Understanding the OSI Model

Copyright © www.ine.com
 Keith Bogart
CCIE #4923

kbogart@ine.com CCIE Routing & Switching

@keithbogart1
linkedin.com/in/keith-bogart-2a75042

Copyright © www.ine.com
 Video Overview

• Use the OSI and TCP/IP models and their associated protocols
to explain how data flows through a network.

Copyright © www.ine.com
 OSI Reference Model
Comprised of seven layers
The benefits of using a layered approach are:
• Provides easier troubleshooting
• Standardizes the networking architecture
• Allows vendor interoperability
OSI Layers at a glance
Applica'on
Presenta'on
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
 Applica9on Layer
Features
• Interacts with the user applications (Firefox, Outlook, etc.)
• Provides initial network connection for user applications
• Manages the application connections between hosts
 Presenta9on Layer
Performs encryption within an application
Ensures that data is presented correctly to the
application used
Performs translation of cross-platform standards
that may be understood by the local machine:
• Pict. into .jpg file translation
• .wav into .mp3
 Session Layer
Helps establish session with reserved port numbers
Session identifier is assigned
Tracks connections between hosts and remote
computers/servers
 Session Layer

Well-known ports
• Ranges from 0 to 1023
• Port numbers used by well-known services
• Examples: HTTP(80), HTTPS(443), DNS(53),
FTP(20,21),TELNET(23), etc.
Ephemeral ports
• Ranges from 1024 to 65535
 Transport Layer

Multiplexing and de-multiplexing

Sequencing and reassembling
Windowing, buffering, congestion
avoidance
Error detection and re-transmission
 Transport Layer

Identifying services
• TCP
• Connection oriented
• Reliable
• Protocol number 6
• UDP
• Connectionless
• Unreliable
• Protocol number 17
 Network Layer
Protocols that help to identify unique, separate
networks (or Broadcast Domains)
Provide mechanisms for Fragmentation and
Reassembly of data, if necessary.
Protocols that provide Layer-Management such as:
• Network domain/ID discovery
• Network path determination
• Network status updates
 Data Link Layer
Provides node-to-node data transfer—a link
between two directly connected nodes.
Defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection
between two physically connected devices.
Defines the protocol for flow control between physically
connected devices.
Detects, and possibly corrects, errors that may occur in the
physical layer.
 Data Link Layer
IEEE 802 provides two sub-layers of the Data Link Layer
• MAC (Media Access Control) Sublayer
• LLC (Logical Link Control) Sublayer
MAC Sublayer
• Defines addressing structure
• Protocols for accessing the link
• Rules about data transfer
LLC Sublayer
• Responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer
protocols
 Physical Layer

Protocols that define electrical or light

signals for the transmission of data.
Cable specifications
Physical shape and format of NIC
connectors.
Power regulations and usage.
 PDUs
PDU = Protocol Data Unit
• The final, structured data unit created by an OSI Layer

PDUs created at one layer are meant to be read by

the same layer on receiving device
 Encapsulation / Decapsulation
Encapsulation: As each layer receives a PDU from the layer
above it, headers are added.
Decapsulation: As each layer receives a PDU from the layer
below it, headers are inspected and then removed.
 Explaining Data Flows Using the
OSI & TCP/IP Models

Copyright © www.ine.com
 Keith Bogart
CCIE #4923

kbogart@ine.com CCIE Routing & Switching

@keithbogart1
linkedin.com/in/keith-bogart-2a75042

Copyright © www.ine.com
 Video Overview

• Use the OSI and TCP/IP models and their associated protocols
to explain how data flows through a network.

Copyright © www.ine.com
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on
User Data
10111010
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on
User Data
10111010
L6 Hdr
1011101011
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on
User Data
10111010
L6 Hdr
1011101011
L5 Hdr
101110101101
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on
User Data
10111010
L6 Hdr
1011101011
L5 Hdr
101110101101
L4 Hdr
1011101011010111
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on
User Data
10111010
L6 Hdr
1011101011
L5 Hdr
101110101101
L4 Hdr
1011101011010111

10111010110101110101 L3 Hdr
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on
User Data
10111010
L6 Hdr
1011101011
L5 Hdr
101110101101
L4 Hdr
1011101011010111

10111010110101110101 L3 Hdr
10101110101101011101010111 L2 Hdr
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on
User Data
10111010
L6 Hdr
1011101011
L5 Hdr
101110101101
L4 Hdr
1011101011010111

10111010110101110101 L3 Hdr
10101110101101011101010111 L2 Hdr

Bits (Physical Layer)

From PC to Switch (1)

1 2 3 4
From PC to Switch (2)
SWITCHING TABLE
0101 = Port-2
0111 = Port-3
0011 = Port-4
???? = Flood

L2 Header

10101110101101011101010111

1 2 3 4
From Switch to Router
ROUTING TABLE
0111 = Interface-1
0101 = Interface-2
0001 = Interface-3 Layer-2 Table
???? = Discard Is this Layer-2 frame for me??

L3 Header L2 Header

10101110101101011101010111

1 2 3 4
PDU Transporta9on & Recogni9on

User Data
10111010
L6 Hdr
1011101011
L5 Hdr
101110101101

L4 Hdr
1011101011010111

10111010110101110101 L3 Hdr

10101110101101011101010111 L2 Hdr

Bits (Physical Layer)

TCP/IP Reference Model