INE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

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Copyright 0 1996 by ASME M Rights Reserved Printed in USA.

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CFD-ANALYSIS OF COVERPLATE RECEIVER.FLOW
■

Oliver Popp, Horst Zimmermann, IlIllI ltIt '

Daimler-Benz Aerospace Daimler-Benz Aerospace
MTU Munchen MTU Mtinchen

Dr. J. Kutz,
Daimler-Benz Aerospace
MTU Munchen

ABSTRACTS normal to receiver plane

The flow field in a preswirled cooling air supply to a turbine rotor has max maximal
been investigated by means Of CFD-simulations. Coefficients for system nozzle
efficiency are derived. The influences of various geometrical parameters real real
for different configurations have been correlated with the help of rec receiver
appropriate coefficients. For some of the most important geometrical rd l relative
parameters of the coverplate receiver design recommendations have been static
found. For the preswirl nozzles the potential of efficiency improvement total, tangential
by contour design is highlighted. theo theoretical
0, 1,2, stage I. 2, ..
NOMENCLATURE limit maximal or minimal value
A cross - sectional area rn 2]
absolute velocity (m/s] 1. INTRODUCTION
CD. CDG. CDN In high performance gas turbine engines the blade cooling air is supplied
receiver, total, nozzle discharge coefficient (-I through nozzles located on stationary components and either fed directly
specific heat [ in2 /(s 2 K)) to the blade roots or coverplates are used in order to discharge the air at
diameter m a convenient diameter with subsequent ducting to the turbine blades (see
1 receiver orifice length in 1 fig. I)
rn mass flow [ kg/s
pressure (bar) ' turbine
• gas constant m2/( s 2K)]
blade
spacing between nozzle and receiver (m l
• temperature (K]
• circumferential velocity of the rotor [is]
cooling air supply coverplare
relative velocity [ m/s ]
• number of orifices [-] receiver UI nntine
a absolute jet inclination angle I
disc

relative jet inclination angle ( 0 ]

• isentropic exponent (- I
rtoss pressure loss [-]

Indices
as' averaged
Fig. 1: Example of
counting index
ideal ideal Preswirled Cooling
is isentropic Air Supply System

Presented at the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress & Exhibition
Birmingham, UK — June 1043, 1996
This paper has been accepted for publication in the Transactions of the ASMI
Discussion of it will be accepted at ASME Headquarters until September 30, 1996
In this case the air is collected by a series of rotating receiver holes in to account for wall friction, the logarithmic law of the wall was
the coverplate.ln order to reduce the temperature in the rotating frame of used
reference preswirl is applied. a high degree of numerical robustness is guaranteed by use of a
The characteristic of the preswirl nozzle and receiver flow has to be fully coupled linear solver accelerated by a multigrid and a block
known in order to minimize temperatures in the rotating frame of correction scheme

