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14 views32 pages

1443 Measurement New

Uploaded by

j85zs2tgbp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

MEASUREMENT
Contents

1- Introduction
2- Physical quantities
3- Fundamental Quantities and Their Units
4- Derived Quantities
5- Prefix
6- Dimensional Analysis
7- Conversion of units
1) Introduction

 Used to describe natural phenomena

‫تستخدم لوصف الظواهر الطبيعية‬


 Each measurement is associated with a
physical quantity

‫يرتبط كل قياس مع كمية فيزيائية‬

 Need defined standards


‫نحتاج إلى معايير محددة‬
Example

Temperature is 30 degrees Celsius:

30 is numerical value

‘degree Celsius’ is the unit.


Remark
2) PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
‫كميات فيزيائية‬

 A quantity that can be measured ‫كمية يمكن قياسها‬

 Physical quantities have numerical value and unit


of measurement.

‫الكميات الفيزيائية لها قيمة عددية و وحدة قياس‬


Remark : Classification of physical quantities

 The physical quantities can be classified into


base quantities and derived quantities.

 Base Quantities are physical quantities that cannot


be derived from other physical quantities.

 There are seven base quantities: length, mass, time,


temperature, electric current, amount of substance
and luminous intensity
3) Fundamental Quantities and Their Units

Quantity symbol SI Unit


Length L, r, d, … Meter (m)
Mass m Kilogram (kg)
Time t Second (s)
Temperature T Kelvin (K)
Electric Current I Ampere (A)
Amount of Substance n, Q Mole (mol)
Luminous intensity E Candela (cd)
Remark : Quantities Used in early chapters

Three fundamental quantities are used:

 LENGTH L

 MASS M
 TIME T
All other quantities can be expressed in terms of the
three fundamental quantities
Length
 Length is the distance between two points in
space.

 Units (SI) : meter, m

 Defined in terms of a meter – the distance


traveled by light in a vacuum during a given
time

 See Table 1.3 for some examples of lengths


Mass

 Units (SI) : kilogram, kg

 Defined in terms of a
kilogram, based on a
specific cylinder kept at
the International Bureau
of Standards

 See Table 1.5 for masses of various objects


Time

 Units (SI) : Seconds, s

 Defined in terms of the


oscillation of radiation
from a cesium atom

 See Table 1.4 for some approximate time intervals.


Remark : Reasonableness of Results

 When solving a problem, you need to check


your answer to see if it seems reasonable.

 Reviewing the tables of approximate values


for length, mass, and time will help you test
for reasonableness.
4) Derived Quantities

Derived quantities are physical quantities derived


from combination of base quantities through
multiplication or division or both.
Examples:
 Area = Length x Width
In SI units: We measure length and width in meter
(m), So Unit of Area will be = m x m = m2
 Speed: A ratio of a length to a time interval
 Density: A ratio of mass to volume
Remark: Dimensions And Units
4- Derived Quantities

Derived Symbol Relationship with base Derived units dimension


Quantities quantities

Area A Length x Length m2


L2
Volume V Length x Length x Length m3 L3

Density ρ Mass kg/m3


M/L3
Length x Length x Length

Velocity v Displacement m/s


L/T
Time

Acceleration a Velocity m/s2


L/T2
Time
4- Derived Quantities

Derived Symbol Relationship with base Derived units dimension


Quantities quantities

Force F Mass x Acceleration N


ML/T2
Work W Force x Displacement J
ML2/T2

Energy Ep Mass x gravity x high = J


ML2/T2
Ek ½ x mass x velocity x velocity

Power P Force x Displacement W


ML2/T3
Time

Pressure p Force N/m 2


M/LT2
Area
5) Prefix
6) Dimensional Analysis

 Technique to check the correctness of an equation or


to assist in deriving an equation
 Dimensions (length, mass, time, combinations) can
be treated as algebraic quantities. Add, subtract,
multiply, divide
 Both sides of equation must have the same
dimensions.
 Any relationship can be correct only if the
dimensions on both sides of the equation are the
same.
 Cannot give numerical factors: this is its limitation
6) Dimensional Analysis

Example :

Given the equation: x = ½ at 2


Check dimensions on each side:

L
L  T 2
L
T 2

The T2’s cancel, leaving L for the dimensions of each side.


So, The equation is dimensionally correct.

Remark : There are no dimensions for the constant.


6) Dimensional Analysis

Example :
Dimensional Analysis to Determine a Power Law

Determine powers in a proportionality


 Example: find the exponents in the expression:

xa t m n

 You must have lengths on both sides.


 Acceleration has dimensions of L/T2
 Time has dimensions of T
 Analysis gives
x  at 2
7- Conversion of units

1 h = 60 min
1 h = 3600 s
1 min = 60 s

1 m = 3.281 ft 1 ft = 0.304 m
1 in = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 0.393 in
Converting feet to meters:

316 ft = ? m
1 m = 3.281 ft (this is a conversion factor)
Or: 1 = 1 m / 3.281 ft
316 ft × (1 m / 3.281 ft) = 96.3 m

Converting in to cm:

15 in = ? cm
1 in = 2.54 cm (this is a conversion factor)
Or: 1 = 2.54 cm /1 in
15 in × (2.54 cm /1 in) = 38.1 cm
Problem 1

Earth is approximately a sphere of radius 6.37 x 106 m.


What are
(a) its circumference in kilometers,
(b) its surface area in square kilometers, and
(c) its volume in cubic kilometers?
Problem 2

On an interstate highway in a rural region of Wyoming,


a car is traveling at a speed of 38.0 m/s. Is the driver
exceeding the speed limit of 75.0 mil/h?
1 mil = 1609 m
Problem 3

Assume the equation x =At 3 + Bt describes the motion


of a particular object, with x having the dimension of
length and t having the dimension of time. Determine
the dimensions of the constants A and B.
Problem 4

A rectangular building lot has a width of 75 ft and a


length of 125 ft. Determine the area of this lot in square
meters. ( 1ft = 0.3048 m)
Problem 5

A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94 g and a volume


of 2.10 cm3. From these data, calculate the density of
lead in SI units (kilograms per cubic meter).

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