity, barriers to entry, and the brand's
ability to serve the segment effectively.

Selecting Target Segments: After evaluating segment attractiveness, marketers

must decide which segments to target based on their strategic objectives and
resource constraints. Target segments should align with the brand's positioning and
value proposition, ensuring a strong fit between the brand and its target audience.

Positioning: Crafting a Compelling Brand Identity

Positioning is the process of establishing a distinct and desirable position for a brand in
the minds of consumers relative to competitors. It involves developing a clear and
compelling brand identity that resonates with the target audience and communicates the
brand's unique value proposition. Effective positioning differentiates the brand from
competitors and creates meaningful connections with consumers.

Identifying Competitive Advantages: Analyzing the brand's strengths, weaknesses,

opportunities, and threats to identify its competitive advantages. These may include
product features, quality, price, customer service, or brand reputation.

Defining Brand Positioning: Based on the brand's competitive advantages and target
audience insights, marketers must define a clear and compelling brand positioning
statement. This statement articulates the brand's unique value proposition, target
audience, and key points of differentiation.

Communicating Brand Positioning: Once the brand positioning is defined, marketers

must communicate it effectively through various marketing channels, including
advertising, branding, messaging, and customer experiences. Consistent and cohesive
communication reinforces the brand's identity and strengthens its positioning in the minds
of consumers.

Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP) form the cornerstone of modern

marketing strategy, providing marketers with a structured framework for understanding
their target market, identifying high-value opportunities, and crafting compelling brand
identities. By embracing STP principles, marketers can create more targeted, resonant,
and impactful marketing strategies that drive brand growth and consumer engagement in
today's dynamic marketplace.
 Market Research and Industry Trends

Market research and industry trend analysis are the cornerstones of effective
marketing strategies. In today's fast-paced and dynamic business landscape,
staying ahead of the curve is crucial for success. To achieve this, marketing
managers must possess the skills to conduct comprehensive market research and
interpret industry trends effectively.

Understanding Market Research:

Market research is the systematic process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting
information about a market, its consumers, competitors, and the overall business
environment. Here are some key steps to conducting effective market research:

Define Objectives: Clearly define the objectives of your market research. Whether
it's understanding customer needs, evaluating market size, or identifying
competitors, having clear objectives will guide your research efforts.

Identify Target Audience: Determine the demographics, preferences, and

behaviors of your target audience. This information will help you tailor your product
offerings to meet the needs of your customers effectively.

Choose Research Methods: Select the appropriate research methods based on

your objectives and target audience. This could include surveys, interviews, focus
groups, or data analysis of existing market reports.

Gather Data: Collect data from various sources, including primary research
(directly from customers) and secondary research (existing market reports, industry
publications, etc.). Ensure that the data collected is reliable, relevant, and up-to-
date.

Analyze and Interpret: Once you have gathered the data, analyze it to extract
meaningful insights. Identify patterns, trends, and correlations that can inform your
product decisions. It's essential to look beyond the numbers and understand the
underlying reasons behind consumer behaviors.

Make Informed Decisions: Use the insights gained from your market research to
make informed decisions about product development, pricing, distribution, and
marketing strategies.

Analyzing Industry Trends:

Industry trend analysis involves monitoring and interpreting trends, innovations,
and changes within your industry. Here's how product managers can effectively
analyze industry trends:

Stay Informed: Keep abreast of industry news, developments, and emerging

technologies. Follow industry publications, attend conferences, and participate in
networking events to stay informed about the latest trends.

Monitor Competitors: Keep a close eye on your competitors and their product
offerings. Analyze their strategies, strengths, weaknesses, and market positioning
to identify potential opportunities and threats.

Identify Macro Trends: Look beyond your immediate industry and identify broader
macroeconomic, societal, and technological trends that could impact your
business. These could include demographic shifts, regulatory changes, or
advancements in technology.

Assess Impact: Evaluate the potential impact of identified trends on your business
and products. Determine whether they present opportunities for growth or pose
challenges that need to be addressed.

Adapt Strategically: Based on your analysis, develop strategies to capitalize on

opportunities and mitigate risks. This could involve adjusting your product
roadmap, exploring new markets, or investing in research and development to stay
ahead of the competition.
Conducting market research and analyzing industry trends are essential skills for
product managers seeking to drive innovation and growth. By following the
methodologies outlined in this article and staying vigilant in monitoring market
dynamics, marketing managers can make informed decisions that align with
customer needs and market demands. In today's competitive landscape, the ability
to anticipate trends and respond effectively is key to staying ahead of the curve.

