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A SURVEY STUDY OF NURSERY MANAGEMENT AND SURVEILLANCE OF

ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES AT PESHAWAR CITY, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-
PAKISTAN

Article in JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH · September 2021

DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.917

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 Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 27(3): 419-430, 2021 419

EVALUATION OF NURSERY MANAGEMENT AND IDENTIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL

PLANT SPECIES: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT PESHAWAR-PAKISTAN
Abdul Basit1 and 2Sana Ullah*

Abstract
Nurseries management is a key tool which provides healthy plant resources in the
context to plant distribution and urban biodiversity visualization for human being. The
current survey study was carried out at Peshawar Development Authority Nurseries
Hayatabad Peshawar-Pakistan. This survey was based on the current situation and various
methods practiced by the gardeners to manage their nurseries, and distribution of
ornamental plant species. The main objective was to improve the current situation of the
nurseries and suggest recommendations in light of the highlighted problems. Various
attributes i.e. identification of plants, total area of nurseries, soil type, irrigation system,
weeding, fertilizer application, propagation method, propagation time, transplanting time,
field situation and finally problems of the nurseries were studied. All the agricultural and
horticultural practices were not fully applied and practiced in proper recommended way. Out
of the total studied parameters, irrigation system that was sprinkler irrigation, was
impressive and appreciable. Proper fertilizer at proper time played a vital role in plant
growth and nurseries development. The gardeners and other technical and field staff did not
conduct their jobs to their fullest and their nurseries management was unsatisfactory. It
was concurred that good quality plants production was not achieved and disease
identification was missing due to lack of germ plasm unit facility. Weeds were badly
impacting nurseries plants and affected their beauty and yield. Various weedicides were
used by the nurseries staff to reduce the negative influence of weed infestation. It was
recommended that effective planning, punctual staff duty and modern practices should be
applied to improve overall structure of the nurseries.
Keywords: Field survey, nurseries managemnet, ornamental plants, parameters, Pakistan
Citation: Basit, A. and S. Ullah. 2021. Evaluation of Nursery Management and Identification
of Ornamental Plant Species: A Case Study of District Peshawar-Pakistan. Pak. J. Weed Sci.
Res., 27 (3):419-430

1
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
Email: abdulbasithort97@gmail.com
2
Department of Environmental & Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo,
ND 58102, USA
Corresponding author’s email: Sana.Ullah@ndsu.edu
420 Abdul Basit and Sana Ullah. Evaluation Of Nursery Management ….

INTRODUCTION nurseries and urban nurseries (Saleem et

al., 2007). Rural nurseries is situated in a
Nurseries is a place where
village near high road or railway station.
seedling, sapling or any other planting
In general, the size of rural nurseries may
material are raised and sold out for
be large as the land and labor charges are
planting in gardens and orchids. The pre
cheaper. The products are also sold at a
requisites of a successful and
cheaper rate. On the other hand, the
remunerative fruit production are the
nurseries which are located inside the city
available of true to type, healthy and good
or close to it are known as urban
quality planting materials. Setting up of a
nurseries. As the land is very costly and
nurseries is a long term venture. It
not easily available, the size of this type of
requires careful planning and expertise,
nurseries is usually small. The labor
because mistake committed initially
charges, transport cost etc. are also very
cannot be rectified easily and may
high, but these are compensated by the
adversely affect the return from the
higher price of products and volume of
investment. Thus one should pay due
sale. Sometimes they act as middle men
attention on every aspects when nurseries
i.e. procure planting materials from rural
is to be established (Singh, 2015).
nurseries and resale to the customers
During the initial days of (Saleem et al., 2007).
germination, the fresh seedling needs
Establishing a successful nurseries,
proper care and protection. To protect and
landscape operation or garden center is
look after small area seedling, it is more
not a simple matter. It requires a large
convenient and easy as compared to take
investment in land and facilities,
care of larger nurseries and big areas with
familiarity with the laws and restrictions
tiny seedlings (Rahim et al. 2008).
on all levels and units of government and
Vegetative propagation of plants is more
the assembling of a cohesive, productive
common technique through which plants
group of people to accomplish the goal of
are reproduced but these methods
the organization. Therefore, prior to
demand particular management,
selecting the sites, all factors should be
measures, protocols and care especially
considered and evaluated. Advice from
during transferring them into the fields.
specialist in the area of real estate, soil
Experienced and determined labor can do
science, horticulture, entomology,
all these duties as experienced and aged
pathology, water resources and associated
farmers are the key performers in carrying
areas should be solicited and evaluated.
out better farm operations (Sanaullah et
Considerable assistance may be obtained
al., 2020a).
from country agricultural agents, soil
Nurseries may broadly be grouped conservation service and extension
into two on the basis of its size. Home specialist located at land grant
nurseries is an area where planting universities. It is also highly desirable to
materials are specifically grown only to have worked in the industry for a number
cater the needs of the grower’s garden. of years prior to starting a nurseries
The area is small and the primary business (Cattivello and Danielis, 2008).
consideration is the raising of quality
Objectives of the study
materials. In this type of nurseries, costly
methods of nurseries practices are 1. To identify trees, shrubs, creepers,
adopted. The commercial nurseries is hedge plants, edge plants, ground
mainly concerned with economic return covers, climbers and various
from the investment and therefore, very seasonal flowers.
expensive nurseries practices are avoided
2. To identify the problems faced in
without affecting the quality of the
nurseries establishment.
products. This type of nurseries can be
subdivided into two groups, i.e. rural
 Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 27(3): 419-430, 2021 421

