LESSON 1

TENSES
1-ingilizce de tenseler ‘present’ ve ‘past’ olarak iki grubu ayrılır

PRESENT PAST
V1/Vs V2
Am/is/are ving Was /were Ving
Have/has v3 Had V3
Have / has been ving Had been Ving
Will v1 Would V1
Will be Ving Was/were going to V1
Will have V3 Would have V3
Will have been Ving
Am/is/are going to V1

Present modals Past modas

May V1 May have v3
Might V1 Might have v3
Must V1 Must have v3
Should V1 Should have V3
Could V1 Could V1
Ought to V1 Could have V3
. Ought to have V3
. .
. .
.

2-Cümlede zaman bağlacı varsa mutlaka zaman uyumu aramamız gerekir*******

ÖRNEK SORU 1:
Present + Zaman bağ. + present While scientists…………to find ways to eradicate certain
Zaman bağ. + present , present diseases, new viruses……….new diseases.

Past + zaman bağ. + past a)were trying/have caused

Zaman bağ. + past , past b)tried/will cause
Zaman Bağlaçları c)are trying/are causing
d)try/caused
When olunca e)have been trying/were causing

While/As/Just as iken
Present Past
Until
V1/vs V2
By the time e kadar
As soon as Am / is/are was/were
Once olur olmaz
Have /has had
The moment
After Will would
Before
Do/does did

3-‘HAD V3’ present ifadeler ile yan yana gelemez

Had V3-had been Ving / am-is-are

Had V3-had been Ving/have-has V3 olmaz
Had V3-had been Ving/V1
Had V3-had been Ving/future tenses
4-Zaman bağlacından sonraki boşluğa asla will-would-going to getirilemez

Zaman bağ + will/would/going to , will/would/going to

Will/would/going to + zaman bağ. + will/would/going to

5-iki ‘had v3’ zaman bağlacıyla yan yana getirilemez

6-Zaman uyumu olmasına rağmen Zaman bağlacıyla yan yana gelemeyecek ikililer

Have/has V3 – V1/Vs
Have / has v3 – have/has v3
Have/has V3 – am/is/are Ving
Had V3 – Had V3
Had V3 – was/were Ving
Had V3 – would V1

7-MACERASIZ V2 KURALI**********
-Yesterday -At the time/at that time
-……….ago -in ancient times
-last……. -until recently
-in 1990 -Ölü insanlar için
-in/during the 1990s -once(bir zamanlar)
-between 1980 and 1990 -previously/ancient
-from 1950 to 1970 -Initially/formerly
-originate fiili/originally/origin -in the past/for the first time

So that + will – would -can - could

8-AŞAĞIDAKİ ZAMAN GÖSTERGELERİ HER ZAMAN ‘HAVE/HAS v3 – HAVE HAS BEEN VING’ İLE
KULLANILIR

-recent-recently-lately -all my life-all the week-all the year

-since-for -this morning-this term
-up to now-until now-so far – -For/In/During/Over/Within the past/last
two weeks/months/years/decades…etc.

V2 HAVE/HAS V3
UNTİL RECENTLY RECENTLY/RECENT
IN THE PAST IN THE PAST TWO YEARS
LAST MONTH OVER THE LAST SIX MONTHS

9-AŞAĞIDAKİ ZAMAN GÖSTERGELERİ PRESENT ZAMANLAR(V1/VS/AM-IS-ARE VING/ HAVE-HAS

V3 / HAVE-HAS BEEN VING) İLE KULLANILIR.

Now For the time being

Right now At present
Just now Presently
At the moment Nowadays
Currently These days
10-‘since’ yapısının kullanımlarına dikkat edilmelidir.

a)Since + zaman ifadesi/isim , have/has V3

Have/has V3 + since + zaman ifadesi/isim

Since 1984 , we have been good friends

We have been good friends since 1984

b)(ever)Since + V2 , have/has V3

Since we met , we have been good friends

c)have/has V3 + (ever)since + V2
we have been good friends since we met

d)V2 . And since/and ever since/since then, have/has V3

We met in 1984 , and since then /ever since , we have been good friends

11-GENELLEME/BİLİMSELLİK/TANIM KURALI ****************************

CÜMLEDE ‘A/AN+İSİM VARSA’ , ‘ÇOĞUL ÖZNE VARSA’ , ‘ALL/EVERY/ANY GİBİ İFADELER

VARSA’ , ‘CÜMLENİN BİLİMSEL OLDUĞUNU GÖSTEREN İFADELER VARSA’ BU KURAL
KULLANILIR

1-V1/VS
2-HAVE/HAS V3
3-AM/IS/ARE VING
PRESENT MODAL

12-THAT KURALI

a)eğer ‘that’den önceki cümle present zamanlı olursa ‘that’den sonra ‘had V3’ ve ‘would’ hariç her
şey gelebilir.

_____________that__________
Present (had V3-would hariç) her şey olur

b)eğer ‘that’den önceki cümle past zamanlı olursa ‘that’den sonra past ifade kullanılmalıdır.