SWOT ANALYSIS

SWOT analysis is a structured and systematic approach used to evaluate an

organization's current position and its potential for growth and success. It provides
a holistic view by examining both internal factors (Strengths and Weaknesses) and
external factors (Opportunities and Threats). The primary goal is to leverage an
organization's strengths, address its weaknesses, exploit opportunities, and
mitigate threats.

Assessing Internal Strengths

Resource Strengths: This category encompasses an organization's tangible and

intangible assets, such as financial resources, technology, intellectual property,
and skilled workforce. Resource strengths form the foundation for competitive
advantage.

Operational Efficiency: Operational strengths relate to an organization's ability to

streamline processes, reduce costs, and enhance productivity. Operational
efficiency can lead to improved profitability and customer satisfaction.

Brand Reputation: A strong brand reputation is a valuable internal strength. It

enhances customer loyalty, trust, and preference. Brands with a positive image
often command premium prices and market share.
Innovation Capabilities: Organizations that excel in innovation and research and
development (R&D) possess a vital strength. Innovation allows companies to stay
competitive, adapt to changing market demands, and introduce new products or
services.

Skilled Workforce: A skilled and motivated workforce is a significant strength.

Employee expertise, creativity, and dedication contribute to an organization's
overall success.

Evaluating Internal Weaknesses

Resource Limitations: Weaknesses in this category involve constraints or

shortages of critical resources. Limited financial resources, outdated technology,
and inadequate infrastructure can hinder organizational growth.

Inefficient Processes: Inefficient processes can lead to higher costs, longer lead
times, and decreased customer satisfaction. Identifying and rectifying operational
weaknesses is essential for competitiveness.

Lack of Market Presence: Weak market presence or a narrow customer base can
be a significant internal weakness. Diversifying customer segments and expanding
market reach may be necessary.

Management Gaps: Weak leadership, poor decision-making, or a lack of strategic

vision can impede organizational growth. Addressing management weaknesses is
crucial for achieving strategic objectives.

Resistance to Change: An organization's resistance to change can be a substantial

internal weakness. Inflexibility and reluctance to adapt to evolving market
conditions can lead to missed opportunities.

The Significance of SWOT Analysis

Strategic Planning: SWOT analysis informs strategic planning by providing a

comprehensive understanding of an organization's internal strengths and
weaknesses. It guides the development of strategies that capitalize on strengths
and address weaknesses.

Risk Management: Identifying internal weaknesses helps organizations proactively

manage risks. By acknowledging and addressing vulnerabilities, firms can mitigate
potential threats before they escalate.

Resource Allocation: SWOT analysis assists in resource allocation by helping

organizations prioritize initiatives that align with their strengths and strategic
objectives. It ensures efficient utilization of resources.

Performance Improvement: Identifying internal weaknesses enables organizations

to implement continuous improvement measures. These efforts lead to enhanced
efficiency, effectiveness, and overall performance.

Competitive Positioning: SWOT analysis helps organizations position themselves

in the competitive landscape. By leveraging strengths and addressing weaknesses,
firms can differentiate themselves and gain a competitive edge.

PORTER’S FIVE FORCES

Porter’s Five Forces is a powerful framework used by businesses to assess their

competitive environment. Let’s explore each force along with some real-world
examples:

Industry Competition:

This factor considers the number of competitors in the market and their strength.

Example: In the automobile industry, where there are many companies of similar
size and power, aggressive marketing campaigns and price reductions are common
strategies to attract customers1.

Threat of New Entrants:

It evaluates how easily new competitors can enter the market.

Example: The beverage industry (e.g., soft drinks) has high barriers to entry due to
significant capital requirements for manufacturing and distribution2.

Bargaining Power of Buyers:

This force examines the influence buyers have on pricing and terms.

Example: In the retail industry, large retail chains can negotiate better prices with
suppliers due to their purchasing power3.

Bargaining Power of Suppliers:

It assesses how much control suppliers have over the industry.

Example: The airline industry heavily relies on aircraft manufacturers (suppliers) for
planes, giving suppliers significant bargaining power4.

Threat of Substitute Products or Services:

This force considers alternatives that could replace a company’s offerings.