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reference and pressure losses. The receiver has to be designed for low accuracy is high due to a fully implicit, co-located finite volume
pressure and acceptable swirl losses. method with a flux-element-based discretisation of geometry and
For this purpose there is little information available in the literature. In the availability of a second-order discretisation
Meierhofer and Franklin (1981) various preswirl geometries were tested the grid is of H-type. Walls are closely described by
and it was found that the system efficiency was mainly dependenton the- boundary fitted coordinates.
effective preswirl velocity ratio (see section 3.5). The investigation
comprises many geometrical parameters and the striking result was that 2.3 SIMPLIFICATIONS
the geometry was mainly of little importance.
Zimmermann (1990) investigated the flow through an unbladed 2.3.1 MODELLING SIMPLIFICATIONS
coverplate by CFD, but the analysis started behind the receiver. By a In order to obtain results applicable to a large variety of coverplate air
combined experimental and numerical study, El-Oun and Owen (1989) supply systems a prototype of a nozzle receiver system was designed for
found that the efficiency of a preswirl system is mainly influenced by a numerical analysis. The dimensions are similar to those of an MTU test
boundary layer flow from the disc windage which mixes with the rig for experimental flow analysis. Its geometry is described by
preswirl flow and reduces the temperature drop. Kutz and Speer (1992) Zimmermann (1990).
showed how the relevant pressure losses can be integrated into the For simplification only a circumferential sector of the annulus was
complex cooling air system program of the whole engine. Wilson and investigated assuming it to be the smallest periodic part of the system as
Owen (1995) presented experimental and CI-D-anaysis of the heat well as the number of receiver orifices being an integer multiple of the
transfer in a preswirl system. number of preswirl nozzles (see fig. 2). Furthermore the annular
Engine development programs for the civil market are characterized by arrangement was treated as a plane system in view of the small
extremely lshort lead times. In many cases CFD-analysis combined with differences of inner and outer radii of the annulus. Orifices were squared
existing model test results offers new opportunities to optimize the with the edges having the length of the hydraulic diameter of the test rig
design without expensive and time consuming rig or engine tests. orifices to keep the grid simple and to maintain numerical robustness of
1-I-grid computations. The difference in discharge behaviour between
1.2 OBJECTIVES square and circular holes is negligible for this investigation according to
In this paper the flow fields of preswirl nozzles and receivers are experiments performed by Callaghan and Bowden (1949).
investigated by CFD and the influences on the design are highlighted. For these reasons several simplifications are to be stated:
The objectives are the following: neither coriolis nor centrifugal forces are taken into account
to understand the physics of the flow in the preswirl according to small radial differences
chamber and receiver labyrinth leakage out of or into the coverplate prechamber is not
- to determine the effects and importance of various geometrical simulated
parameters effects of disc friction on temperature drop as investgated by El-
to obtain qualitative description of losses Oun and Owen (1989) are not regarded
to establish design rules on system geometry.
coverplate turbine disc
2. METHODS

2.1 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION outlet

In industry. CFD is used for flow optimization purposes and to find out
the influence of various geometrical parameters. For this analysis it was
essential to have an effective CFD-tool as many configurations were to periodic
be investigated. domain
For most cases it can be stated that CI-D-modelling with the exact boundary
geometry provides results of higher accuracy than extrapolating from preswirl nozzle
model test data.
opening
(flow inlet)
2.2 FLOW FIELD COMPUTATIONS
The flow fields were computed with a commercially available CFD code
which is described in RAW et al, 1989.
Relevant to this investigation is :
Fig. 2: Geometrical Model
- turbulent eddy viscosity with the standard k-e-model
- range from subsonic to supersonic velocities The aerodynamic planes of reference and geometric parameters are
- compressible and incompressible flow
shown in fig. 3.

2
 d =.4(Ah f4j ) While physical properties of the air don't change in the absolute and
relative frame of reference total properties vary with relative motion:

preswirl nozzles TE-a ,U 2 — 2. u .c,

=I+
T, 2 c p • T( 0

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Po va
pn, •c,)"
Pam, TOrd
coverplate p a, 2.c p: Tio

rim = 4(Areca-Tec) These correlations are graphically depicted in fig. 5.