_____________that_____________
Past past

c)’that’den önceki bölüme ‘had V3 , would ve –ing’li kalıplar gelmez’

13- Aşağıdaki kullanımlar dışında ‘would’dan uzak durulmalıdır.

a)if clause type 2 : if + V2 , would V1

b)past that would
c)without/but for + isim , would
d-it would be + sıfat + to v1
14- Aşağıdaki kalıplar ‘future tense’ ile kullanılırlar.

Tomorrow
Tomorrow afternoon/morning..etc.
Three weeks/months/years later
In 2025 Future Time
In the following week/year/month
In/within five weeks/months/years
Next week/month/year
15- ‘by’ ve ‘by the time’ ile kullanılan kalıplar dikkat edilmelidir.

By+gelecek zaman ifadesi , will have V3 By+geçmiş zaman ifadesi , had V3

By the time + present , will have V3 By the time + past , had V3

16--‘Past perfect tense(had V3)’ genellikle aşağıdaki yapılar ile kullanılır.

After had V3 , V2
Before V2 , had V3
When V2 , had V3
Until V2 , had V3
By the time V2 , had V3
As soon as had V3 , V2
Once Had V3 , V2

17--‘past perfect tense(had V3)’ün gelemeyeceği yerlere dikkat edelim

After _________________ , ______________________

Bu bölüme had V3 gelemez
Before _____________________ , _____________________
Had V3 gelmez
By the time ________________________ , _____________________
Had V3 gelmez

As soon as/once _________________________ , ________________________

Had V3 gelmez
1- Carbohydrates…….the highest capacity for carrying information because they …….. the greatest
potential for structural variety.

A)offer/have
B)offered/had
C)have offered/had
D)will offer/have
E)are offering/will have

2- Duguid …….. that only the monosaccharide mannose and very similar sugars ………….
hemagglutination.

A)is finding/can inhibit

B)found/could inhibit
C)would find/inhibited
D)had found/had inhibited
E)has found/would inhibit

3- Brazil ………. huge earnings in foreign currency over the past few years.

A)has had
B)will have had
C)had
D)had had
E)would have

4- In the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia ………. one of the international centres for illegal drug
production and trafficking.

A)had become
B)would have come
C)became
D)has become
E)will become

5- When François Mitterrand …….. France’s banks in 1981, he did so because he thought the state
………. them better.

A)would nationalize/had run

B)had nationalized/will run
C)nationalized/would run
D)was nationalizing/has run
E)nationalizes/can run

6- Laser step-heating ……… an efficient way to measure both the age and the thermal history of a
mineral sample.

A)would offer
B)had offered
C)offered
D)will offer
E)offers
7- Madagascar …….. its journey away from Africa as much as 165 million years ago, when the
dinosaurs ……. .

A)begins/had ruled
B)has begun/would rule
C)began/ruled
D)will begin/have ruled
E)would begin/were ruling

8- Like every other region of the earth, Madagascar ……….. climatic fluctuations over the past few
thousand years.

A)has undergone
B)underwent
C)would undergo
D)had undergone
E)undergoes

9- Technology ………. considerably in the last few years as more sales and trading desks are
using electronic trading.

A)had changed
B)changed
C)would change
D)has changed
E)will change

10- In 1698, Ricci ………..to the Venetian republic for a decade and by 24 August 1700, he …………
the chapel of the Santissimo Sacramento in the church of Santa GiustinA of Padua.

A)had returned/had frescoed

B)was returning/frescoed
C)returned/was frescoeing
D)would return/was going to frescoe
E)returned/had frescoed

11-Icelandic nationalist sentiment …………. influence in the 19th century and ideas of Icelandic
independence ……….. widespread

A)gained/became
B)has gained/becomes
C)would gain/had become
D)was gaining/used to become
E)had gained/would become

12- During the 1990s, Vanuatu ……… political instability and it finally ………. in a more
decentralised government.

A)had experienced/resulted
B)would experience/had resulted
C)was experienced/was resulted
D)experienced/resulted
E)used to experience/would result
13- Some of the cultures in Australia ………… …by the time European explorers ………… in the late
15th and early 16th centuries.

A)had collapsed/arrived
B)collapsed/had arrived
C)will have collapsed/was arriving
D)would collapse/has arrived
E)had been collapsing/would arrive

14- The Arab Spring ……….the media term for a revolutionary wave of violent and
nonviolent protests, riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that ………. on 18 December 2010.

A)has been/has began

B)was/had began
C)would be/has began
D)is/began
E)is/was beginning

15- Sven Olof Palme……….the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1969 until his assassination in
1986, and ……... a two-term Prime Minister of Sweden.

A)has led/would be
B)had led/used to be
C)led/was
D)was leading/has been
E)would lead/could be

16- Researchers ………… that new findings about the curious locomotion of fire ants ………..
engineers lessons for building automated search-and-rescue robots.

A)believe/may give
B)believed/should give
C)have believed/might have given
D)would believe/could have given
E)had believed/mush have given

17- Works for theatre originally ………. verse form, but now this………… rare
outside opera and musicals.

