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Cell 201 2

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function, detailing the two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. It describes various cellular components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, along with their functions. Key differences between animal and plant cells are also highlighted.

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13 views25 pages

Cell 201 2

The document provides an overview of cell structure and function, detailing the two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. It describes various cellular components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, along with their functions. Key differences between animal and plant cells are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

chisomeje18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

By Dr Nwaka
INTRODUCTION

• Cell is defined as a basic structural and


functional unit of an organism which is capable
of carrying out the processes of life
independently

• Cells are the basic building blocks of life. Cells


grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, and
respond to their environment.
INTRODUCTION

• Two main types:


• Prokaryotic (no nucleus, simple internal
structure)
• Eukaryotic (nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles)
INTRODUCTION

Prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms


that lack a nuclear membrane and
membrane-bound organelles.

Their genetic material is a single circular


DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm.

• Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea.


EUKARYOTIC CELL
• A eukaryotic cell is a type of cell that has a
true nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles, which distinguishes it from
prokaryotic cells.
• Examples :Animal cell,plant cell
EUKARYOTIC CELL

• Animal Cells: Do not have a cell wall but


have plasma membranes, and include
cells like muscle cells, nerve cells, and red
blood cells.
• Plant Cells: Have a cell wall, chloroplasts
(for photosynthesis), and a large vacuole
for storing water
PROKARYOTIC VERSUS
EUKARYOTIC CELL
DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL CELL
PLASMA MEMBRANES

• Plasma membrane is a selectively


permeable lipid bilayer that encloses the
cell, maintaining its structural integrity and
regulating substance exchange.
• Primarily made of phospholipids,
cholesterol, and proteins.
PLASMA MEMBRANES

Functions:
• Maintains cellular integrity.
• Controls transport via channels, carriers,
and pumps.
• Facilitates cell signaling through receptor
proteins.
CYTOPLASM

Cytoplasm is the thick, jelly-like substance


inside a cell that surrounds the nucleus and
is enclosed by the cell membrane. It’s made
mostly of water, salts, and proteins.
Function:
• It holds and supports the cell’s organelles
• Medium for metabolic reactions and
molecular movement.
CYTOPLASM

• Biochemical Relevance:
• Glycolysis occurs here: breakdown of
glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP and
NADH.
• Fatty acid synthesis, HMP shunt (Pentose
phosphate pathway), and protein
translation (on free ribosomes).
• Storage of glycogen and metabolic
intermediates.
NUCLEUS

• Nucleus is the largest cellular organelle,


surrounded by a double membrane
nuclear envelope.
• The outer membrane is continuous with
the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum.
• These pores permit the free passage of
the products synthesized in the nucleus
into the surrounding cytoplasm.
FUNCTION S OF NUCLEUS

• It controls all activities of the cell


• Genetic Storage & Regulation
• RNA Synthesis & Processing
• It regulates cell division through
checkpoints and interactions with cyclins
and kinases.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic,


highly fluid membrane system within cells.
It plays a crucial role in the synthesis,
folding, modification, and transport of
proteins and lipids. The ER is classified
into two types:
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Smooth Endoplastic reticulum
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
Characterized by the presence of ribosomes on
its cytoplasmic surface, the RER is primarily
involved in the synthesis of proteins destined for
secretion, incorporation into the plasma
membrane
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):


Lacking ribosomes, the SER is associated
with lipid synthesis, metabolism of
carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs
and poison
RIBOSOME

• Ribosome is a complex molecular


machine responsible for protein synthesis.
It is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
and ribosomal proteins, forming two
subunits
• FUNCTION
• Protein Synthesis Regulation: Ribosomes
interact with various factors (initiation,
elongation, and termination factors) to
ensure efficient protein production.
MITOCHONDRIA
• Mitochondria are organelles responsible for
energy production and metabolism

• They are often referred to as the power


houses of the cell due to their role in ATP
generation through oxidative
phosphorylation.
MITOCHONDRIA

• Animal Cells: Do not have a cell wall but


have plasma membranes, and include
cells like muscle cells, nerve cells, and red
blood cells.
• Plant Cells: Have a cell wall, chloroplasts
(for photosynthesis), and a large vacuole
for storing water
DIAGRAM OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA
• Biochemical Relevance:
• TCA (Krebs) Cycle occurs in the matrix.
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and oxidative
phosphorylation occur on the inner membrane.
• Beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
LYSOSOMES

• lysosomes are membrane-bound


organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes
responsible for intracellular digestion.

• They function in the degradation of


macromolecules, cellular debris, and
foreign substances.
PERIOXISOMES

Membrane-bound organelles containing


oxidative enzymes.
• Function:
• Fatty acid oxidation, detoxification of
hydrogen peroxide.
• It Contains catalase and enzymes for β-
oxidation
END

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