turbine disc exit plane

tfic
U/Zo

Fig.3 : Aerodynamic Planes and Geometric Parameters

2.3.2 STEADY TREATMENT OF UNSTEADY PROBLEM 0_5 I 15 7 u/c,

In order to keep the computing time within limits allowing variation of
many geometrical parameters the unsteady problem was treated as a Fig. 5: Theoretical Correlation Between
steady one. It was decided to select two characteristic relative positions of Relative and Absolute Total Properties
nozzle and coverplate receiver and to consider the time avenged values for c,2/ (2 cl, To). 0.135
of system coefficients to be of similar magnitude as the arithmetic average
of the coefficients observed with these two relative positions. Fig. 4
2.5 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEM COEFFICIENTS
shows these two positions as seen from the rotor frame of reference. The
Strouhal number turns out to be about u/c t. So for the lower range of this
ratio unsteady effects can be neglected whereas for very high rotational
2.5.1 AERODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY
The aerodynamic efficiency of the system can be described by the loss of
speeds they may appear to become more important.(A Check by an
total pressure. Thus the relative total pressure in outlet plane 2 is related
unsteady computation of one particular geometry at one rotational speed
to that of the nozzle entry P t I rel •
showed that the assumptions made were acceptable).
Pthel Patel
Ii Loss — ( 3)
nozzle jet preswirl nozzle jet Patti Ps2
nozzle
To characterise the flow field in the receiver holes a CD-value is used
W mll] Pus. Fits Pus, Tom w
which is defined as follows. For every receiver hole an ideal massflow is
.E0 coverplate ET]
defined by the maximum relative total pressure in the orifice exit plane,
ps2 ps2 the mass-averaged static pressure and the geometric exit area. The total
turbine temperature is defined by inflow boundary conditions as explained in 2.4.
disc CD is then defined as the ratio of the total real mass flow to the sum of
charattenstic position characteristic position the ideal mass flows of all receiver holes (eq. 4)
'blocked flow' 'through/low'

Fig.4 : Characteristic Relative Positions

of Nozzle and Receiver Orifices

2.3.3 IDEAL NOZZLE

2,
z ni nt
As the main part of this investigation is concerned with the influence of
coverplate receiver geometry the influence of the nozzle on system 1. 1
efficiency was kept small by assuming an uniform total pressure and c.1
temperature profile over the entire nozzle exit area. So the influence of 2 lc A rcc p Lecl_na.c.24_1 Ps_av_Ea Ps_av_2a
nozzle shape or throttling was disregarded but the effects of the receiver Al71
. 2,„„
on the jet downstream of the nozzle were included.
(4)
2.4 CHANGING FROM ABSOLUTE TO RELATIVE FRAME OF with the index i being the address of the receiver orifices.
REFERENCE
In order to carry out investigations on the moving part of a stator-rotor 2.5.2 THROTTLE EFFECTS
system it is convenient to change into the moving frame of reference. The flow through the system is influenced by the flow resistance of the
receiver. In order to describe this throttling effect of the receiver the real

3
mass flow is compared to the mass flow that would be observed if the proposed by Kreitmeier (1992) was applied on flat planes normal to the
receiver didn't have any throttling influence on the flow, i.e. the nozzle main flow direction.
jet would expand freely from to to p 5 2. In real constellations the
receiver's influence on the nozzle jet is to increase the static pressure at 2.7 PARAMETERS VARIED
the nozzle exit and therefore decrease velocity and mass flow. The ratio In the table below all varied values of geometrical parameters are listed.

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of real to the hypothetical massflow is called CDG. This definition is
illustra ed in fig. 6. parameters standard value range of variation
ideal reference case real case
s 5 mm 3mm 5 mm
ZN 10 10 20
Pm. T,
Zrec 30 30 60
tri,.a Ps i Pa
Cidedi
E0 13 - -45° 0° 45 0
;Col ps1 Pa 1/drec 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.7

rsa A Are/AN 7 1.1 2.1 7

- no throttle effects by receiver - throttle effects by receiver Table 1: Parameters Varied and Range of Variation

Fig.6 : Illustration of CDC definition 3. RESULTS

- 3.1 FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

CDG then follows the equation
(5)
C Dc
r rtal

Pa
11( P to
2
Pc
Pio )
IC+1
r
3.1.1 CHARACTERISTIC FLOW PATTERNS AND
INFLUENCE ON CD-VALUES
The investigations showed that in the standard geometry there are
actually three characteristic flow patterns to be observed which vary in
their total pressure profile over the receiver cross-sectional exit area.
where ps2 is a constant boundary cond lion in the exit area 2.
Fig. 7-9 show these three characteristic flow patterns.
2.5.3 NOZZLE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
The discharge coefficient describing the losses of the nozzle geometry is
called CDN and is defined as
rh ( 6)
C o, =
rc p rn A t ;j
2 K4.1
( pPs1
lc —11
121;,, ikpPs

