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Bio Cells Short Notes

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9 views5 pages

Bio Cells Short Notes

Uploaded by

nidhiiaugustine
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Plasma / cell membrane

*it is the outermost covering of the cell protecting it from the external
environment .
*it is flexible and is made up of proteins and lipids.
*it allows the entry of material in and out of the cell as well as prevention of
movement of some materials.
*for this reason it is called a selectively permeable membrane.

Nucleus and the Chromosomes


*The nucleus has a double layered covering called nuclear membrane
which has pores on it, enabling the movement of substances from
within the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
*the nucleus contain chromatin, which are seen as a mass of
entangled thread-like materials. They are visible as chromosomes,
which are rod like structures seen only when the cell is about to
divide .
*chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein.
*chromosomes carry the carry the required information for the
inheritance of features from the parent to the offspring in the form of
DNA, and the DNA carries the information necessary for the
construction and organisation of cells.
*functional unit of DNA is called genes.
*the nucleus, along with the environment plays a crucial role in
cellular reproduction, by directing the chemical activities of the cell.
CYTOPLASM (4 points)
*the fluid content inside of the cell is termed as cytoplasm.
*it contains specialised structures called cell organelles which carry out specific
functions for the cell.
*it is a jelly like fluid bounded by the plasma membrane.
*most biochemical activities take place in the cytoplasm or in the cell
organelles bounded by the cytoplasm

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

*it is a large network of membrane bound tubes and looks like round or oblong
bags and its membrane is similar in structure to the plasma membrane.

*there are 2 types of ER ~


 Rough ER (RER)
o They look rough under a microscope due to the presence of the
ribosomes which, present In all active cells , are sites for protein
manufacture.
o It also manufactures the digestive enzymes present in the lysosomes.
o The protein thus synthesised are then sent to various parts of the cell
depending on need through the endoplasmic reticulum.

 Smooth ER (SER)
o They help in the manufacture fat molecules or lipids which are
essential for cell function .
o It also plays a crucial role in detoxifying poisons and drugs .

*The proteins and lipids produced here help in building the cell membrane by
the process of membrane biogenesis. Some other proteins and lipids function
as enzymes and hormones.

*it serves as serves as a channel for the transport of materials through various
parts of the cell .
*it also provides a cytoplasmic framework for the biochemical activities of the
cell.
(5 POINTS)
GOLGI APPARUTUS
*It consists of membrane bound vesicles arranged approximately parallel to
each other in stacks called cisterns.

*these often have connections with the ER as the material synthesized near the
ER are packaged and dispatched to various targets both inside and outside of
the cell through the golgi body.

*its functions include storage, modification and packing of products in vesicles

*It is also involved in the formation of lysosomes.


(4 points)

LYSOSOMES
*They are membrane bound sacs filled with digestive enzymes (manufactured
by the RER).

*they are a kind of waste disposal system and help by digesting the worn out
cell organelles or any foreign material and help in keeping the cell clean.

*when material (such as food, old organelles or bacteria) enters the cell , it
ends up in the lysosomes which break up these complex substances to simple
substances because of the powerful digestive enzymes which are capable of
breaking down all organic material.

*when the cell gets damaged, the lysosomes may bursts and the digestive
enzymes digest their own cell and thus lysosomes are called suicide bags of
the cell.
MITOCHONDRIA
*mitochondria , also known as the powerhouse of the cell, is a double
membrane bound organelle. The outer covering is porous while the inner
covering is deeply folded to increase surface area for the ATP generating
chemical reactions.

*the energy for various chemical activities required for life Is released by the
mitochondria in the form of ATP molecules. ATP is the energy currency for the
cell

* the body uses the energy stored in the ATP for making chemical compounds
and doing mechanical work.

*mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are thus able to make
some of their own proteins.

PLASTIDS
*present only in plant cells, they are of two types
 Chromoplasts(coloured)
*Chromoplasts contain pigments such as yellow and orange. The
chromoplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll are called chloroplasts.
chloroplasts are important for photosynthesis in plants.

 Leucoplasts(colourless)
*they are organelles in which material such as proteins grains, oils and
starch are stored

*the internal organisation of the chloroplasts consist of numerous membrane


layers embedded into a material called stroma and are similar to mitochondria
in structure and also have their own ribosomes and DNA
VACUOLES
*They are storage sacs for solid or liquid content.

*they are small sized in animal cells while the central vacuoles of some plant
cells occupy about 50-90 percent of the cell volume.

*in plant cells , vacuoles are filled with sap and provide rigidity to the cell.

*most substances of importance like amino acids , sugars , various organic


acids and proteins are stored here.

*in some unicellular organisms specialised vacuoles also help in expelling


excess water and wastes from the cell . in single celled organisms like amoeba ,
the vacuoles contain food items consumed by the amoeba .

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