ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Code No. MP 323

Lec. 3-b

By
Dr. Abdel-Moneim M. Nassib
Mechanical Engineering
Department
University of Assiut
2021-2022

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1-24-3 Detection and Analysis of Photochemical
Oxidants
The photochemical oxidant pool consists of both
organic and inorganic gases capable of oxidizing
specific reagents. The reagent used most frequently
is a neutral-phosphate-buffered potassium iodide
solution ‫محايدة الفوسفات العازلة محلول يوديد البوتاسيوم‬
which is calibrated by bubbling through a known
concentration of ozone. Ultraviolet photometry is
currently recommended as the primary calibration
method.
Other devices used for monitoring ozone are
chemiluminescence and coulometric analysis. Long-
path infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography
have been used to monitor PAN.

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1-24-4 Standards and Control
Ozone (O3) standard set “highest one-hour per
day” standard at 240 µg/m3 (0.12 ppm).
Control CO, HC, and NOx emissions, quantities of
these air contaminants sufficient to
photochemically generate ozone are still
present.

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1-25 Air-Quality Management Concepts
‫مفاهيم إدارة جودة الهواء‬
1. Control regulations and a control strategy, legal
authority . ‫أنظمة الرقابة واستراتيجية الرقابة والسلطة‬
‫القانونية‬
2. Emission inventories. ‫قوائم حصر االنبعاثات‬
3. Atmospheric surveillance network.
‫شبكة مراقبة الغالف الجوي‬
4. Agency staffing and funding.
5. Data management system.‫نظام إدارة البيانات‬
‫مالك موظفي الوكالة وتمويلها‬
6. A system for analysis of complaints.
‫نظام لتحليل الشكاوى‬
7. Stack sampling operations.‫عمليات أخذ عينات المدخنة‬
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1-25-1 Ambient-Air-Quality and Emissions
Standards
1- The primary air quality standards, based
on air quality criteria, allow an adequate
margin of safety to protect public health.
2- The secondary air quality standards, also
based on air quality criteria, were
established to protect public welfare, i.e.,
plants, animals, property, and materials.

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Table 1-18 National ambient-air-quality standards
Pollutant Primary* Secondary*
Particulate matter
Annual (geometric mean) 75 60
Maximum 24-h concentration 260 150
Lead
Averaged over 3 month 1.5 Same as primary
Hydrocarbons
Maximum 3-h (6—9 AM.)
160 (0.24 ppm) Same as primary
concentration
Carbon monoxide In mg/m3
Maximum 8-h concentration 10 (9 ppm)
Maximum 1-h concentration 40 (35 ppm) Same as primary
Sulfur oxides
Annual (arithmetic mean) 80 (0.03 ppm)
Maximum 24.h concentration§ 365 (0.14 ppm)
Maximum 3-h concentration§ 1300 (0.5 ppm)
Nitrogen oxides
100 (0.05 ppm) Same as primary
Annual (arithmetic mean)
Photochemical oxidants
240 (0.12 ppm) Same as primary
Maximum 1-h concentration
* All measurements are expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) except
those for carbon monoxide, which are expressed in milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m3). Equivalent measurements in parts per million (ppm) are given for gaseous
pollutants only.
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§ Not to be exceeded more than once a year.
1-25-2 Air Quality Indexes ‫مؤشرات جودة الهواء‬
This index combines the ambient measures of the five
major criteria pollutants into numbers ranging from 0 to
500.
PSI is the Pollutant Standard Index
Concentration of pollutant
PSI = X 100
Standard value

The pollutants rated are:

1- Carbon monoxide (CO)
2- Sulfur dioxide (SO2).
3- Total suspended particulates (TSP).
4- Photo-chemical oxidants or ozone (O3)
5- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

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 Table 1-20 Health effects associated with levels of pollutant
standards index (PSI)
PSI Descriptor Health effects Warning
value
400 and Hazardous Premature death of ill and above elderly. All persons should remain
Healthy people will experience adverse indoors, keeping windows and
symptoms that affect their normal doors closed. All persons should
activity. minimize physical activity,
exertion and avoid traffic.
300- Hazardous Premature onset of certain diseases in Elderly and persons with existing
399 addition to significant aggravation of diseases should stay indoors and
symptoms and decreased exercise avoid physical exertion. General
tolerance in healthy persons. population should avoid outdoor
activity.
200- Very Significant aggravation of symptoms ‫تفاقم‬ Elderly and persons with existing
299 unhealthful ‫ كبير لألعراض‬and decreased exercise heart or lung disease should stay
tolerance in persons with heart or lung indoors and reduce physical
disease, with widespread symptoms in activity.
the healthy population.
100- Unhealthful Mild aggravation of symptoms in Persons with existing heart or
199 susceptible persons. ‫ تفاقم خفيف لألعراض‬respiratory ailments should
.‫لدى األشخاص المعرضين‬ irritation symptoms in the reduce
physical exertion and healthy
population. outdoor activity.
50-99 Moderate
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0—49 Good
1-25-3 Enforcement of Standards
Emergency episode regulations are designed to
prevent ambient pollutant concentrations from
reaching levels that could cause significant harm
to human health. At the first level, the alert
level.
At the warning level limited restrictions are
imposed on incinerators and vehicle operations.
At the third level, the emergency level,
stringent controls are imposed on open burning,
incinerator operation, industrial plant operation,
and automobile use.

