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Chemistry Notes For Senior High School

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44 views6 pages

Chemistry Notes For Senior High School

Uploaded by

chtdaes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Each substance has a characteristic set of properties that help identify it among other
substances. These properties can be classified as:
Physical Property: can be observed without changing the composition of a
substance.
Chemical Properties: can be observed with an accompanying change in the
chemical composition of a substance.

Matter can be classified either as pure substance or mixture.


PURE SUBSTANCE - characterized by unchanging or specific composition.
MIXTURE – composed of different pure substances that are physically combined in
variable proportions. And can thus be separated into their components through simple
physical means:

ELEMENT – the simplest type of matter that is composed of only one kind of atom.
COMPOUND – composed of two or more elements combined chemically in definite
proportions.
HOMOGENEOUS – mixtures of substance can be physically combined in varying
proportions.
SOLUTION – made up of two parts
a) SOLUTE – gets dissolve
b) SOLVENT – does the dissolving
HETEROGENEOUS – mixtures whose component are not evenly distributed in the
sample and can thus be physically identified.
CONSUMER PRODUCT – any item often bought for consumption
CONVENIENCE PRODUCT – those that appeal to a large segment of the market of
those that are routinely bought. Two example of these are household cleaning products
and personal care products
HOUSEHOLD CLEANING MATERIALS – The most commonly used cleaning products
are bleach, soaps, and detergents. These products have different compositions,
specifically uses, precautions for use, and costs.
BLEACH – helps clean and whiten surfaces by generally lowering the stability of the
chemical bonds in stain molecules; thus, decolorizing these molecules by reducing their
absorbance of radiation in the visible region. Commercial Bleach comes as an aqueous
solution of a bleaching agent with water. Two most common bleaching agent are
a) Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCI)
b) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
SOAPS & DETERGENTS – mixtures of surfactants, water softener, stain remover,
enzymes, and perfume among others. Generally, not toxic and severely dangerous, but
can cause irritation.
a) SURFACTANT – a surface active ingredient that is capable of lowering the
surface tension of water, which allows them to wet the surface to be cleaned.
PERSONAL CARE PRODUCT – constitute a diverse group of materials that improve
overall appearance of a person. These products ae generally used to cleanse and
beautify. Examples of these are Make-up, Lotion, Toothpaste.
b) Make-up – products applied externally to the face.
c) Foundation – used to give an even and flawless look at the face. Contain Talc
a naturally occurring mineral that prevent caking of the product and Asbestos,
when inhaled can be trapped in lungs and cause serious problem.
d) Lipstick – are made of assorted ingredients, like wax, oil, moisturizer, and
pigments. Lead a metal that can caused death when ingested even in very low
dosage, can be detected from pigments used as colorants.
e) Lotion – generally used to moisturized or hydrates skin.
f) Toothpaste – a heterogeneous gel or paste that contain, 1350-1500 Sodium
Fluoride (NaF), Tin (II) Flouride (SnF2) that helps prevent cavities, plaque,
tartar.

ACCURACY – indicates how close a measurement is to the true accepted value.


PRECISSION – refers to the closeness of measurements within set of data. The
obtain data should be close to each other regardless of the true value for the set of
data to be considered precise.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS – simple way to write or keep track of very large or very
small numbers without having to deal with a lot of zero. Provides a convenient way of
recording results and doing calculations.

EXAMPLE
602200 = 6.022X105
0.00000014 = 1.4X10-7
DEFINED RELATIONS – exact number but are always whole number
MEASURED NUMBER – are obtained from reading measuring devices
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES – All the digits that are part of a measurement.
Number of Significant Figures = All Certain Digits + One Uncertain Digit
ROUNDING OFF – the process of removing insignificant digits from
calculated number.
RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
a) In ADDITION, and SUBTRACTION, the answer must have the
same number of decimal places as the measured number with the
least number of decimal places.
b) In MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION, the answer must have the
same number of significant figures as the measured number with
the lowest number of significant figures.

RULES IN ROUNDING OFF


- Oftentimes, the answer to computations contain too many
insignificant digits. Hence, it becomes necessary to round off
numbers to attain the insignificant figures.

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