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Transformer Project

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9 views15 pages

Transformer Project

Uploaded by

kartikbansal.1306
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bal bhavan public

school ,mayur vihar

CHEMISTRY
Investigatory Project
BOARD ROLL NO. - _________________

Class – XII
Session – 2024-25
Table of Contents
Sr. topic Pg no.
No.
1 CERTIFICATION 1
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
3 AIM 3
4 INTRODUCTION 3-4
5 THEORY 5-7
6 PROCEDURE 8
7 USES 9
8 ENERGY LOSSES 10
9 EFFICIENCY 11
10 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12
11 PRECAUTIONS , SOURCES OF 13-14
ERROR , CONCLUSION
Certification

This is to certify that Kartik Bansal of


class
12th -A has Worked on the Physics
Project entitled “To investigate the
relation between the ratio of (i)
Input and output voltage,
(ii)Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a
self made transformer”. He has put
on his sincere efforts to collect the
reading materials and has devoted
sufficient periods of Practical laboratory
work to complete this project. This
project may be considered as Practical
fulfilment of All India Senior School
Certificate Exam (AISSCE) 2024-25
conducted by CBSE.
Teacher’s sign – ____________
External Examiner’s sign- ______________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my principal Mr.


Vividh Gupta sir and physics teacher Ms.
Nitika Khandelwal Ma’am whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full
proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the
project.

I also thank my parents and friends for


their vital support and also for
Encouragement and Motivation given to
me for the completion of the project.
AIM :

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. number of turnings in the secondary coil and


primary coil
of a self-made transformer

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or
vice-versa.
Principle: Principle of mutual induction
According to the principle of mutual induction , when
the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changes with time, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil .

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for


changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current
circuit . (to convert high V to low V or low V to high V)
.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from


one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called


a step-up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it.
The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage(e) in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced
in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the
no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the


coil at this instant,
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

Where,
N p = No. of turns of the primary coil.
N s = No. of turns of the secondary coil.
Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil.
Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f


induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by:
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp
Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f


Hence equation (3) can be written as: -
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f =
Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called transformation


ratio .

Step Down Transformer :


Es < E so K < 1,
hence Ns < Np
If , Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And I s = value of secondary current at this
instant,
then Input power at the instant = Ep* I p
Output power at the same instant = Es *Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,


then:
Input power = output power
Ep Ip = Es Is
Es / Ep = Ip / Is =K
APPARATUS REQUIRED…
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
 Iron rod
 Copper wire

Procedure:

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper


and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 20). This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 10) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers
by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.

Uses of Trasformers:

A transformer issued in almost all a.c.


operations-
1) In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
etc.
2)A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
3)A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
4)A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
5)Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
5)Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
6)Small transformers are used in Radio
sets, telephones, loud speakers and
electric bells etc.

ENERGY LOSSES :

Following are the major sources of energy loss


in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of


heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is
due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is
due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It
is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite
of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of
the iron core when A.C. is fed to it
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η = 1 But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one
Circuit Diagram

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