A)takes/becomes
B)took/became
C)was taking/has become
D)will take/will become
E)took/has become

18-Archaeological studies and genetic analyses …………….. a human presence that ………… in the
northern Yukon region from 24,500 BC.

A)indicate/had lived
B)have indicated/lived
C)indicated/would live
D)had indicated/has lived
E)is indicating/has been living
19- WikiLeaks ………… internationally well known in 2010 when it………… to publish U.S. military
and diplomatic documents with assistance from its partners in the news media.

A)had become/started
B)became/started
C)would become/will become
D)has become/was starting
E)became/would start

20- It ……..until the eighteenth century that Europe …….. seriously interested in the possibilities of
using the rocket itself as a weapon of war.

A)wasn’t/became
B)isn’t/will become
C)hasn’t been/hasn’t become
D)hadn’t been/would become
E)wasn’t/hasn’t become

21- Every year some 10,000 people …….. from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the
developing countries, and another 400,000 ……… seriously ill.

A)die/become
B)died/became
C)have died/have become
D)will die/will become
E)had died/became

22- Total lunar eclipses ……..when the sun, Earth and the full moon ……..in a row, with Earth in the
middle.

A)occurred/will align
B)had occurred/have aligned
C)occur/will align
D)occur/align
E)occurred/have aligned

23- Detailed surveys of social and economic trends in the European community ……..that Europe's
population ………older.

A)showed/would get
B)show/is getting
C)would show/got
D)had shown/had got
E)will show/was getting

24- Study of atmospheric particles ……. that droplets of sulphuric acid …….. a distinct drop in
temperature.

A)had shown/would cause

B)shows/had caused
C)is showing/causes
D)showed/caused
E)will show/would cause
25- in recent years, residents of the classically car-centric cities of Asia, Latin America and the U.S.
…………on two wheels instead of four.

A)have traveled
B)are traveling
C)had traveled
D)traveled
E)would travel

26- U.S. officials ………that the Asian giant,China …………its currency in order to bolster exports.

A)had suggested/weakened
B)suggested/will weaken
C)suggest/had weakened
D)would suggest/might have weakened
E)have suggested/is weakening

27- In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, almost all the Americans…….that America’s invasion of
Afghanistan ……… futile.

A)thought/would be
B)think/will have been
C)had thought/had been
D)will think/has been
E)thought/is

28- The researchers now …… to think that the geometric shapes……… something about the new
industrial areas.

A)tended/revealed
B)tend/reveal
C)has tended/had revealed
D)will tend/would reveal
E)had tended/revealed

29- In 1881, Nagelmackers ……..the first restaurant car aboard a continental train.

A)had introduced
B)introduced
C)would introduce
D)was introducing
E)has introduced

30- Every year millions of people ……….the drugs prescribed by doctors, but in most cases they
………….. effectively.

A)took/didn’t work
B)have taken/haven’t worked
C)take/don’t work
D)will take/hadn’t worked
E)took/haven’t worked
31- The ancient philosophers ……….. each of the zodiac animals in its natural environment and
……… the characteristics displayed by animals.

A)had observed/had drawn

B)have observed/drew
C)observed/drew
D)would observe/can draw
E)will observe/have drawn

32- In the last third of the 19th century, new technologies ………. the face of manufacturing in
Europe.

A)transform
B)have transformed
C)transformed
D)had transformed
E)would transform

33-North Korea still ---- a vast police state that ---- a network of concentration camps spanning the
country..

A) was maintaining / has included

B) had maintained / would include
C) is maintaining / had included
D) maintains / includes
E) maintained / will include

34-Tofino, which ---- once a quiet fishing village in Canada, ---- a popular year-round resort now..

A) is / is becoming
B) had been / became
C) has been / had become
D) was / has become
E) would have been / will become

35- The scientific method ---- mankind’s greatest means of discovery and progress ever since it
was formulated..

A) would have been

B) was
C) would be
D) had been
E) has been

36-Pirates ---- a threat since ancient times; in fact, even hundreds of years ago, they ---- in the
Mediterranean Sea in search of valuable cargo..

A) would have been / had sailed

B) had been / have been sailing
C) have been / were sailing
D) were / had been sailing
E) would be / have been sailing
37-The latest scientific studies ---- that small children usually ---- greater taste sensitivity than
adults..

A) have found / possess

B) found / had possessed
C) find / will possess
D) will find / have possessed
E) had found / possessed

38-Coal, which at one time ---- vital to the British economy, ---- in importance with the gradual
increase in use of other sources, such as oil and natural gas..

A) was / has decreased

B) is / is decreasing
C) will be / decreases
D) has been / would decrease
E) had been / would have decreased

39-Until recently, people ---- that the global system for mobile communication network ---- the most
secure method of long-distance communication, but this is not so any longer. .

A) had believed / can be

B) believe / is
C) would have believed / will have been
D) believed / was
E) will believe / will be

40-For a long time now, biologists ---- that bits of tissue placed next to each other ----..

A) had known / may fuse

B) have known / can fuse
C) knew / had fused
D) would have known / have fused
E) know / would have fused