Example: The music streaming industry faces threats from substitutes like podcasts
and audiobooks
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 2

Republic Act No. 7877, or the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (RA 7877) - is
the governing law for work, education or training-related sexual harassment. RA
7877 states that “work, education or training-related sexual harassment is
committed by an employer, employee, manager, supervisor, agent of the employer,
teacher, instructor, professor, coach, trainor, or any other person who, having
authority, influence or moral ascendancy over another in a work or training or
education environment, demands, requests or otherwise requires any sexual favor
from the other, regardless of whether the demand, request or requirement for
submission is accepted by the object of said act.

Service-learning provides students the opportunity to work with others, gain

valuable insights, and acquire different skills.

As enrollees of CWTS2, students can use the insights they gain in the classroom
and provide solutions to real-life problems in the community.

Characteristics of Service-Learning

1. It brings goof, substantial, and practical results for the participant

2. It promotes cooperation rather than competition where the skills associated with
teamwork and active community involvement are developed

3. It gives appropriate rather than simplified solutions to problems that seriously

affect the community.

4. It provides real-life experiences wherein students gain knowledge from a

particular community engagement activity rather than from a textbook. Through
these direct experiences, service-learning offers great opportunities for students to
develop their critical thinking skills and learn how to identify relevant and emerging
issues in community settings.

5. It gives students a deeper understanding of concepts and real-life situations in

the community through immediately observable results.
6. Through an immediate understanding of a situation in the community, service
learning becomes a more significant experience for students, leading to their
emotional and social development and cognitive learning.

What Service-learning is Not

Service-learning is not:

1. An episodic volunteer program

2. An add-on course to an existing school or college curriculum

3. Logging a set number of community service hours in order to graduate

4. Compensatory service assigned as a form of punishment by the courts or by

school administrators

5. Only for high school or college students

6. One-sided, that is, beneficial only to the students or the community

The distinctive element of service-learning is that it improves the community

through the services provided, and it also results in the improvement of the
students and the other people providing the services.

Service-learning is rapidly growing and becoming popular because of its powerful

impact on people and their development. It is a dynamic process, through which
the students' personal and social growth are tightly interwoven into their academic
and cognitive advancement.

According to Eyler and Giles (1999), the service-learning model enhances

understanding and leads to more effective action.
 Service-learning Theory

Service-learning theory is based on the idea that experience is the foundation for
learning, and the bases for learning are the different forms of community service
(Morton & Troppe, 1996).

Service-learning, therefore, is a form of experiential education wherein learning

occurs through cycles of action and reflection.

Legal Bases of Service-learning

Service-learning is based on RA 8292, also known as the Higher Education

Modernization Act of 1997. This law reiterates Section 2(1) of Article XIV of the 1987
Constitution by declaring that the "policy of the state is to establish, maintain, and
support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the
needs of the people and the society

HEIs on Service-learning

One of the trifocal functions of the university is community extension.

According to Tariman (2007), its duty to the youth is to make them literate and
functional, so they can make good decisions regarding the problems affecting their
health, families, and duties and responsibilities to the community
 Benefits of Service-learning

Service-learning has potential benefits to the students, faculty, and community.

Students in service-learning classes can benefit academically, professionally, and

personally. They will:

1. Increase their understanding of the class topic

2. Gain firsthand experience (possibly leading to a future internship or job)

3. Question or defend values and beliefs

4. Have the opportunity to act on values and beliefs

5. Develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills

6. Increase their knowledge of diverse cultures and communities

7. Learn more about social issues and their causes

8. Improve their ability to handle difficult situations

9. Be open to change and become more flexible

10. Develop or enhance their skills, especially in the areas of communication,

collaboration, and leadership

11. Test out the skills, interests, and values required in a potential career path and
learn more about their field of interest

12. Connect with professionals and community members who will also learn from
the service learning program

13. Grow a professional network of people, whom they can contact later for career
growth

14. Be encouraged in joining public service or social organizations

 Community partners involved in service-learning can:

1. Receive additional human resource assistance that can expedite the

achievement of organizational goals

2. Inspire a higher level of enthusiasm, perspective, and energy

3. Improve the organization's pool of volunteers as students, engaged in service-

learning will boost their own morale prompting them to share their experiences with
their classmates and friends