3. To work for the improvement of country economy. Davidson et al. (2007)

nurseries culture in the study area studied Nurseries Management
and formulate suggestions. Administration and Culture in New Jersey,
USA.
Previous related studies
Saleem et al. (2007) demonstrated the
Improvement and management of
profile of nurseries business in Hazara
nurseries is a vast field involving many
district-Pakistan. Mcmahon (2013)
other aspects of agriculture. For a detailed
investigated the propagation of Sand
study of nurseries improvement a number
plums (Prunus angustifolia) where
of factors are needed to be studied, many
experiments were performed in the field
researchers have worked on such aspects
and in the greenhouse. In the field
and factors. A review of some previous
experiment, t-budding and cleft grafting
research work is cited here. Tolley (2012)
were evaluated, while chip budding was
worked on observations of citrus
used in the greenhouse experiment.
propagation in South Africa, Citrus tree
Aitken and Arnold (2004) tested the
production and its nurseries improvement.
comparative weed control of four
In conclusion, he offered suggestions
herbicides on peach in USA. Melinik
towards improving nurseries technology in
(2004) enlightened application of
South Africa. Kuden and Kaska (2010)
herbicides to seedlings in the fruit
evaluated various budding methods for
nurseries. He observed the resistance of
nurseries plants grown in subtropical
seedlings in the nurseries to the applied
areas. The studies were conducted for 2
herbicides. Alan W. Hodges et al. (1998)
years with stone fruits, pears and apples.
presented data of various aspects of
In all cases, chip budding gave better
grown nurseries in different fields of
results than T-budding. Similarly,
Florida, USA. Salvatore and Newman
Takahashi and Hagiwara (2008) explained
(2010) emphasized the need for effective
management methods of entrepreneurial
and timely managent of grown nusrseries
type of greenhouse floriculture farming
in favor of the farmers and commercial
and analysis of administrative abilities of
growers. It was stated that without
entrepreneurs in Gunma. They concluded
carrying out efficient protective measures,
that the daily cultural management of a
nurseries may fail at early stages of the
nurseries was the responsibility of the
development.
hired staff, and problems were to be
looked at by the manager. It was MATERIALS AND METHODS
established that the administrative
Study site
abilities of the manager directly affect the
nurseries business and management. The study was based on a survey
and improvement of plant species at the
Rahim et al. (2008) studied the
ornamental nurseries of District Peshawar,
performance of some herbicides i.e.
located at 34.01 °N latitude, 71.35 °E
Tribunil, Bladex, alone and in combination
longitude at an altitude of 350m above
with pronamide for the control and
sea level with sub-tropical climate (Ahmad
eradication of weed species such as
et al. 2019). Peshawar is located about
Sorghum helepense L, Cynodon dactylon
1600km north of the Indian Ocean. Both
L, Convovulus arvensis L, Medicago
the summer and winter weather are
denticulate L , Anagallis arvensis L in
extreme (Basit et al., 2019), characterized
different established nurseries.
by severe winter and prolonged hot
Furthermore, Cattivello and Danielis
summer, where the average minimum
(2008) worked on Floriculture in the Friuli-
temperature during winter is 5°C and
Venezia Giulia Region, while Klimenko et
maximum up to 47°C during summer. The
al. (2008) reported the promising stock of
wettest month (with the highest rainfall) is
peach for establishing nurseries in
March (78mm), and driest month (with
southern Ukraine for the betterment of the
the lowest rainfall) is June (7mm)
422 Abdul Basit and Sana Ullah. Evaluation Of Nursery Management ….

