Lesson 4: Integration by Parts and Riemann Sums

OBJECTIVES
4.1 Find an antiderivative using
integration by parts.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
4.2. Illustrate Riemann Sums.
4.3. Evaluate definite integrals.
AND RIEMANN SUMS
LESSON 4

In this section we will study an important integration technique called integration

by parts. This technique can be applied to a wide variety of functions and is
particularly useful for integrands involving products of algebraic and
transcendental functions. For example, integration by parts works well with
integrals such as
∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, and ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Integration By Parts
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and have continuous derivatives, then
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
This formula expresses the original integral in terms of another integral. Depending
on the choices of 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣, it may be easier to evaluate the second integral than the
original one. Because of the choices of 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 are critical in the integration by parts
process, the following guidelines are provided.

Guidelines for Integration by Parts

1. Try letting 𝑑𝑣 be the most complicated portion of the integrand that fits a
basic integration rule. Then u will be the remaining factor(s) of the
integrand.
2. Try letting 𝑢 be the portion of the integrand whose derivative is a function simpler than
𝑢. Then 𝑑𝑣 will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.

Note that 𝑑𝑣 always include the 𝑑𝑥 of the original integrand. As you can see, using
integration by parts includes trial and error for selecting the u and dv part. The list below
might help you in selecting the 𝑢 part.

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 Lesson 4: Integration by Parts and Riemann Sums

List of possible 𝒖 part:

1. Logarithmic functions like log 𝑎 𝑥, ln 𝑥, etc. and Inverse Trigonometric Functions like
arcsin 𝑥 , arccos 𝑥, etc.
2. Power of the variables of integration like 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 , etc. when the variable is 𝑥.
3. Exponential Functions like 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑥 and Trigonometric functions like sin 𝑥, cos 𝑥, etc.
4. Hyperbolic Functions like sinh 𝑥, cosh 𝑥, etc.

Example 4.1: Determine the integrals of the following functions using integration by parts.
a. ∫ 𝑧 2 ln 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
b. ∫ 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
c. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a. ∫ 𝑧 2 ln 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

b. ∫ 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

c. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 Lesson 4: Integration by Parts and Riemann Sums

d. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

When an enclosed region corresponds to a regular polygon like rectangle, triangle, circle or
square, its area can easily be solved since we have an existing and known formula for each.
Problem arises when the figure in consideration is not regular in form such as the one in the
figure below.

Fig 7.1

Area approximation is done by dividing the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into subintervals and drawing a
rectangle in each subinterval. Adjacent rectangles with common width ∆𝑥 will cover the
region over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. The height of each rectangle can be computed by substituting
each number 𝑥 to the given function.

Definition of Area Under a Curve

If the function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and if 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for all
𝑥 in [𝑎, 𝑏], then area A under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is defined by,
𝑛

𝐴 = lim ෍ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )∆𝑥

𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
𝑏−𝑎
where 𝑥𝑖∗ lies in the subinterval [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] and ∆𝑥 = 𝑛
.

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 Lesson 4: Integration by Parts and Riemann Sums

Figure 7.2 illustrates the area of a region under a curve of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]
with a representative rectangle or subinterval [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]. We shall be sketching a
representative rectangle to illustrate how to get its height so that the area can be determined.

Fig 7.2

The Definite Integral

We have shown, so far, how to find an approximation and the actual area of region under a
curve of a function 𝑓 over a closed interval. Next, we shall find out the connection of this
under a curve of 𝑓 with an antiderivative of 𝑓.

Definition of Definite Integral

If the function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] such that the interval is divided
𝑏−𝑎
into 𝑛 subintervals of common with ∆𝑥 = 𝑛 and 𝑥𝑖∗ lies in the subinterval [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ], then the
definite integral of 𝑓 from 𝑎 and 𝑏 is given by,
𝑏 𝑛

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )∆𝑥

𝑎 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
provided that this limit exists.
The number 𝑎 is the lower limit of integration, and the number 𝑏 is the upper limit of
the integration.

The above definition simply explains that the definite integral is the same as the area of the
region under the curve of 𝑓 over the interval[𝑎, 𝑏]. Thus, we can always evaluate the definite
integral of a function over the given integral if the area under the function over that interval
can be computed. Evaluating definite integral can be evaluated as a limit of Riemann sum or
we can use the Fundamental Theorem Calculus.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If the function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝐹 is an antiderivative of
𝑓 on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then,
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎).

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 Lesson 4: Integration by Parts and Riemann Sums

Example 4.2: Evaluate the following definite integrals:

4 1
a. ∫1 (5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 ⁄2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
b. ∫04 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
c. ∫1 (2𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥
4
d. ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
4 1
a. ∫1 (5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 ⁄2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
b. ∫04 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
c. ∫1 (2𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥

4
d. ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 Lesson 4: Integration by Parts and Riemann Sums

Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑡 2 cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑑𝑦
4. ∫−3 (𝑦−1)2 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫−1
1−2𝑥
93
6. ∫1 √9 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Dela Cruz, Perla S. et.al., (2018). Basic Calculus: C&E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City,
Philippines.
Lim, Yvette F., (2016). Basic Calculus: Sibs Publishing House, Philippines.

Panopio F. (2012). Simplified Integral Calculus. Batangas City, Philippines: Feliber

Publishing House.

Module Author / Curator : Mr. Eugene E. Mendoza

Template & Layout Designer : Miss Maryrose Lizette A. Reyes
Miss Sherline A. Villanueva
Miss Jessa C. Luansing

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