4. Enhance public awareness regarding significant issues confronting the

community

5. Ensure future support for the organization

6. Make students well informed about issues in the community and enlighten them
regarding common misconceptions

7. Prepare the youth of today, particularly students, to become tomorrow's

responsible community leaders

8. Establish strong networks with partners in other organizations and agencies

9. Gain access to the other resources of the university and strengthen collaborative
ties with its faculty members, students, and staff

The objectives of service-learning provide the stakeholders, especially the

implementers of different programs and activities, with opportunities for reflection
and the assessment of personal values, skills, and knowledge.
 Guidelines and Procedures

A. Preparatory Stage

1. The students and faculty members are both responsible for the selection of the
community or institution. However, institutions or communities with already
existing Memorandum of Agreements with the school/university are the most
appropriate choices.

2. The faculty member must submit a letter of intent to the college dean through the
chairman or the head of the SLP. The letter should come with the program/activity
design indicating the rationale, objectives, time frame, the evaluation process
(rubrics and reflection papers), and the schedule of activities.

3. The faculty member will write a letter of intent and request for permission to
conduct a SLP to the selected community or institution. The letter must be noted by
the dean through the program coordinator or head.

4. The students who will join the SLP must secure a waiver from the office of student
affairs (OSA) to be signed by their parents or guardians. The faculty member will
collect the waivers a day before the actual activity. Students without signed waivers
will not be allowed to join the SLP.

5. The faculty member must conduct a classroom briefing about the

program/activity before the implementation of the SLP.
B. Implementation Stage

1. The students and the supervising faculty member of the SLP are required to wear
the prescribed school identification card (ID) and college T-shirt and observe proper
decorum while in the community or institution.

2. The students and faculty member on the SLP shall cover their respective
transportation, communication, and meal expenses during the period

3. The faculty member or the assigned group leaders shall take responsibility for all
communications and coordination with the partner community or institution in
relation to the SLP

4. The college dean or the head of the program will conduct spot monitoring or
follow-up of students involved in the SLP to determine the actual and current status
of the program

5. In case the faculty member in-charge will be absent, he or she must inform and
ask permission from the college dean to find another faculty member as substitute
to supervise the students.

C. Post-activity Evaluation Stage

1. The students must submit a narrative report with pictorial documentation and
reflection paper to the faculty member
2. The faculty member will evaluate the students' narrative report using the
assessment tool that is designed for this activity.

3. The college or university through the chairman or head of the program must
conduct an exit conference with the community or institution beneficiaries and
leaders to assess the SLP implemented

4. A certificate of SLP completion shall be issued by the college or university upon

the written request of the faculty member in charge.

5. The college or university shall issue a certificate of appreciation to the

cooperating community or institution upon the completion of the service-learning
activities

Service-learning is applied in a wide variety of settings, including schools,

universities, and community- and faith-based organizations. It can involve a group
of students, a classroom, or an entire school. Students build character and become
active participants as they work with others in their school and community in
various service projects designed for the development of education, public safety,
and the environment.
 MATHWORLD

SETS AND INTEGERS

U- Universal Set Q- Rational Numbers Z- Integers

⊊ - Subset ∅- Null set ∩- Intersection

U- (1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

Set A= (1,3,5,7,9)
Set B= (2,4,6,8,10)
Set C=(2,3,6,9,10)

AUC- meaning the union or the combination of the respective sets or example the union of
set A or Set C

Ex. AUC= (1,3,5,7,9,2,6,10)

A ∩ C- meaning cancelled out the common numbers and that that cancelled numbers are
the answer

Ex. A ∩ C= (3,9)

A-B- Find the common numbers within the set of A and B, then cancel the common
numbers and the remaining numbers that dont have common are the answers. Take note
that always look in the 1st letter (A) since the remaining numbers that are not cancelled out
in there are the answers

A’ - just include the missing numbers of Set A that is present in the Universal Set

A’)’- basically just put the original subset

PATHFIT 2

Physical Activity- involves bodily movement caused by muscular contractions that

results in the expenditure of energy

Exercise- planned program of physical activities usually design to improve physical

fitness with the purpose of increasing physical fitness level

Benefits of becoming active and physically fit

Physical Fitness- a condition that allows the body to effectively cope with the
demands of daily activities and still has the energy to enjoy other active leisure
activities

Health related Components

Aerobic Capacities Flexibility

Muscular Strength Body Composition

Muscular Endurance

Importance of Active Lifestyle

Improves bone, joint, and muscle strength Decreases risk of diabetes

Develops motor control and coordination

Helps maintain a healthy body composition

Improves the psychological functioning of an individual

Increases the efficiency of the lungs and heart

Increases muscle strength and endurance

Protects from musculoskeletal problems such as backpain

Possibly delays the aging process;

Reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases

Helps regulate blood pressure

Reduces the risk of breast and colon cancer

Improves control over anxiety and depression

Builds self-esteem and social interaction.