approximately (Gilani et al., 2021). The The situation of field was recorded, either
main goal was to identify plants, know it was slope or plain, sunny area or shady
and record the current situation of the place.
green belts by different aspects and
11.Problems of nurseries
parameters, where some major
improvements were also recommended. The different problems of nurseries
were observed and recorded during the
Parameters studied
survey.
1. Identification of plants
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this parameter, different plant
1. Identification of ornamental
species were identified.
plant species
2. Area measurement
During a field survey to the nurseries at
The total area of nurseries was Hayatabad, District Peshawar, we found
measured with the help of measuring various plants which are discussed as
tape. below.
3. Soil type Trees
During the survey, best type of the soil Among the trees studied during the
was used for nurseries purposes and survey, Alstonia (Alstonia scholaris;
consequently for better result. Apocynaceae), Neem (Azadirachta indica
A. Juss; Meliaceae), Kanak Champa
4. Irrigation system
(Pterospermum acerifolium; Malvaceae),
The irrigation system used for the Bottle Brush (Callistemon lanceolatus
nurseries was recorded. D.C.; Myrtaceae), Ashoka (Saraca asoca;
Fabaceae), Arjun (Terminalia bellerica
5. Weeding
Roxb.; Combretaceae), Lachi (Eucalyptus
Weeds infestation was investigated camaldulensis; Myrtaceae), Mulberry
time to time and also the number of (Morus alba L.; Moraceae), Pine (Pinus
times per month was recorded in caribaea Morelet; Pinaceae), Silver oak
which the weeding was done. (Grevillea robusta; Proteaceae), Sukh
chain (Pongamia pinnata (L.);
6. Fertilizer application
Papilionaceae), Sumbal tree (Bombex
The frequency of fertilizer applied was ceba; Bombacaceae), Peepal (Ficus
recorded. religiosa L.; Moraceae), Rubber fig (Ficus
elastica L.; Moraceae), Sephora or Texas
7. Propagation method
mountain laurel (Dermatophyllum
The method of propagation was secundiflorum; Fabaceae), Popular or
assumed either sexual or asexual cottonwood (Populus; Salicaceae), Blue
(budding, grafting and cutting). Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia;
Bignoniaceae), Sterkolia (Sterculia foetida
8. Propagation time
L.; Malvaceae), and Sheesham, rosewood
The amount of time after which these or Tahli (Dalburgia sissoo; Fabacea) were
plants get ready for propagation was the obvious trees in the plant market.
recorded.
Indoor plants
9. Transplanting time
Some of the indoor plants like Aloe
The amount of time after which the vera, Araucaria, Coleus; Lour, Begonia rex
young trees get ready to be planted in or Painted-leaf Begonia, Bryophyllum
new area, was recorded. (Kalanchoe sect. Bryophyllum;
Crassulaceae), Syngonium (Araceae),
10. Field situation
Dracaena (Asparagaceae), English ivy or
 Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 27(3): 419-430, 2021 423

