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PROJECT REPORT IN PHYSICS FOR CLASS XII Backchodi

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11 views15 pages

PROJECT REPORT IN PHYSICS FOR CLASS XII Backchodi

Uploaded by

siddharthsinghmac
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROJECT REPORT IN PHYSICS

FOR CLASS XII


By: Siddharth Rahul Singh
XII – I
PROJECT ON TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION
BETWEEN THE RATIO OF
1.OUTPUT AND INPUT VOLTAGE.
2.NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE SECONDARY
COIL AND THE PRIMARY COIL OF A SELF
DESIGNED TRANSFORMER.
S.No Page no
Description
1
01 Introduction
2
02 Objective and Apparatus Required
3-4
03 Theory
5
04 Circuit Diagram
6
05 Procedure
7-8
06 Observation and Application
9-11
07 Result and Sources of Error
Introduction :
• A transformer is an electrical device that works on the principle of
mutual induction.
• It converts A.C. voltages between different levels (step-up or step-
down).
• Changing magnetic flux in one coil induces an electromotive force
(e.m.f.) in a nearby coil.
• Widely used in low- and high-current circuits for voltage
transformation.
• Sizes vary from small, lightweight units (grams) in electronic circuits
to massive systems (hundreds of tons) in high-voltage power grids.
• Essential for efficient power transmission and distribution in electrical
and electronic systems.
OBJECTIVE :
To investigate the relation between the ratio of :
1.Output and Input Voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the primary coil of a self designed
transformer
Apparatus Required :
Theory:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.
Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the number of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at this instant
we have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so, by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous
current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K , Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of
thin Cu wire on thick paper (say60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of
turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a
step-down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of step-up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.
Observation
• No. of turns in primary , NP = 60
• No. of turns In secondary , NS = 20
Applications of Transformer
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:
➢ In voltage regulator for Televisions , refrigerator , computer , air
conditioner , etc.
➢ A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
➢ A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
➢ A step-up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisements.
➢ Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c over long distances.
➢ Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones , loud speakers,
and electric bells, etc.
Result
1. Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error .
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends on the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer
Sources of Error
• Values of current can be changed due to heating effect .
• Eddy current can change the readings.
Bibiliography
❖www.google.com/
❖www.wikipedia.com/
❖NCERT Physics Text Book Class XII

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