Aerobic Exercise- swimming, biking, running, and dancing

Resistance Exercise- barbell, TRX, Thera-Band, and resistance machines

Stretching Exercise- statistic stretching, ballistic stretching and dynamic

stretching

Regular Aerobic Exercise- stimulate changes in the various and tissues of the body
but it is more emphasized in the cardiovascular system
Adaptation of the body to resistance exercise found in nervous and
musculoskeletal system

Stretching exercise- improves range of motion around the joints.

Effects of training go beyond biological changes since this will lead to better health

People use exercise to cope with stress and control their depression

Healthy Behaviors are hard to adopt

Changing an old habit is an arduous task but not an impossible one

Transtheoretical Model of Change

1. Precontemplation – No interest in change

2. Contemplation- thinking about changing
3. Preparation- Planning for change
4. Action- Adopting new habits
5. Maintenance- Ongoing practice of new, healthier behavior

Stages of Changes (Spiral Staircase)

1. Thinking about it
2. Preparing for action
3. Taking action
4. Maintaining a good thing for life

Barriers to an Active Lifestyle

I am not motivated Create a list of pros and cons of the positive

behavior that will serve as reminder
I lack will power Identify what triggers the backslide and be
conscious when it happens

I easily get discouraged Avoid negative self talk

I don't have time Cut back some time from non essential activities

I am always tired Make physical activity diary

I do not know how Read journals and articles on the best practices

I don’t have enough money There are numerous exercise that are not
expensive such as running and swimming

I don’t feel support Inform family and friends about the new behavior

YOGA

Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which

originated in ancient India and aim to control (yoke) and still the mind

It is an art and science of healthy living. The word 'Yoga' is derived from the Sanskrit
root 'Yuj', meaning 'to join' or 'to yoke' or 'to unite.

What is yoga and what does it do for you?

Yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility.

Slow movements and deep breathing increase blood flow and warm up muscles,
while holding a pose can build strength

9 Benefits of Yoga

Yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility

Yoga helps with back pain relief

Yoga can ease arthritis symptoms

Yoga benefits heart health

Yoga relaxes you, to help you sleep better

Yoga can mean more energy and brighter moods

Yoga helps you manage stress

1. Yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility. Slow movements and deep
breathing increase blood flow and warm up muscles, while holding a pose can build
strength.

2. Yoga helps with back pain relief. Yoga is as good as basic stretching for easing
pain and improving mobility in people with lower back pain. The American College
of Physicians recommends yoga as a firstline treatment for chronic low back pain.

3. Yoga can ease arthritis symptoms. Gentle yoga has been shown to ease some
of the discomfort of tender, swollen joints for people with arthritis,

4. Yoga benefits heart health. Regular yoga practice may reduce levels of stress
and body-wide inflammation, contributing to healthier hearts. Several of the factors
contributing to heart disease, including high blood pressure and excess weight, can
also be addressed through yoga.
5. Yoga relaxes you, to help you sleep better. A consistent bedtime yoga routine
can help you get in the right mindset and prepare your body to fall asleep and stay
asleep.

6. Yoga can mean more energy and brighter moods. You may feel increased
mental and physical energy, a boost in alertness and enthusiasm, and fewer
negative feelings after getting into a routine of practicing yoga.

7. Yoga helps you manage stress. scientific evidence shows that yoga supports
stress management, mental health, mindfulness, healthy eating, weight loss and
quality sleep

8. Yoga connects you with a supportive community. Participating in yoga classes

can ease loneliness and provide an environment for group healing and support.

9. Yoga promotes better self-care.

5 Essential Yoga Skills That You Can Train With Yoga?

1. Focus is the ability to direct the flow of consciousness onto a specific object. In
yoga, we use our breath as a main point of focus; helping us be aware of the ever-
changing mental and physical experiences of the present moment.

2. Patience is the ability to wait with tolerance. In yoga, we improve our patience by
emphasizing the process rather than the goal. We perform our postures and other
practices without expecting immediate feedback or accomplishment.