common ivy (Hedera helix; Araliaceae), Euphorbiaceae) were the main shrubs
Agloanema (Araceae), Purple heart recorded at the nurseries site.
(Tradescantia pallida; Commelinaceae),
Climber and Creepers
Schefflera (Schefflera arboricola;
Araliaceae), Golden pothos or Devil’s ivy At the nurseries, different climber
(Epipremnum aureum; Araceae), and creeper plants were recorded, some
Asparagus grass or common asparagus of them were; Creeping fig (Ficus pumila;
fern (Asparagus setaceus; Asparagaceae) Moraceae), Bombay creeper or Curten
and Zebra-plant (Aphelandra squarrosa; creeper (Arimounia elliptica; Asteraceae),
Acanthaceae) were observed at the study Clerodendran (Clerodendrum; Lamiaceae),
site. Climber rose, Mostera delicious, Passiflora,
Railway creeper, Bougainvillea spectablis
Ground covers
and Tecoma grandiflora.
Among the ground cover plants,
Palm
Duranta erecta (Duranta repens;
Verbenaceae), Spider plant Similarly, the Alexander palm, Bottle
(Chlorophytum comosum; Asparagaceae), palm, Bismarkia palm, Can palm, Fish tail
Japanese Euonymus (Euonymus palm, Italian palm, Phoenix palm, Kangi
japonicas; Celastraceae), Crown-of-thorn palm, Ravenia palm, Washingtonia and
or Euphorbia or Christ plant (Euphorbia Little lady palm were the palm category of
milli; Euphorbiaceae), Joyweeds or plants noted during the survey.
Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae), Iresine or
Seasonal flowers
P.Browne (Amaranthaceae), Junipers
(Juniperus; Cupressaceae), Brasilia To record more information and
(Compositae), Mouse thorn or Ruscus data at the nurseries site, we observed
(Ruscus hypoglossum; Asparagaceae), Zinnia (Zinnia Elegans L.; Asteraceae),
Silver dust or dusty miller (Centaurea Kochia (Bassia scoparia L.;
cineraria; Asteraceae), Karonda (Carissa Amarathaceae), Portulaca (Portulaca spp.;
carandas; Apocynaceae), Chinese croton Portulaceae), Cosmos (Cosmos spp.;
or excocaria (Excoecaria cochinchinensis; Asreraceae), Cocks comb (Celosia
Euphorbiaceae) were the prominent plants argentea var. Cristata; Amarathaceae),
found at the surveyed nurseries. Plumed cockscomb or silver cock's comb
(Celosia plumosa/Celosia argentea;
Shrubs
Amaranthaceae), Marigold (Tagetes erecta
Additionally, various shrubs like L.; Asteraceae), Petunia (Petunia spp.;
Cassia gluaca or Glossy shower (Senna Solanaceae), Snapdragon (Antirrhinum
surattensis; Fabaceae, Jasmine majus; Veronicaceae), Phlox (Phlox spp.;
(Jasminum; Oleaceae), Hibiscus (Hibiscus Polemoniaceae) among the overall
rosa-sinensis; Malvaceae), Hamelia seasonal flowers.
(Rubiaceae), Nettlespurge or Jatropha
(Jatropha; Euphorbiaceae), Ghaneri or
Lantana (Lantana camera L.; 2. Area
Verbenaceae), orange jasmine or
Total area of nurseries was
jessamine (Murraya paniculata; Rutaceae)
measured with the help of measuring tape
Marwa (Origanum majorana L.;
which was about two acre. It was enough
Oleaceae), Oleander (Nerium oleander;
to complete the entire Cantonment area of
Apocynaceae), Motia (Jasminum sambac;
district Peshawar in which one Kanal area
Oleaceae), Gul-e-cheen (Plumeria;
was established for research.
Apocynaceae), Gardenia (Rubiaceae),
Harsingar or Night-flowering jasmine 3. Soil
(Nyctanthes arbor-tristis; Oleaceae),
Soil of nurseries which was utilized
Trumpetbushes (Tecoma; Bignoniaceae)
for plantation was the mixture of farmyard
and Lal jhari (Euphorbia Cotinifolia;
424 Abdul Basit and Sana Ullah. Evaluation Of Nursery Management ….

manure, silt and clay. For the 4. Irrigation system

establishment of nurseries, soil should be
Entire nurseries were irrigated by
tested that either it is fit for nurseries or
sprinkler irrigation method. This reduced
not. It should contain proper quantity of
the wastage of water as well as weed
organic matter. The soil should not be
infestation. The following table shows the
sandy which makes difficulty in making
irrigation intensity used by staff in
slices for evergreen plants.
nurseries for different plants.
Table 1. Irrigation intensity for different plants in nurseries and in filed
S. Plants Irrigation in Irrigation in field Irrigation in field
No nurseries Summer Winter

1 Duranta Regular in 4 times in a week 1-2 times in a month

summer
2 Iresine Regular in 4 times in a week 1-2 times in a month
summer
3 Nenthera Regular in 4 times in a week 1-2 times in a month
summer
4 Euphorbia Regular in 4 times in a week 1 times in a month
summer

