Chapter

5 Metals and Non metals

A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and

heat and forms ionic bonds with non-metals.In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to
form positive ions (cations). Those ions are surrounded by electrons (are not bound to
any specific atom), which are responsible for the conductivity. The solid thus produced
is held by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud, which are
called metallic bonds. Metals occupy the bulk of the periodic table, while non-metallic
elements can only be found on the right-hand-side of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
Metals are usually inclined to form cations (positive ions) through electron loss,
reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over changing tÉmescales (iron rusts over
years, while potassium burns in seconds). Examples:
4 Na + O, ’ 2Na,0 (sodium oxide)
2 Ca + 0, ’ 2 CaO (calcium oxide)
4 Al + 3 0, ’2Al,0, (aluminium oxide)
The transition metals (such as iron, copper, zinc, and nickel) take much longer to
at
oxidize. Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere
all. Some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated
by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity
The oxides
for many decades (like aluminium, magnesium, some steels, and titanium).
of metals are generally basic. Chromic oxide Cr,0, and metalloid antimony oxide (Sb,O)
react with acids
are acidic. Some metals like Zn and Al form amphoteric oxides. Which
as well as alkalis.
Al,0, + 6HCI ’ 2AICI, +3H,0 (reaction with acid)
Al,0, + 2NaOH ’ Na,Al,0, + H,0 (reaction with base) nonmetals
Oxides of nonmetals usually are acidic. Example SO,, NO,, CO,. Some
Torm neutral oxides (CO, NO, N,0, H,0).
conductivity, luster
Metals in general have high electrical conductivity, thermalbreaking.
without
and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress
majority of nonmetals.
The majority of metals have higher densities than the

Chemistr 125
 There is wide variation inthe densities ofmetals: lithiumisthe least dense solid.elemem
the
crystal lattice of the metallic structure.density of most
Descending
metals is due to tightly packy
order of density : Osmium,,iridium,
and osmium is the densest. The high
platinumn, gold, mercury, lead, silver, copper, brass, iron, tin, zinc, cast iron,,aluminium,

also have
marble, granite, glass
Metals are ductile. They can be drawn
into wires. Metals Malleabiliy
into sheets. conductors ofh.
Means they can be transformed number (only 18). They are poor (whereas
few in form acidic oxides
Non metals are very metals. They than
metals
meti
compared to brittle, rather
and electricity when In solid form, they
are dull and
generally form basic oxides).
which are lustrous, ductile or
malleable.
than metals. They have significantl.
lower densities exception ofCarbon).
Usually non metals have metals (with the
boiling points than oceans of the earth. Bul
lower melting points and crust, atmosphere and
Nonmetals make up most of the entirely ofnonmetals. Most nonmetals
composed almost
tissues ofliving organisms are diatomic molecules (like O,, N,) in their elemental
form
are monatomic noble gases or molecules in element stage. They form crystalline
state. Metals do not form such
structure.

and non metals.

Some important points about metal
reacts with sulphur forming black silver sulphid. Hence if silver articles
1. Silver turnblack.
come in contact with eggs or kept open in air
liquid metals at room
2. Mercury is liquid metal. Gallium, sygium, rubidium are
temperature. Bromine is liquid non metal.
3. Mercury can dissolve gold and forms amalgam
4. Cooking vessels are made up of metals as they are good conductors of heat.
Copper and brass vessels are tinned (a thin layer of tin is applied) because they
form toxic substances after reacting with acids.
5. Aqua regia is mixture of HCI: HNO, (3:1). Gold and platinum can be dissolved
into it.
6. Most abundant metal on earth crust - aluminium and iron.
7. Most abundant non metal - oxygen and silicon.
8. Reactivity series in decreasing order - K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu,
Ag, Pt, Au,
9. Uranium, thorium, plutonium are used in atomic furnace to get
energy. They are
radioactive elements. They give out alpha, beta and gamma rays.
10. Radium was discovered from ores of pitchblende byy madam
curie.
I1. Titanium compounds are used in paints. Tin and lead alloy is used for
soldering.
126 Young
Scientist Examination Book - 2 Std. 1X
 Chemicalproperties -
Reaction of metals with acids like HCI /H,sO,.
1. Metals K,,Na - Explosive reaction even with dilute acids liberating H,.
K + 2HCI’ 2KCl + H, ‘
Metals (Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe) - with dilute acids reaction is Less vigorous, H,
liberated with decreasing vigor for the metals in sequence.
Ca + 2HCl ’ CaCl, + H, ‘ Mg +H,SO, ’ MgSO, +H,‘
2Al + 6HCl ’ 2AlCl, + 3H, ‘ Zn + H,S0, ’ ZnSO, +H, ‘
Fe +H,SO, ’ FeSO, + H,‘
3 Metals (Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag) No action with dilute acids. Only Pb reacts with
concentrated HCI
Pb + [conc] HCI ’ PbCI, + H,1
acids.
4. Metals Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) don't react even with concentrated
Reaction with water
1. K. Na, Ca react with cold water to release H2 and form hydroxides.
2Na + 2H,0 ’ 2NaOH + H, ‘ and forms
releases H,
2. Mg reacts with water only if it is heated with steam. It
oxide.
Mg + H,0’ MgO + H,‘
3. Aluminium shows no reaction with water
Fe,0, + 4H,‘
4. Fe has reversible reaction with water. 3Fe + 4H,0 ’
Rusting of iron (in presence of oxygen and water)
30, + H,0 - 2Fe,0,. nH,0 (rusting is faster if water contains acids or
4Fe +
electrolytes or if iron is impure)
steam.
5. Pb, Cu, do not react with water or