2.5.4 TEMPERATURE DROP

The reason for applying preswirl air supply systems is to reduce the total X
X
temperature level in the rotating frame of reference. The highest mid section velocity vectors total pressure in receiver exit plane
temperature drop possible would be observed in the ideal reference case
as described in 2.5.2 fig.6. So when evaluating the simulations the real Fig. 7: Characteristic How Patterns with High CD
relative total temperature drop will be plotted together with the ideal ( Normal Throughflow )
temperature drop, in order to get a feeling for the effectiveness of the
configuration.

2.6 CALCULATING SYSTEM COEFFICIENTS

The calculations were carried out for constant absolute boundary
conditions:
payps2 = 2.0, Tto = 333 K, AN. a = 30°.
Then the velocity ratios were varied so as to obtain relative inflow
angles of p= 45°, 0 0 , 45 0 .
In analysing this 3D periodic flow field there is a need for averaging X
over a period and an area. As this investigation treated the unsteady mid-section velocity vectors total pressure in receiver exit plane
problem in a quasi steady manner only averaging over an area was
necessary. For this purpose the consistent space averaging method Fig. 8: Charactersitic Flow Pattern with Medium CD
( Normal Blocked Now)

4
 The flow through the receiver holes was strongly influenced by this
vortex couple, especially with oblique inflow. By hampering the free
throughflow of the preswirl jet through the receiver holes and instead
charging the neighbouring orifices with massflow of an almost equal
amount it creates a more uniform prechamber and receiver hole flow.

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Therefore the effect of different relative positions of prtswirl nozzle and
coverplate receiver is reduced.
The energy necessary to feed the vortex couple is delivered by the axial
momentum of the nozzle jet. This is therefore dissipated and is no longer
available for pressure recovery.

X
3.2 INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON
mid-section velocity vectors total pressure in receiver exit plane SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
Fig. 9: Charactersitic Flow Pattern Low CD
( Oblique Inflow ) 3.2.1 INFLUENCE OF GAP WIDTH s/dN
The influence of sld„ on the throttle characteristic and the thermal
Regarding the varying values of CD for the different flow patterns the efficiency is indicated in fig 12. The ideal case is compared to CFD and
significance of this coefficient is demonstrated (fig. 10). A high value of unpublished rig test results.
CD occurs with big differences in flow pattern for different receiver Ttlrelfre0
holes where a small part of the receiver orifices is strongly charged
while the greater part of them is not or only slightly charged. The
strongly charged holes show an almost rectangular velocity profile.
Therefore a high CD is characteristic for flow conditions with high local
amplitudes and normal inflow.
The opposite case, i.e. a low value of CD, shows up with rather similar
flow conditions for the major part of the receiver holes. The velocity
profiles show pronounced maximums. These flow characteristics occur
in oblique inflow where the local amplitudes are small.
Cp high Co low

in iii tiE to 0.5

nonrol inflow (u / c, - oblique inflow (u / 01) rt s/cI N= 2.2

- few oriftors stump/ streamed through - several ceifiees streamed through with
with about tapirs: velocity profile nommiform velocity profiles 0.9
- other orifices weakly streamed through - other orifices weakly streamed through
- small local amplitudes 0.8
- high local arrylitudes s/dN=1.2
Fig.I0 : Significance of CD-Coefficient 0.7

3.1.2 PRECHAMBER VORTICES 0.6

One of the most important 3D effects was the formation of two vortex 0 rig test resulu for
0.5 s/ 4=22
filaments in circumferential extension in the upper and the lower half of
the prechamber due to oblique preswirl flow as shown in fig. 11.
0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Ili CI
Fig. 12: Effect of Gap Width on C og and Temperature Ratio
for pc/p=2, Tio=333, a=30