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 Table 1-20 Comparison of ambient-air-quality
standards and emergency episode levels
National Kentucky emergency episode
Contaminant
primary standards levels
Particulate
Maximum 24-h average 260 µg/m3 875 µg/m3
concentration
SO2
365 µg/m3 (0.5 ppm) 2100 µg/m3 (0.8 ppm)
Maxinum 24-h average
CO
10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) 46 mg/m3 (40 ppm)
Maximum 8-h average
Ozone
240 µg/m3 (0.12 ppm) 980 µg/m3 (0.5 ppm)
Maximum 1-h average
NO2
Maximum 1-h average None 3000 µg/m3 (1.6 ppm)
Maximum 24-h average None 750 µg/m3 (0.4 ppm)

Auto emission factors for light-duty 1966—1978 vehicles are given in Table 1-24.
1-25-4-1 The purpose of an emission inventory
(1) is to locate the air pollution sources for a
given area,
(2) to define the types and magnitude of
pollution these sources are likely to produce,
their projected emission of pollutants, and
the frequency, duration,
(3) the relative contribution of pollutant
emissions from each source.

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1-25-4-2 Emission inventories are used:
(1) to plan developments in metropolitan areas,
(2) to establish sampling programs and interpret the
results of sampling activities,
(3) to establish emission standards,
(4) to provide basic input for simulation models,
(5) to estimate air pollutant concentrations with various
meteorological conditions,
(6) to establish baseline levels of air pollutant
concentrations and to relate these to future trends,
(7) to indicate seasonal and geographical distribution of
air pollutants in a study area, and
(8) to assist in establishing priorities for a control
program.

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In carrying out an emission inventory:
1. Agencies classify the pollutants emitted into the
community.
2. Classify the sources of those pollutants.
3. Determine the quality and quantity of the
materials being handled, processed, or burned.
4. Determine the emission factors for those
materials and compute the rate at which each
pollutant is emitted.
• The five basic air pollutants included in an
emission inventory included CO, HC, NOx,
particulates, and SOx.

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The sources of emissions include:
1. Transportation, or mobile sources of
combustion.
2. Stationary sources of combustion.
3. Industrial processes.
4. Solid-waste disposal and miscellaneous
activities.
The quality and quantity of the materials being
handled, processed, or burned in the four source
groups may be determined through
questionnaires, through direct contact with
management, through chambers of commerce or
research organizations, from periodicals and
journals.
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 Example 1-4: During an emission inventory utilizing the
specified amounts of material on a typical winter day, calculate
an emission inventory for a city of 40,000 citizens. The inventory
should include particulates, SOx, CO, HC, and NOx.
Sources of contaminants
Mobile sources 23,825 automobiles; 227,000 L (60,000 gal) of gas pumped.
Stationary 56,640 m3 (2 x l0 ft3) natural gas (sulfur content of 130 g/l06 m3) used in
sources domestic and commercial heating;
36.3 tons of coal (4%, sulfur, 10% ash) used in hand-fired commercial and
domestic furnaces.
Industrial Oil refinery (moving-bed catalytic cracking system) processed 40,000 bbl
processes (6350 m3) of petroleum products;
iron and steel mill (ore-charged blast furnace with uncontrolled emissions)
processed 90.8 tones
Solid-waste Municipal incinerator with settling chamber and water spray burned 94.4
disposal sources tones; 26.3 tones burned in open burning operations (landscape pruning).

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 Quantity Emissions produced
Emissions factor
used
Contaminant kg/103 m3
l03 m3 kg tonnes
Particulates 240 6.35 1524 0.015
Sulfur oxides (as SO2) 9.63 6.35 61 0.0006
Carbon monoxide (CO) 321 6.35 2038 0.02
Hydrocarbons (as CH4) 128 615 813 0.008
Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) 1284 6.35 8153 0.08

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SOLUTION
1. Mobile sources are calculated by determining probable automobile
emissions for all five contaminants in the manner shown in Table 1-
24. The contaminant calculations are then moved to an emission-
factors summary sheet. Note that the summary sheet also contains a
notation for hydrocarbons emitted during the pumping of the
estimated 227,000 L of gas.
2. Using the formula:
Emission factor x quantity used = emissions produced
Estimates are made for production of each of the five contaminants
for all stationary sources, industrial processes, and solid-waste
disposal sources. As an example, the emission factor for natural gas
with a sulfur content of 130 g/106 m3 is shown below. Each
contaminant under consideration is listed. Because 56,640 m3 of
natural gas was used on the day being studied, each factor is
multiplied by this quantity and the resultant emission is calculated.
3. After similar approaches have been used to arrive at estimated
emissions for other sources in the emission inventory, a summary of
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the inventory is prepared.
Summary of emission inventory (tones/d)

Pollutants Particulates
Source
CO HC NOx SOx or solids
Mobile
- Automobile 41.1 3.4 2.3 0.009 0.28
- Crankcase and evaporative
0.49 5.00
emissions
Stationary
- Natural gas 0.02 0.008 0.08 0.0006 0.015
- Coal 0.18 0.05 0.11 2.76 0.36

Industrial processes
- Oil refinery 69.0 l.58 0.09 1.09 0.31
- Iron and steel mill - - - 5.00
79.4

Solid-waste disposal
- Municipal incinerator 1.65 0.070 0.142 0.12 0.66
- Open burning 0.54 0.18 0.018 - 0.15

Totals (rounded off) 191.9 5.8 2.7 4.0 6.8

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