Reduction of metal oxides

metals are found in form of oxides. They are reduced to obtain pure metals.
Many
preferred reducing agent as it is widely available and is cheap. Other reducing
Coke is a metals like K, Na, Ca, Mg,
monoxide and hydrogen. Highly reactive
agents are carbon
Alcannot be reduced by using such agents.
1. Fe,0, + 3CO ’ 2Fe + 3C0,‘
PbO + C, Pb + CO ‘ ZnO + C’ Zn + CO‘

CuO +H, ’ Cu + H0‘

Chemistry 127
 reactive metals can be reduced by thermal decomposition
2. Less
2HgO ’ 2Hg + O, ‘
2Ag,0 4Ag + O, ‘
3. Pt,Hydroxides, form oxides.nitrates
Audo not carbonates, are comnonly found in mnetals. Following
some of their properties. Metal nitrate
Hydroxide| Hydroxide
Metal Carbonate Carbonate when heated
when heated in water
in water
Soluble Stable to heat|Nitrate + 0,
Stable to heat
K Soluble 2KNO, ’2KNO, +01
Soluble Stable to heat
Stable to heat
Na Spluble,
Insoluble CaCO,’CaO+CO,‘ Soluble Ca(OH),’
Ca
CaO + H,0‘

Insoluble Insoluble
Mg
Insoluble Nitrate
A Insoluble Carbonate >oxide
Oxide + O, + NO,
Al,(o) tcarbon dioxide
Insoluble
Zn, Fe Insoluble
Pb Insoluble Insoluble 2Pb(NO,), ’
PbC9 2PbO + 4NO, + 0‘
Cu Insoluble Insoluble

Hg Insoluble Metal + 0, + CO, Rarely Hg(NO,), ’ Hg + 2NO,

formed +0,‘
Ag Insoluble Metal + 0, +CO,
P, Au Don't form Don't form Don't form

Metal oxides -Zincite (ZnO), Heamatite (Fe,O,), Bauxite

(A;0,.2H,0), Cuprite (Cu,0)
Carbonates Marble (CaC0,), Calamine (ZnCO,), siderite (FeCO),
Halides -Fulorspar (CuF,), Cryolite (Na,AIF,), Horn silver(AgCl),Magnesite(MgCO,)
rock salt (NaCl)
Sulphides -Zinc blende (ZnS), Galena(PbS), Iron
pyrite(FeS,), Cinnabar (Hgs)
Sulphates -anglesite (PbSO,), baryte (BaSO,), Gypsum
(CaSo,,2H,0), Epsom salt (MgSo,71H0)
Metallurgy- Metallurgy is a material science that studies physical and chemical
properties of metals. Extraction of metals from their ores is also
The compounds of various metals found in nature studied under metallurgy
associated with their earthly
128 Young Scientist Examination Book -2 Std. IX
 calledIminerals. The naturally occurring minerals from which metals can
impurities are
profitably and conveniently are called metal ores., The rocky impurities
be extracted
associated with ore (like silica SiO,) are called 'matrix' or 'gangue'. Some chemicals,
lod flux is added to get rid of earthlyimpurities.Due to flux impurities get converted
na'slag' which can be separated from pure metal easily.
For extraction of metal from the impure ore first the soil impurities are removed.
Tie is called concentration of the ore. Then the ore is treated in a suitable way to
obtain pure metal.
Concentration of the ore- this method is used to remove the impurities, mud
eilica from the ore. This increases the concentration ofthe required compound. Following
are the methods to achieve this.
1. Electromagnetic process - this method is Magnetic
Ore

