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AGRIC SCIENCE (JSS2) Note 1

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145 views10 pages

AGRIC SCIENCE (JSS2) Note 1

Uploaded by

adebolaakande1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (JSS2) Note 1

Scheme of Work (Second Term)

WEEK:

1. Revision of last term's work

2. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

- Pre planting Operations

3. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

- Planting Operations

- Post planting Operations

4. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

- Effects of timely harvesting versus late harvesting

- Post harvest Operations

- Processing of crops into usable forms

- Storage, etc

5. ANIMAL FEEDS AND FEEDING

- Meaning of Feed

- Types of Feed

6. ANIMAL FEED AND FEEDING

- Feeding Tools
7. ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASE CONTROL

- Farm Animal Diseases

8. ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASE CONTROL

- Symptoms of farm animal diseases

9. ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASE CONTROL

- Effects of diseases on farm animals

10. ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASE CONTROL

- Methods of prevention and control of farm animal diseases

Topic: AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Meaning: Agricultural practices are the various activities


carried out on the farm to produce crops. They are also called
CULTURAL PRACTICES.

Classification of Agricultural Practices

The agricultural practices are classified into the following:

1. Pre - Planting Operations

2. Planting Operations

3. Post- Planting Operations


Pre - Planting Operations: These are the activities carried out
on the farm before the actual planting of crops takes place.They
include:

(a) Choice of Site: A suitable farm site should be selected for


crop

production.

Some factors to consider when choosing a farm site are:

(i) Soil Type - The type of soil in the area. Loamy soil is the

best to grow crops.

(ii) Weather- E.g. Rainfall and temperature of the area.

(iii) Topography - The shape and slope of the land.

(b) Clearing: The removal of the original vegetation such as


grasses and trees. It can be done with the use of Cutlass, Axe
and Bulldozer.

(c) Stumping: The removal of the root stumps from the soil. This
can be done with the use of hoe, digger and so on.

(d) Plotting: Dividing the whole farmland into various plots or


sections. This makes it easy to determine where each crop would
be planted, location of road and irrigation system, etc.

(e) Tillage: The turning up of the soil to prepare suitable seed


beds for crop growth and development.

Tillage involves the following:


(i) Ploughing - To break and loosen up the soil.

(ii) Harrowing - To break the soil into smooth particles.

(iii) Ridging- Making ridges on the farm.

(f)Seed Selection: The seeds to be planted must be viable (living)


and free from insect pest and disease. It is only viable seeds that
germinate when planted.

(g) Nursery and Nursery Practices: Nursery is a portion of land


used to raise seedlings (young growing plants) which are later
transplanted into the main farm.

A hoe

Planting Operations: These are the activities carried out when


planting seeds directly on the farm. They include:
(a) Seed Treatment: The seeds are treated with chemicals to kill
insect pests and germs that may be attached to the seeds to
enable the seeds to germinate properly.

(b) Spacing (Planting Distance): The distance between two or


more crop plants on the farm. It helps to reduce competition
among plants for space, water, nutrients and sunlight.

A cutlass

Post - Planting Operations: These are the activities that are


carried out after planting the crops on the farm. They include the
following:
(a) Thinning: The removal of the weak seedlings so as to allow
adequate space for the healthy and strong ones to grow well.

(b) Supplying: To replant seeds on the farm in order to replace the


seeds which failed to germinate.

(c) Mulching: The process of covering the soil surface around


plants with dry leaves and other mulch materials.

- Mulching protects the soil from too much sun and rain.

- It reduces soil erosion

- It adds nutrients to the soil for plant growth

(d) Manuring/Fertilizer Application: Adding manure or fertilizer to


the soil which releases nutrients to the soil for plants to grow.

Manures are obtained from waste materials from plants and


animals (organic matter), while Fertilizers are chemical
substances e.g. NPK fertilizer.

Functions Of Manure include the following:

- Manure improves soil fertility (adds nutrients to the soil for plant
use)

- Improves soil structure, texture and permeability.

- Improves microbial activities in the soil

- Increases soil moisture

(e) Weeding: The removal of unwanted plants from the farm.


It helps to reduce competition with cultivated crops for space,
water and nutrients.

Weeding can be done by the following methods:

- Use of hoe

- Use of herbicides (chemicals to kill weeds)

- Uprooting

(f) Harvesting: The process of plucking and removing the seeds,


fruits, tubers, leaves and so on, when they are fully matured.

Effects of Timely Harvesting versus Late Harvesting

EARLY HARVESTING LATE HARVESTING

1. Little or no wastage High wastage due to spoilage

2. Maintains produce quality Reduces produce quality

3. High market value of crops Low market value of crops

4. Enhances processing and Does not enhance processing


storage and storage

5. Good yield of produce Poor yield due to pest spoilage

POST HARVEST OPERATIONS

These are activities carried out after harvesting of crops. They


include:

1. Processing: This maintains or raises the quality of crop


produce. Some processing techniques are:

(a) Threshing - The removal of cobs or heads from standing


crops. It can be done for Maize, Rice, Millet, Sorghum, etc

(b) Winnowing - The process of removing the chaffs and


straws from the grains.

(c) Drying - Putting the grains in the sunlight to dry. It helps to


preserve the grains.

2. Storage: The safe keeping of the crop produce to prevent


spoilage.

3. Marketing: The process of selling the agricultural produce in


the market. For example, the selling of CASH CROPS like Cocoa,
Coffee, Cotton, Rubber, etc.

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