3. Self-control is the ability to inhibit one’s impulses, unconscious reactions, or

bad habits. In yoga, we learn self-control by becoming aware of our physical and
mental patterns, accepting them for being a part of us, and then changing them
through an applied effort.

4. Mental flexibility is the ability to adapt in the light of new information and
circumstances. When we practice yoga, we receive a constant flow of changing
information: from our bodies, our minds, our teachers, or other practitioners around
us. Based on this feedback, we often need to adjust our physical posture or mental
state.

5. Stress management is the ability to cope with the demands of daily life. In yoga,
we put ourselves under possibly stressful circumstances, such as learning new and
challenging poses that make us face our fears and mental blockages. We learn to
manage these stressful circumstances by applying a continuous effort despite the
perceived difficulties

The Top 10 Types Of Yoga

1. Hatha Yoga- Traditionally described as the ‘yoga of force’, Hatha yoga includes
physical postures, which will train you to experience better meditation. Hatha yoga
classes often include a fusion of breathing exercises, yoga positions and
meditation. This is the type of yoga you are likely to think of when thinking about
traditional yoga.

2 - Integral Yoga- combines elements of Hatha, Raja, Bhakti, Karma and Japa yoga.
This yoga style has a heavy focus on breath work, helping you to manifest the
physical, spiritual and emotional aspects of your being. Integral yoga is very
spiritual, and will encourage you to address your life, including physical,
intellectual, spiritual and relational issues. Integral yoga classes are known to be
gentle and non-competitive.

3. Ashtanga Yoga- Ashtanga, meaning ‘8 limbs’ is a very physically demanding

yoga style. The same series of poses is followed in a precise sequence, repeatedly.
Ashtanga yoga is energetic, with a focus on synchronizing breathing techniques with
the series of movements. Classes are not held on new or half moons.

4. Vinyasa Yog- Vinyasa yoga is very similar to Ashtanga yoga. Vinyasa yoga
incorporates many of the positions used in ashtanga yoga, however the series of the
poses is often varied. There is a focus on breathing, with teachings on how to match
your breathing with the yoga positions. Except a vigorous flow of sweat inducing
positions to get your blood pumping.

5. Power Yoga - Power yoga stems from ashtanga yoga, the moves are similar but a lot
faster. Each teacher adds their own spin on the routine and classes can take place in either
standard or hot yoga facilities. Power yoga will definitely get your heart rate up, with the
fast transitions between positions, power yoga is designed to build internal heat, strength
and flexibility - all whilst calming the mind.
6. Jivamukti Yoga- Jivamukti yoga was invented in the 80s, by David Life and Sharon
Gannon. Jivamukti yoga is of Hindu nature, and incorporates many of the traditional yoga
poses seen in hatha yoga. This yoga style provides a physical workout, but is also spiritual
and ritualistic, each class starts with chanting

7. Kundalini Yoga- The main aim of Kundalini yoga is to activate your Kundalini
energy, or shakti energy, which is said to be the spiritual energy located at the base
of your spine. Kundalini yoga involves repetitive chanting, singing, meditation and
breathing exercises to awaken the sleeping energy at the base of your spine.

8. Bikram Yoga- Prepare to get hot and sweaty! Bikram yoga, often referred to as
hot yoga, takes place in yoga rooms heated to approximately 100 degrees. A bikram
yoga class will take you through a precise set of 26 postures in a specific series,
trademarked by Bikram Choudhury in the 70s. These days you may find that bikram
yoga classes don’t always follow the set 26 positions, they may have their own
unique spin, however one thing is for sure, you’ll experience a great workout and
some incredible heat.

9. Aerial Yoga -Combine asana yoga with a fabric hammock and you get aerial
yoga - a super fun, zero gravity yoga experience! Aerial yoga allows you to explore
traditional yoga positions whilst suspended in the air by a fabric hammock, it’s a
truly freeing experience, which may feel scary at first but you’ll soon experience the
liberating feeling of practicing yoga in the air.

10. Iyengar Yoga- Iyengar yoga focuses on the physical alignment of the body
through practice of the asanas. This type of yoga is great if you want to learn the
form and positions of pose, expect to experience long holds in the postures, the use
of props to help you achieve the correct physical alignment and breathing
techniques to get you in and out of the positions effectively