5 Bougainville Regular in 4 times in a week 1 times in a month

a summer

6 Kangi palm Regular in 3 times in a week 1-2 times in a month

summer
7 Ficus Same 3times in a week 1-2 times in a month
8 Citrus Same 2 times in a week 1-2 times in a month
9 Plum Same 2 times in a week 1-2 times in a month
10 Apricot Same 2 times in a week 1-2 times in a month
11 Guava Same 2 times in a week 1-2 times in a month
12 Pomegranat Same 1-2 times in a week 2-3 times in a month
e
Source: Field survey, 2019-20
Bajwa and Rehman (2008) stated that young citrus plants are irrigated weekly in summer
and fortnightly in winter, pomegranate, considerable yield loss in major crops in
peach, apricot and plum could be watered Pakistan (Hussain et al., 2007). In today’s
after 20 days in summer. Our study agricultural system, farmers tend to apply
observations are slightly different from the various herbicides in order to protect their
above quoted statements. Proper amount crops form weed infestation (Sanaullah,
of irrigation at proper growth stages of 2020b). But overuse of weedicides is
plants is very crucial and needful. discouraged as it causes several
environmental and health related issues
5. Weeding
(Marwat et al., 2011). The impact due to
Weeds cause many problems in weed infestation was assessed time to time
fields and nurseries as well as results in and the invasive weeds were identified.
 Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 27(3): 419-430, 2021 425

Several weeds were pointed out in the Poaannua, Tribulu sterrestris and Portulaca
nurseries like; Cyprus rotendus L., oleracea. The time duration after which the
Euphorbia prostrate Aiton, Crab grass, staff in nurseries performed their hoeing
Convolvulus arvensis L., Sorghum and weeding in the nurseries is given in
halepense (L.) Pers., Traxicum officinale L, Table 2

Table 2. Weeding time for different plants in nurseries

S. No Plants Weeding in nurseries Weeding in the field
1 Duranta 1-2 times a month After 2-3 month
2 Iresine 1-2 times a month After 2-3 month
3 Nenthera 1-2 times a month After 2-3 month
4 Euphorbia 1-2 times a month After 2-3 month
5 Bougainvillea 1-2 times a month After 5 month
6 Kangi palm 1-2 times a month After 5-6 month
7 Ficus 1 times a month Twice in year
8 Citrus 1 times a month Twice in year
9 Plum 1 times a month Twice in year
10 Apricot 1 times a month Twice in year
11 Guava 1 times a month Twice in year
12 Pomegranate 1 times a month Twice in year
Source: Field survey, 2019-20
6. Fertilizer application (Sanaullah et al., 2020c). The intensity of
fertilizer applied for different plants in
Fertilizers are significant input for
nurseries by staff was recorded which is
increasing the fertility of the growth
given in the Table 3 below.
medium and thus enhances cope yield
Table 3. Fertilizer application intensity for different plants in nurseries
S. No Plants Fertilizer application in Fertilizer application
nurseries in field
1 Duranta after 2 month After one year
2 Iresine after 2 month Same
3 Nenthera after 2 month Same
4 Euphorbia after 2 month Same
5 Bougainvillea after 2 month Same
6 Kangi palm after 2 month 2 times in a year
7 Ficus Same 2 -4 times in a year
8 Citrus Same 2 -4 times in a year
9 Plum After 3-4 month 2 -4 times in a year
426 Abdul Basit and Sana Ullah. Evaluation Of Nursery Management ….

10 Apricot After 3-4 month 2-4 times in a year

11 Guava After 3-4 month 2 -4 times in a year
12 Pomegranate After 3-4 month 2-4 times in a year
Source: Field survey, 2019-20
These results are totally in contrast to the cover plants, fertilizer should be applied
findings of Bajwa and Rehman (2008) who after the 2nd week of transplantation.
stated that fertilizer should be applied to
7. Propagation method
the citrus plants every 2-4 times a year
during different seasons. Pomegranate, Crops could be propagated through
apricot and peach should be given both; sexual and asexual methods but
fertilizer four times per year during mostly asexual methods of propagation
different growth stages, while for plum were found in the surveyed nurseries. The
this intensity should be less. For ground vegetative propagation methods used in
nurseries are given in Table 4.