useful to separate magnetic ore from non wheel

magnetic gangue. Pulverized (crushed to small

pieces) ore is put on a conveyor belt. The
magnetic particles are attracted to the magnetic Magnetic Non-Magnetid
Ore wheel
wheel and fall separately apart from non
magnetic particles as shown. This is cheaper
Non-magnetic Gangue
Electromagnietic separation
and faster method for magnetic metals like iron.
2. Froth floatation process - this process camying Froth bubbles omprssed
sulphid
preferential ore partlcals
separates ore and gangue by
wetting. It is useful for those metals whose ore -Sulphlde ore
wetted by oil and gangue is
is preferentially particats

preferentially wetted by water. This method is Water

containing
pine o
generally useful for sulphide ores.
containing
The ore is taken in a large tank Gangue

compressed Froth Moatationo process cOBcentratton

oil and water. it is agitated with forms froth
for the
sulphide orrs.
and
air. The ore is wetted by the oil, gets settled at the bottom of the tank.
the tank. The gangue
bubbles which float on
method is based on
3. Gravity separation this due to difference Ore with inpunics
separation of ore and gangue
ore is poured waer jet
in density of the particles. The grooves. A
over a vibrating sloped table with Heavy ore Watetgmgoc
Denser
jet of water allowed to flow over it.
grooves and
ore particles settle down in the by
Inclinod platform
washed down with grooves
Iighter gangue particles are
the water.
Chemistry 129
 from concentrated ore Coke, ircn
Bxtraction of metal and limestone
methods are used to obtain
Different concentrated ore.
the
pure metal form with
are to be reduced
Generally the metals carbon monoxide Blast furnace
agent like coke,
a suitable
For this purpose various types Alofterncokeate laatrve.
or hydrogen. used. Forseparating iron blast KOn Dre
offurnaces are shown).
furnace is used (as
Extraction of iron -
first the ore is
water to remove
Refhniradnorgy
washed with
crushed and enriched by
Then ore is
sand and clay. concentrated ore is
magneticseparators. the
blast furnace. Along with ore Hot air
then put into is added to the
limestone and coke powder Molhen sla
it.
furnace. Hot air is blown into Slag notch
Mollen iron Tap hole
Reactions in the blast furnace
C+0,’ Co, ‘ +heat
CO, +C 200
CaCO, ’ CaO + CO,
CaO +SiO,’ CaSio, (slag)
Fe,0, + 3 CO ’ 2Fe t 3CO,
Molten iron is collected at the bottom of the furnace. The slag of calcium silicae
floats on the molten iron and is removed.

Extraction of Aluminium
Purification of bauxite(Al,0,2H,0)-powdered bauxite is heated with NaOH
under high pressure. Al,0, of the ore form sodium aluminate which is water soluble.
Silica reacts with sodium hydroxide to form soluble sodium
silicate. The iron oxid:
impurities from ore are removed by
filtration. Aluminium hydroxide is added Carbon anodes
to it due to which ore gets
is then heated and is precipitated. It
This mineral is heated converted
to Al,0,.
in electric furnace.
It melts at 1000 °C.
added as flux. Al,0, isCryolite (Na,AIF)
Alumina
isCarbon
cathode cryolite