It shows that with smaller gap widths both mass flow and temperature
drop are decreasing because inflow velocities are reduced by the
stagnation pressure on the receiver surface. In an investigation of the
impingement region in stagnation point flow Giralt (1977) stated that the
Fig. 11: Prechamber Vortices influence of jet impingement on the free jet starts in a distance of

5
s = 1.2 . Within this range the static pressure differs significantly This circumferential velocity component implies a dynamic pressure
from the free jet static pressure. which doesn't support the orifice throughflow significantly. So the
It can be stated that this assumption is verified by the results shown in pressure which drives the orifice flow is mainly the static pressure in the
fig.12 as for the ratio sld, =1.2 there is a significant influence on both prechamber p s t.
COG and temperature drop. With these assumptions the equation of continuity yields

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The influence of the receiver gap width on the aerodynamic
2 2
)
PC■ I
characteristic as expressed by CD turned out to be negligible and is,
( (7)
therefore, not shown here. Even in configurations with very small gaps
both prechamber vortices and characteristic orifice throughflow are
A:
A =1;,ffil . 11[(PP,01 ); — P :01 )1/[( PP.21 ) -(pP: 1
similar.
The circumferential velocity ct of the test rig results was determined by This can be solved to supply a correlation between the pressure drop
measuring the total temperature in the rotating frame of reference and over the receiver orifices and the area ratio with the overall pressure
using eq. (1). drop as parameter as shown in figure 14.
In this diagram there are also plotted the averaged prechamber pressures
3.2.2 INFLUENCE OF ZN, Zrec, l/d rec obtained from the C:1-D-computations. They are closely adjacent to the
From all variations of the number of preswirl nozzles and receiver holes, curve derived from eq. ( 7).
the conclusion was that there are no significant effects of these Psi / Pro
geometrical parameters on the throttle characteristics CDG and the 1.2
temperature drop T tte liTto of the system with high (in general that
means realistic) area ratios Arc/AN (see 3.2.3). In a complete variation
of I/drec and Zrec there were no severe differences of the system Po Pa =I
efficiency coefficients as defined exept for CD shown in fig. 13.
0.8
0.6
CD
0.55 0.6 PoiR2= 1 .5

0.5 0.4 Puo 1 Pa= 2

0 CFD results for p10/p52=2
0.45
0.2
0.4 7
/ AN
0.35
Fig. 14: Pressure Drop with Ideal Throttling
0.3
The CDG-value expected with the described assumptions can be
025
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 obtained as
u/c,
2 2
Fig. 13 : Variation of , , ZN K•I

for pdps2 =2,1=333, a=30 C DG =

c PSI E P.2 1; 11).2)1 ( 8 )

Po Pto Pto
With higher numbers of receiver orifices these are blown through in a
more axial and uniform way especially in the stagnation point relative
position at u/ct=1. Therefore the CD-value increases with the number of The dependencies of CDG. Tn.& real, Ttret went, and CD of the ideal
receiver boles during axial inflow. l/cirec doesn't show a measurable reference case, the theoretical model and the CFD-results are plotted
versus u/ct in fig. 15 which shows that the theoretical assumptions very
effect on CD.
With oblique inflow the flow patterns don't change significantly with closely describe the system behaviour.
changing geometry parameters because of the levelling effect of the The diagrams indicate that the effects of the area ratio are of high
significance towards all of the plotted system coefficients. The test
prechamber vortices.
results included in the diagrams support the reliability of the
computations for velocity ratios below 0.66.
3.2.3 INFLUENCE OF AREA RATIO A/AN
For small area ratios most of the geometric parameters which need not
The simulations showed that the axial velocity component w n of the
be regarded as significant for high area ratios get importance.
nozzle exit jet is largely dissipated in the prechamber so that the main
velocity component in the prechamber is w t . This doesn't change
significantly from nozzle exit to receiver entry plane as the only force in
tangential direction is wall friction of the nozzle plane boundary which is
small.

