Chapter: 5

Enlist application layer protocol ?

Ans: the application layer protocol are:
TFTP
SMtp
ftp
Imap
Pop

Define www?
Ans:World wide web which is know as web collection of website or webpages stored that are stored
in web server connected to local computer through an internet these website contain text
audio ,digital images , video etc

Web pages:
A web is an repository of information in which a document know as web pages is distributed all over
the world and related document are linked together

Url
An url is also commonly refered as web address a url is an type of uniform resource identifier and
which is an generic term for many type of name and address on the web
It is also an address of unique resource on in internet

Website :
An website is an location on an internet where an individual organization or an companies keep there
web pages and related files we display web pages in an computer screen using an application called
web browser

Hypermedia:
An hypermedia extend the hypertext by interacting various media type text, audio , image and
interactive element it enable user to navigate and interact with internet connected to multimedia

Features :
Multimedia : combine various media
Non linear : multiple navigation pathway

What is http working and its message format?

Ans: Http is an application layer protocol Is used to transfer data across the web or www http is an
foundation for data communication for world wide web

Http is an underlying protocol used in world wide web and this protocol define how message are
format and transmitted and what action web server and browser should take in response of various
command

Http is more like an smtp because data transfer between client and server look like smtp

Http uses services of tcp with the help of port no 80

Http transaction:

Http uses services of tcp http itself is an stateless protocol which means the server does not keep info
about the client
The client initialize the transaction by sending a request to an server replies by sending a response
Request message:

Request Line : An request line is used to define the request type, url ,version

Request type: It is used to define the type of the request

URl: A client accessing a web page need an address and http uses url to facilates the access of any
document distributed over the world

An url define these four things:

Method
Host computer
Port
Path

Version : the latest version of http is 1.1 but the version 0.9 and 1 is used

Describe the working of ftp with diagram?

Ans:An ftp is one of an earliest internet protocol and still be used for uploading and downloading files
between client and server
An ftp client application issue ftp command to ftp server these command can be ued to change
directories or change transfer mode from binnary to asscai or upload files to downloading fil
An ftp uses tcp for reliable network communication by establishing session before data transfer
Tcp port no .21 of ftp server listen connection attempts of ftp client and uses control port to establish
a connection with client and server and allowing client send command to server and server to
respond to that command

Once the control connection is establish the server open port number 20 to form a new connection
with client for transferring actual data during upload and downloads

Explain Smtp with an diagram?

Simple mail transfer protocol is an internet standard for electronic mail transmission across ip
network
Smtp is an connection oriented text based protocol in which mail client communicate with mail server
by issuing command string and supplying necessary data over a reliable channnel typincally know as
tcp connection
Smtp is an standard application layer protocol for delivering mail over tcp/Ip inter-network know as
internet
Email system is implemented with the help of mta there are normally two mta in each mailing
system
An protocol that define both mta client and server in an internet is called as Simple mail transfer
protocol

What is telnet in detail?

Ans:telnet stands for terminal network telnet is an protocol used to login in to remote computer on
the internet
Telnet is an application layer protocol which is used in internet or lan it provide a bidirectional
interactive text oriented communication service by using virtual terminal connection

Telnet is basically a client server protocol which is based on a reliable channel it uses port no.23 in
order to establish the connection with tcp

Telnet provide abality to login to perform remote login to remote host telnet operate using client and
server
State the features of tftp ?
Ans: Tftp is based on an client/server principle
Tftp is an unsecured protocol
Tftp does not support authentication
It uses udp port 69 for tftp server

what is the packet format of ssh?

Ans: length: It is an 4 byte field define the length of ssh packet which include type data ,crc but does
not include padding and length

Padding field in one to eight byte of padding is added to the packet to make the attack on the security
more difficult

Type: this 1 byte field define the type of the packet use by the ssh protocol

Data : field is of variable length the length of the data can be found by deducting the five bytes from
the value of the length field

Crc: field is an cyclic reductancy check field used for error detection

Explain the working of ssh?

Ssh uses client server for its implementation an ssh server can deployed and allow several ssh client to
connect

The ssh client on the left provide authentication to the ssh server on the right in the intial connection
a client receive an host key from server in all subsequent connection the client will know it is
connecting to the same shh

The ssh server determine If the client is authenticate to connect ssh services by verifying
username/password or public key the process is completely encrypted

If the ssh server is authenticate the client the ssh session begin between two entities and all
communication is encrypted
What is imap in detail?
Ans:Imap stands for Internet message access protocol used by the email client to retieve email
message from mail server

Imap is an internet standard protocol used by the email client to retieve email message from mail
server over tcp /ip connection

Imap was designed with the goal of permitting complete management of email box by multiple email
client and generally leave a message until the user explicitly delete it

Imap allow client program to manipulate email message on the server without downloading them on
local computer and the email are hold and maintain by remote server

What is pop3 in detail?

Pop stands for post office protocol the pop is an Application layer internet standard protocol used by
mail client to retive mail from mail server

Pop is genearlly used to support to single client there are several version of pop but the current
version is pop 3

Pop version 3 is an message access protocol that enable the client to fetch email from the remote
mail server

Pop 3 is an standard mail protocol and used to retrieve mail from a remote server to an local email
client pop 3allow you to download email message on your local computer and read them even when
you are offline

Certain step for downloading mail from mail server

Concept of snmp :
Snmp provide an framework which is necessary for the management of device in an internet it uses
tcp /ip suite for the same

Snmp can be used to monitor and maintain an internet with the help of some fundamental operation

An snmp is based on the concept of manager and agent A manager is usually host and agent are
usually a router A host control and monitor the router

An snmp is an application layer protocol it was desgined in such a way it can monitor device made by
different manufacturer

Roles of snmp :
It define the format of the packet send from manager to agent and vice versa

To read and exchange the value of variable in snmp packet

It interprete the result and create an statistics by making use of other management software
State the operation of dhcp when connecting to different network?
In this situation client and server are two entirely different network as show in below :

In this situation a problem arise due to the broadcast nature of dhcp request The client does not know
the ip address of the dhcp server the ip address of dhcp server hence the dhcp request is an broadcast
type

In order to solve the problem we can configure one of the host or router as an relay agent

A relay will look for the broadcast request at port 67

As soon as it receive the broadcast request it is encapsulated as an unicast datagram and send it to
the dhcp server

These unicast message are allowed to be pass through any router thus the request message reach
dhcp server

The dhcp server then send a reply to the relay agent which is then send it to the dhcp server