Us VU ww" @ » Acknowledgement This acknowledgment is dedicated to all the individuals who have provided valuable resources and assistance in creating this project file. | would like to thank my school authorities for their constant support and the library staff for poe granting access to relevant research material. Their contributions have played a significant role in making this project comprehensive and informative. UF SINUeS —PAGE DESCRIPTION 1-5 Integrals. Symbols. Types of Integrals Basic formulae Properties of Integrals Fundamental Theorems 6-10 Applications of Integrals Introduction Area under simple curves 11 ConclusionS INTEGRALS In mathematics, integrals refer to a fundamental concept in calculus that represents the accumulation or total of a quantity. It involves finding the antiderivative (reverse operation of differentiation) of a function, and it is often used to calculate areas under curves and solve problems related to accumulation or change. pou Symbol: f The symbol of integration is J, and it represents the process of finding the integral of a function. It is used in calculus to denote the antiderivative, or the reverse process of differentiation. Slices _ x fax dx~ Thee we want to integrate Integral Symbol .eo ~ WU rN » Wa 8g Types of Integrals 3 There are two types of Integrals: 7 Indefinite Integrals pu Indefinite Integral: Symbol: J f(x) dx Meaning: Represents the antiderivative of a function, or the general solution to a differential equation. x Example: J 2x dx = x*2 + C, where C is the constant of integration. 2.Definite Integral: Symbol: ffa, b] f(x) dx Meaning: Represents the accumulated quantity of a function f(x) over a specified interval [a, b]. Example: s[0, 1] x*2 dx represents the area under the curve of the function x°2 from x =O tox =1. PUFA INESoe ~ W 7) AP om b) GJ a 8 BASIC FORMULAE Derivatives Integrals (Anti derivatives) i ee") naeetT ge o4{)-«. viet ened Panicle, we note that Lier, de=x+C dx ip cos de =sin x +C Og sin x de =— eos x4 C iv sec xde=tan x +C w cosec” xdx=-conx+C : sec x tana dr=sec.x+ C wi a cosec cot xdr=—cosee x+C win 5 (wii) i) @ 4 ae=togi xl4c x a'dx=—"_ 40 logaUb W @ a bo) a oa Properties of Indefinite Integrals. > 1.Sumand Difference Rule: SJ [f00 + 00] dx =f FO0 dx J g0) dx . Constant Multiple Rule: SkfO) dx=ks f(x) dx, — where k is any constant . Integration of a Constant: Skdx=kx+C, where k is any constant 4. Power Rule: Jx'ndx=x(n+1)/(n+1)+C, wheren#-1 N Properties of Definite Integrals. 1. Additivity: Micmac) eon he cok ee Me eon ed 2.Constant Multiple Rule & OL 3. Interval Splitting OL eiOLeTR 3 WU WU a a * g Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculas c First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: eee eet nce CMU edna antiderivative of f (zr) on [a, b].then [” f(x) dx = F(b) — F(a) Explanation: The definite integral of a continuous function f (:c) over an interval a, b] is equal to the difference in the antiderivative F'(a;) evaluated at the upper eu Red ca = = ‘a Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: One uruuoan t neaPa Coke antiderivative of f(z) on that interval, then # (f-" f(t) dt) = f(z) Explanation: The derivative of the definite integral with a variable upper limit x is equal to the original function f (x). In other words, if F(z) is an antiderivative of f(a),then # (> f(t) dt) = F'(z) = f(z)APPLICATION, OF INTEGRALS There are many applications of integrals out of which some are mentioned below. 2 In maths: . To find the center of mass (centroid) of an area having Curved sides To find the area between two curves pa . To find the area under a curve . The average value of a curve How to Determine the Area Under the Curve? Let us assume the curve y=f(x) and its ordinates at the x- axis be x=a and x=b. Now, we need to evaluate the area bounded by the given curve and the ordinates given by f x=a and x=b. v y= 10x)ag" 2 The area under the curve can be assumed to be made up of many vertical, extremely thin strips. Let us take a = random strip of height y and width dx as shown in the figure given above whose area is given by dA. The area dA of the strip can be given as y dx. Also, we know that any point of the curve, y is represented as f(x). This area of the strip is called an elementary area. This strip is located somewhere between x=a and x=b, between the x-axis and the curve. Now, if we need to find the total area bounded by the curve and the x-axis, between x=a and x=b, then it can be considered to be made of an infinite number of such strips, starting from x=a to x=b. In other words, adding the elementary areas between the thin strips in the region PQRSP will give the ; total area, ~ Sb t Mathematically, it can be represented as: b b b A= fdA= fydx= f f(x)dx Using the same logic, if we want to calculate the area under the curve x=g(y), y-axis between the lines y=c and y=d, it will be 5 given by: y UAB pUTS . Ryd d A= fxdy= f g(y)dy > Let us consider an example, to understand the i concept in a better way. - Weneed to find the total area enclosed by the circle x2+y2=1 q > y \ B(O,1) b®@ ‘ p (1,0) Pur fiyrsp .ag°° 2 W. ft a Area enclosed by the whole circle = 4 x area enclosed OABO | 4 ax =4 ing vertical strips) 1 =4fvI-#2 a On integrating, we get, =4[5V1— 2? + tsin'z}3 =4x1/2xn/2 = So the required area is m square units. a ~ia * CONCLUSION Sy In the exploration of integrals, we have delved into a fundamental S and versatile concept within the realm of calculus. The journey through this project has illuminated the diverse applications of integrals in various fields, ranging from geometry and physics to economics and engineering. Here are the key takeaways: Area under curves: Understanding the calculation of the area under curves has beena central theme. The conceptualization of the area as an accumulation of infinitesimally small strips, each contributing an elementary area, has provided a clear framework for applying definite integrals to find total bounded areas. pu Applications in Real-world Scenarios: Integrals have proven to be indispensable in modeling and solving real-world problems. Whether calculating the total distance traveled, determining the center of mass, or finding the volume of a solid of revolution, the applications are vast and impactful. In conclusion, our exploration of integrals has been a journey into the heart of calculus, unraveling its significance in understanding ' change, accumulation, and the geometry of curves. The power of! integrals extends beyond the confines of textbooks, finding its place in the analysis of dynamic systems, the optimization of processes, and the unraveling of the mysteries of the natural world. As we conclude this project, the door to further exploration of calculus and its myriad applications stands wide open, inviting us to delve deeper into the mathematical wonders that surround us. FP UFS —ne ~ “ /<) NoMATHS PROJECT \ ” ‘gukeniitted by: e — i »e Name: be Class: XII Roll No: