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925 - GIS Note

Geographic information system (South africa)

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Hope Cyril
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6 views3 pages

925 - GIS Note

Geographic information system (South africa)

Uploaded by

Hope Cyril
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM)

Meaning of GIS
The acronym “GIS” means Geographic Information System. It means a
system that captures, stores, manages, manipulates, organise, analyze and present data
that are linked to all geographic locations. It involves both Cartography (science base
of map making) and data base technology.
GIS is usually developed for a specific purpose and application and cannot be
used for another application.

PROCESS OF GIS
It includes integration, storage, analysis, editing, retrieval, sharing and displaying of
geographic information data for informing making.

MEANING OF GEOGRAPHIC DATA


Geographic data is processed using geographic information system (GIS)

USING OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)


Geographic information system can be used for the following
A. Scientific investigation: GIS software can be developed to process geographic data
of any scientific investigation such as in the study of medicine, agriculture and
economics etc.
B. Cartography: GIS is essential and very useful in the science of map making. GIS
provides and analyses data of an area to be mapped using an appropriate software
C. Criminology: it is also very efficient in the study and analysis of crime patterns of
a society.
D. Urban planning: GIS assists urban planner in their field.
E. Archeology: GIS provides an easy way of analysing and presenting the culture of
any people in their olden time by developing a software that can process a geographic
data of their ancient society through the analysis of the remains of their houses,
graves, tools, artifacts etc.
F. Asset management: the management of assets of huge companies, multi-national
individual can be done through GIS software
G. Resource management: GIS is useful in the management of human or national
resources
H. Military planning and environmental impact assessment
I. Marketing and logistics
J. Public health planning
K. Population and demographic studies
L. Disease surveillance
M. Engineering analysis
N. To site a new business location
O. Prospecting mapping
P. Statistical analysis
Q. Geographical history
R. High consequences
S. Damages prevention

Components of GIS
It has 5 key components. These are hardware, software, data, people, and
method of applications
1. Hardware: this includes scanners, digitizers, UPS, data, loggers, printers, media
disks. They are the equipment used in running a GIS. They are in input and output
device systems with enough power or memory enough to store or run a large amount
of data.

2. Software: is a set of programs (instructions) used in GIS operation. It provides the


functions and tools needed to store, retrieve, manage, transform, analyse and display
(present) geographic information. These software components are: a database
management system (DBMS), tools for input manipulation, tools that supports
geographic query, analysis and visualisation and graphical user interface (GUI) for
easy access to tools.
Two types of GIS software: a. Geo-relational model: in this model; descriptive data
is separated and stored on different databases. b. Object-oriented model: both graphic
and descriptive data are to be stored in a single database.

3. Data: the most important aspect of GIS, information gathered and stored in a series
of digital files of a software package which is eventually analyzed and is played by
GIS software. When creating a database, care must be taken to avoid errors in data
set. Every information must be verified before acquisition.
Errors in data base can be avoided by describing any omission and addition made
during collection of materials ensuring of the positional accuracy and proper analysis
of indicators measured such as temperature, elevation, name of a place and the
method of labeling.

4. HUMAN (PEOPLE): these are people who use GIS to enhance analysis of
information collected. There are 3 categories:
a. Technically trained professionals: these are GIS managers, database administrators,
application managers, system programmers and analyst etc. They provide the skills
for the maintenance of geographic database
b. General viewers: involved with browsing geographic database for academic and
other reference works. General users include facility managers,resource persons,
planners, scientists, engineers etc. Make the human components of GIS.
USES/ APPLICATION OF GIS IN NIGERIA
It is used to defend the nation’s sovereignty against internal and external
attacks. It provides answers to agricultural problems such as drought, desert
encroachment, pest and diseases of crops and livestock, flooding and soil types and
fertility; solve the challenges faced by urban and regional planners such as ghettos
and slums, census, transportation, map making and surveying.

PROBLEMS FACING GIS IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA


1. Inadequate trained personnel
2. Inadequate power supply
3. High cost of software and hardware is very high

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