Table 4. Propagation techniques used in nurseries for different plants

S. No Plants Propagation Techniques
1 Duranta Cutting
2 Iresine Cutting
3 Nenthera Cutting
4 Euphorbia Cutting, grafting
5 Bougainvillea Cutting, layering, budding
6 Kangi palm Suckers
7 Ficus Cutting, layering,
8 Citrus T- budding, side grafting
9 Plum T- budding
10 Apricot T- budding
11 Guava Layering
12 Pomegranate Tongue Grafting
Source: Field survey, 2019-20

Chaudhary (2006) stated that persimmon can be T- budded, Veneer grafted and can
can be ring or T- budded and cleft or also be grown from cutting or layering.
tongue grafted, plum and apricot can be These cited statements are in accordance
ring or T- budded and cleft grafted, citrus to our study results.

8. Propagation timeFollowing is the these plants were ready to be propagated

data regarding the time period after which vegetatively.
 Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 27(3): 419-430, 2021 427

Table 5. Time taken by the plants in subject to be ready for propagation

S. No Plants Ready for propagation Season/month
1 Duranta Plant height up to 3-4 inch June- July, Feb.
2 Iresine Plant height up to 3-4 inch June- July, Feb.
3 Nenthera Plant height up to 3-4 inch June- July, Feb.
4 Euphorbia Plant height up to 3-4 inch June- July, Feb.
5 Bougainvillea After a year June- July, Feb.
6 Kangi palm After 3-4 month Feb.
7 Ficus After 2-3 year June- July, Feb.
8 Citrus After 3 year June- July
9 Plum After 1 year June- July,
10 Apricot After 1 year June- July,
11 Guava After 1-2 year June- July,
12 Pomegranate After 1 year June- July, Feb.

Source: Field survey, 2019-20

9. Transplanting time transferred to new area was recorded and

presented in Table 6 below.
The time period after which the plants
were ready to be transplanted or

Table 6. Transplanting time for different plants

S. No Plants Shifted to new area Orchard/ landscaping
1 Duranta After 3-4 month
2 Iresine After 3-4 month
3 Nenthera After 3-4 month
4 Euphorbia After 3-4 month
5 Bougainvillea After 1 year
6 Kangi palm After 3-4 month
7 Ficus After 1-2 year
8 Citrus After 3 year
9 Plum After 1 year
10 Apricot After 1 year
11 Guava After 1 year
12 Pomegranate After 1 year
Source: Field survey, 2019-20
428 Abdul Basit and Sana Ullah. Evaluation Of Nursery Management ….

10. Field situation the new shifted plants to orchids or new

The data regarding the physical situation area. Table 7 depicts data of field scenario
of field was recorded which is required for observed in nurseries during the survey.

Table 7. Field situation of different plants

S. No Plants Field situation
1 Duranta Sunny
2 Iresine Sunny
3 Nenthera Sunny
4 Euphorbia Sunny
5 Bougainvillea Sunny
6 Kangi palm Sunny, partial sunny
7 Ficus Sunny
8 Citrus partial sunny
9 Plum Sunny
10 Apricot Sunny
11 Guava Sunny
12 Pomegranate Sunny
Source: Field survey, 2019-20

Chaudhary (2006) stated that citrus can unit. The main purpose of germ plasm unit
be transferred to orchards during spring, establishment is the production of good
peach in early spring, apricots are quality yield and seed which has increased
transferred to orchards after one year of demand in the market. To protect the
budding or after three years of life. growing material from viral diseases and
reach it safe and sound to the grower, the
11. Problems of nurseries
quality seeds and budding and grafting
Soil was not levelled which appreciated woods are required to be distributed to
weeds growth during raining. Some plants certified nurseries. Lastly, lack of green
were kept in shaded area, while they house was noted in which plants are
required fully shine and sunny condition, grown in controlled environment.
while nurseries had lack of germ plasm

CONCLUSIONS horticultural and plant practices were not

followed while carrying out field activities
Different flowers and plants were
at the nurseries. It was established that
seen during the field survey to the
plant propagation was not shifted to the
nurseries. Based on study findings, it was
specific place on time, plants who needed
concluded that there was lack of proper
sunny environment were kept under
planning, management and less or no
shade and germ plasm unit as well as
interest of the field staff. It was observed
greenhouse were found missing. It was
that improved and recommended
suggested that latest horticultural and
 Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 27(3): 419-430, 2021 429

agricultural practices should be used and may be developed for the timely
encourage full time office and field duties identification of diseases and work should
of the management staff I order to be done to effectively combat invasive
improve and develop the nurseries. weeds to avoid disease attack and weed
Furthermore, genetically modified plants infestation.
should be included and proper mechanism

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