6
 L02 axial throughflow position. After deflection of most of the tangential
Twa rrif) velocity component into the axial direction by the receiver holes its
0.98 velocity head is dissipated due to sudden enlargements of the cross-
0.96 AN = 1 section downstream of the receiver holes. This result is in agreement
with total pressure measurements in rig constellations which yield
0,94

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eq. 8, 9 , , values for pressure loss of more than 98% (fig.16).
0.92
eq. 8, 9
0.9 3.4 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS ON ZN, Z rec, 1/dmc , s
0.88 AND AREA RATIO
035 Ane / A N = zN , Z , 1/dssc: These geometrical parameters can be chosen rather
O.
0.5 1.5 freely within reasonable limits without severely affecting system
effectiveness as defined in this investigation provided the area ratio
0.9
D
C
Ases./AN falls short of a certain minimum given below.
%-.4)
0.8 ANS A N =
s/dN: It has been shown that the gap width has an influence on inflow
conditions and therefore on both temperature drop and CDC -value.
0.7
'tk A,.„/AN =2 According to Giralt (1977) these effects become increasingly important
0.6 for ratios of Sid„, 1.2. Therefore, for design purposes higher 44 -
0.5 ratios than 1.2 are recommended.
0.4 NN, Am./AN: It has been stated that this is the most effective geometrical
parameter. From the simulations it has been shown that for massflow
0.3 1M Am/ AN =7 reductions of less than about five percent and for small reductions of
0.2 temperature drop caused by the receiver geometry the following value is
0.5 1 1:5 2 recommended as a lower limit (see also fig. 14) :
( A„,c 4
(9)
AN

3.5 COMPARISON WITH MEIERHOFER'S RESULTS

Meierhofer (1981) defined system efficiency as the ratio of absolute
velocity computed from measured Tt ret and the isentropic absolute
velocity according to the pressure Crop over the nozzle. The total
temperature drop and this system coefficient are linked by eq ( 10 )
2
c u ( 1 0 ).
) 2 cos a • F
u ))
2 - c p • Tit, e t, ((c
To derive a curve for Ttret/Tto from Meierhofer's values for u/c and
v./cis a value for c„ 2 /2 c, • T. has to be chosen. The results are plotted
Fig 15 : Survey of Effects of Area Ratio on System Coefficients versus u/c as it was done by Meierhofer (1981) (fig.17).
for p0/p0=2, T0=333, a=30° TadTto
los
33 PRESSURE LOSSES
In all simulations one dynamic head loss was observed in the relative
measurements according to Meierhofer
frame of reference independently from any varied geometrical parameter for e12/(2 c., T0)=.184
(fig.16). 0.95

o,,S1
n
atr
L...
0.9
expected influence
040 0.85 ideal correlation of CDN=0.9
for c 82/(2 c, T0)=.184

ne 0.8
0
C .= 1 .
0.5
si simulation results
1.5
U/C
2

0 270 0.5 Is
fig test results
u / c,
Fig.16 : Pressure Losses Fig. 17: Comparison With Meierhofer
With low velocity ratios u/c both the measurements and the theoretical
In the prechamber the dynamic pressure resulting from the normal curves fit together very well. It is supposed that the measured reduction
velocity component is dissipated by the swirl in all cases except in the of temperature drop for u/c k 0.6 is due to frictional heat pick up of the

7
boundary layer which mixes according to Wilson and Owen (1985). This 4. CONCLUSIONS
mixing effect is probably supported by the prechamber vortices The most important geometrical parameter for system efficiency is
described in chapter 3.1.2. The influence of windage heating is expected ArecJAN. The tendencies of area ratio effects on system efficiency are
to increase with higher velocity ratios u/c just as the plotted curves shown.
show. For low values of uk the overswirled boundary layer is cooled A recommendation for the ratio s/dN is given.