rods to pure reduced graphite

by
aluminium.
130 4 Young
Scientist Examination Book -2 Std. DX
 Roasting -it is a process of heating concentrated ore in excess air. Due lo this
escape out.
solatilegases
Calcination it is a prOcess of hcating concentrated ore in absence of air with
caleiumcompounds. at temperatures less than melting point of ore.
Properties and uses of some metals and alloys-
7ine-galvanizing (thin layer ofzinc on iron shects). Dry cells (zinc container as
cathode). Zinc alloys are brass, bronze, german silver. Zn gives hardness to base
metal copper.
1 Aluminium house hold utensils as it is good conductor of heat and unaffected
hy food acids. Powder is used in anti corrosive paint. Foil used for packag1ng
Duralumin, magnalium are alloys with copper and magnesium, used to make
aircraft parts. Al powder + Fe,0, is used as thermite mixture for welding iron.
Expands
3. Pigiron- is impure iron. Drain pipes, gutter covers, railings. Easy to cast.
after solidification.
4. Steel - iron with many diferent elements to give desirable properties.
copper-brass,, bronze,
5. Copper-electric cables, calorimeters, utensils, alloys of
german silver, bell metal and gun metal
flexible pipes, lead alloys
6. Lead- high specific gravity. Used in bullets. Uses - (printing blocks)
like solder with low melting point, fuse wire, type metal
(burns with dazzling light)
7. Magenesium - fire works, photography powder, mercury.
8. Amalgam is an alloy in which base metal is
Heat treatment -
treatment is given to metal alloys to improve its desirable qualities like hardness,
A heating and cooling the alloy to a required
toughness is called heat treatment. It involves
temperature in a controlled way.
quenching- it is a process in which steel is heated till it becomes
Hardening or
temperatures above 800°C. Then it is suddenly plunged into cold water or oil.
red hot to
also becomes more brittle.
Due to this hardness increases. But steel
tempering - it is a process in which heardened steel is heated at
Annealing or
cooled very slowly over a period of
Iemperatures between 220°C to 300°C. Then it is but
toughness of the steel. It retains the hardness
1Our to five hours. This increases
reduces the brittleness.
Some metals and ores from which it is extracted
aluminium oxide (hydrous). Al,0,2H,0 (bauxite, alumina). It is
Aluminium -
stable compound and can not be reduced by carbon. Hence it is electrolyzed
Very
fluoride (cryolite) Na,AlF,
1O get pure metal. Sodium aluminium
Chemistry 131
 Muynelite (le0, gnetic), lron pyu.
2. Iron -lleamatite (e 0,),
Siderite (leouscrbonate FeC0,) glanceCn,5, cuprite Cu), d
pyrites C'uteS,, copper
3, Copper-copper C'u0),,2CuC0,
Cu(O), (uC0,, azurite more than onc lorm i
existence of an element in
Allotrophy -itisthe but dilferent physical
physical state having the same chemical properties propet
Non metals
Sulphur-Sulphur is a odourless and
tastcless yellowish solid. It is insoluble in Above 96
water and slightly soluble in organic
solvents. It is readily soluble in Below 96
carbondisulphide CS, It is bad conductor Monoclinic slpd
of heat and electricity. It is a non metal with Rhonbic sulphur
crystalline allotropes of shapc rhombic and
monoclinic. It can also exists in a close structure of 8
atoms forming S, molecule. Frasch process is used to
get sulphur from underground. Sulphur has low melting
point(115 °C). heating of naturalrubber with sulphur to
a definite temperatures for a required period of time is
called vulcanization of rubber. Sulphur atoms act as S, Molecules-wavy structure
bridges between rubber molecules and initiate cross
linking converting the soft rubber into hard rubber.
Sulphur is also useful in making sulphuric acid, matches,
antiseptic creams. gunpowder, explosives
Carbon - though it is a non Coved bond Caton clom
metal it is a good conductor of
electricity. It is uscd as electrodes.
Charcoal, lamp black, coke, graphite,
legres

diamond are all forms of carbon.

Diamond is the hardest substance
naturally found. It has very high Diamond Cardet

refractíve index 2.41. it is not good Graphite band

conductor of electricity but is very good

gas is formed. It is naturally conductor of heat. Ifit is burnt.
tools to cut glass, mirrors, found near volcanoes or coal mines. It is used carbondioxiu
as gemston
artificial diamonds 100000 atm drilling rocks, diamond knives are used in surgery. To ma
pressure and 3700°C
temperature isused. Artii
132 Young Scientist
ExuminationBook- 2 Sud. IX
 diamonds are uscd to make cutting tools.
Graphite is allotrope of carbon. It is
made up of layers of carbon that can slide
(b) C. (c)LaC Over cach other casily. Graphite is a soft
material. Graphite is good conductor of
clectricity. It has density, 1.9 to 2.3 g/cc.
melting point is 3730 °C. It burns and
produces carbondioxide. Graphite and clay
1S used in pencils. It is black and slippery.
Each layer is made up of 6 carbon atoms.
in machines, to
'snes between two layers of graphite are weak. It is used as lubricant
fishing
mike clectrodes, in pencils, printer ink, graphite fibers used to reinforce .plastic,
ds. dish antenna, tennis rackets, bicycle frames.
Fullerenes - hardest substance - made in 1985 by heating graphite to very high
atoms. in a
:emperature. It was named as "Buckminster fullerene'. It had 60 carbon
C120 are
hexagon like structure making a football like arrangement. Now C70, C90,
also discovered. They are used as superconductors, lubricants, catalysts, reinforce plastic.
Silicon - each atom of silicon can join with 4
other silicon atoms forminga silicon wafer. It is a grey
colored metalloid. It is abundant on earth crust present
in sand as silicon dioxide Si.,. it is also present in
flint, quartz, opal, mica. It is a semiconductor. Used to
make microprocessor chips. SiC (silicon carbide) is a
very hard substance used to make cutting tools. It has
high melting point 1410°C.
Sodium silicate Na,Sio, is called water glass.
In this solution different salts like copper sulphate,
ferrous sulphate are dropped. After few hours they form
tube like structures which look like artificial plants.
This is called silica garden.