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down by the work done on the rotating receiver. The balance of different With Arec./AN considered in the range of practical applications the
effects, inefficiency of the swirl nozzle (see next chapter), work done geometrical parameters ZN Z rec and 1/drec are of very little influence
and small churning losses.enable a good agreement between CFD and on system efficiency as defined in this investigation, i. e. the receiver
test rig results. holes are so large in most practical applications that there is one
dynamic head loss of the preswirl flow and the receiver geometry is of
3.6 INFLUENCE OF PRESWIRL NOZZLES little importance.
As the comparison with Meierhofer's results suggest the effects of the The inflow process through the pre swirl nozzles comes along with
nozzle are of high importance. Therefore some preliminary approximately one total head loss independent from any geometrical
investigations on the nozzle geometry effect had become necessary. parameters.
For these it was useful to go back into the absolute frame of reference. A comparison between Meierhofer's test results, CFI) calculations and
For simple orifices there are measurements available which can be rig results shows a fair agreement for the range of practical application.
compared to CFD-results (see fig.18). The negative influence of the preswirl nozzles on system effciency can
be reduced to a certain extent by giving the nozzles a well-shaped
CM-Results Measurement
design.

5. REFERENCES
Callaghan, E.E and D.T. Bowden
"Investigation of Flow Coefficient of Cicular, Square and Elliptical
Woo Orifices at High Pressure Ratios"
Technical Note, NACA 1947
PremeirlNozzle El-Oun, 1.8., Owen, J. M.
Circumferential Mid Section "Preswirl Blade Cooling Effectiveness in an Adiabatic Rotor-Stator
CM Results measurement System"
Fig. 18 : Comparison of Measured and Computed Orifice Journal of Turbomachinery Vol. I 1 1 1989
Giralt, F., Chu-Jun, C., Trass, 0.
The CFD-calculations yield a CDN of 0.71 compared to the "Characterization of the Impingement Region in an Axisymmetric
measurement of values between 0.72 and 0.78. It is thus assured that the Turbulent Jet"
simulation provides results of satisfying accuracy. Compared to the Industrial Engineering Chemicals, Fundamentals, Vol. 16
expected influence of a CDN-value of 0.9 (see fig. 17) a nozzle Kreitmeier, F.
discharge coefficient of about 0.7 is expected to have severe effects on "Space-Averaging 3D Flows Using Strictly Formulated Balance
temperature drop TtrelirtO• In order to reduce this effect an improved Equations in Turbomachinery"
CDN is required which necessitates a better shaping of the nozzle. IGTI Vol. 7, ASME 1992
Comparison between a simple orifice nozzle and a nozzle of better shape Kutz, K. J., Speer, T. M.
is shown in fig. 19. "Simulation of the Secondary Air System of Aero Engines"
ASME paper 92-GT-68 1992
Simple Orifice Well-Formed Nozzle Meierhofer, B. , Franklin, C. J.
"An Investigation of a Preswirled Cooling Airflow to a Turbine Disc
by Measuring the Air Temperature in the Rotating Channels"
ASME paper 81-GT-I32 1981
Raw, M. J., Galpin, P. F., Hutchinson B. R.
"A Colocated Finite Volume Method for Solving the Navier-Stokes
Equations for Incompressible and Compressible Flows in
Turbomachinery"
Annual General Meeting of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space
Institute 1989
Wilson, M. Owen, J. M.
Circumferential Mid Section "Flow and Heat Transfer in a Preswirl Rotor-Stator System"
ASME paper 95-GT-239 1995
Fig. 19 : Comparison of Simple and Well-Shaped Nozzle
Zimmermann, H. •{4
"Some Aerodynamic Aspects of Engine Secondary Air Systems"
The CDN-value of the well shaped constellation rose up to 0.83 at a
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power
pressure drop of PtO/Ps2=1.5.
Vol. 119 1990
According to these results system efficiency can be improved by nozzle
shaping.