Phosphorus -P,
Occurrence -Phosphorite Ca,(PO,),; Chlorapetite 3Ca, (PO,),CaCl,
Fluorapatite 3Ca,(PO),Cal,
Bones of animals çontains phosphorous. In pure form it is white waxy, soft. It is
POIsonous. Has garlic like odor. It turns yellow because of coating of red phosphorus.

Chemistry 133
 Catches fire at 30C. Hence kept under water. It shows phosphorescence. Il glows
dark with slow combustion. Red phosphorus is produced by hcating yellow phosphort y
or N.. lodine is used as catalyst. Red phosphorous
in inert atmosphere of CO, phosphorescencc.
rcactive as yellow. It does not show form phosphorous
Phosphorus can react with chlorin to
pentachloride
,,
Whitc phosphorous can react with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide 1o lorm
trichloride.

phosphine and sodium hypophosphite.

P, +3NaOH + 3 H,0 ’ PH, +3NaH,PO,
and non metals.
Study of some compounds of metals
NaHC0, white amorphous powder
1. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) spongy. And in .
Soluble in water. used in baking as it makes bread lighter and
extinguishers.
2NaHCO, (heating) ’ Na,C0, +H,0f + CO,f
2. Washing soda (sodium carbonate) Na,CO,H,0-white crystalline solid, solubl:
in water. efflorescent (loses water of crystallization and forms powder). It is used
as cleaning agent for domestic purpose, softening ofhard water, making detergents
paper and water glass(sodium metasillicate Na,Sio, used as refractories, and in
cements, automobiles.).
Na,C0, +HCI ’ NaCl + H,0 + Co,‘ (similar reaction with H,SO,)
3. Calcium carbonate (limestone)
CaC0,- present in chalk, marble. White
amorphous powder, insoluble in water. if heated it
uses- marble, paints, tooth powders, disintegrates to CaO and C.,.
tooth pastes.
4. Ferrous sulphate
(green vitriol) FeSO,7H,0- light
efflorescent. In air forms white green crystalline soli,
unhydrous
agent, can reduce KMnO, and make it
it powder FeSO,. it acts as reducing
in laboratory,
preparing colourless. Used as insecticide, as reagen
ink, making Mohr's
5. Copper salt
sulphate (blue vitriol)
water, efflorescent. CuSO,.5H,0-
Uses - Bordeaux blue crystalline solid,
soluble
electroplating of copper, in mixture as
presence of sugar in urine. Daniell cell, used withinsecticide and pesticio
6. benedict solution to D
Potassium aluminium sulphate (alum)
colourless solid.
in paper industry,Water K,So,Al,(SOacidic.
to stopsoluble. Has astringent taste. It is),24H,0
bleeding, in purification of Used in crysta
drinking water medic
134 Young Scientist
Examination Book - 2 Std. IX
 of paris (calcium sulphate anhydride) (CaSO,),H,0 - it is prepared
7. Plaster Ifwater is added
from gypsum. 2(CaSO,.2H,0) (heat) ’ (CaSO,),H,0+3H,0‘.
to plaster of paris, after drying it gets hardened. Used for sealing of laboratory
equipmentto make them air tight, to set the fractured bones at right ppositions.

o Rleaching powder (calcium oxychloride) or chloride of lime Ca0Cl, - it has

fvono smell of chlorine. Soluble in water. used for bleaching of clothes, in paper
and textile industries, for disinfecting water.