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City gas metering-

CITY GAS PIPELINES AND METERING gas meters,
Transmitters. SCADA,
Chromatography

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TRANSMITTERS
INSTRUMENTATION& CONTROL

Slide 54
ELEMENTS OF A PROCESS CONTROL LOOP

Controller

Measuring Final Control

Device - Sensor Element

Process
Slide 55
ELEMENTS OF A PROCESS CONTROL LOOP
•Process Variable – the variable of interest to be
controlled and manipulated (e.g. Temperature,
Pressure or Flow)
•Measuring Device (Sensor) – converts the
measurement into a suitable signal format
(typically 4 – 20mA or digital) and then transmit
it to the controller

Slide 56
ELEMENTS OF A PROCESS CONTROL LOOP

•Controller – acts on the final control

element in the control loop based on the
predefined set value (SV) and
programmed logic

Slide 57
TRANSMITTER
•A device that converts the signal produced by a
sensor into a standard instrumentation signal
such as 3 − 15 air pressure, 4 − 20 DC
electric current, Fieldbus digital signal, etc.,
which may then be conveyed to an indicating
device, a controlling device, or both which is
often located in a centralized control room
Slide 58
TRANSMITTER
•Often combines a sensor and the transmitter
in a single device
•The sensor measures the process variable and
generate a proportional signal
•The transmitter amplifies and conditions the
sensor signal for onward transmission to the
controlling device

Slide 59
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES WHEN ACQUIRING
TRANSMITTERS
•Accuracy -- the difference between the
measured value obtained by the sensor and the
true value
•Repeatability -- the difference between the
sensed values obtained for the same true value

Slide 60
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES WHEN ACQUIRING
TRANSMITTERS
•Rangeability -- the ratio of large to small
readings that maintains accuracy
•Sensor Dynamics -- the time constant of the
sensor; how long it takes to detect and transmit
a changed value
Slide 61
TRANSMITTERS USED IN PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION

•Pneumatic Transmitters
•Analog Transmitters
•Digital/ Smart Transmitters

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PNEUMATIC TRANSMITTERS
•Output a pneumatic signal corresponding to the
process variable
•Commonly used in industrial plants: 3 − 15
(LRV – URV)
•Used in remote locations where electric power is
not readily available

Slide 63
PNEUMATIC TRANSMITTERS

20 − 30

3 − 15
Slide 64
ANALOG TRANSMITTERS
•Output an electrical signal (current or voltage)
whose magnitude represents a physical
measurement or a control quantity
•Uses analog signal standard to communicate
information
•Most common standard analog signal: 4 −
20 (LRV – URV)

Slide 65
ANALOG TRANSMITTERS

4 − 20

, . .
, , ,

Slide 66
ANALOG TRANSMITTERS

•Differential Pressure Transmitter

Characteristics
Pressure Type: Differential Technology: Capacitive Output: Analog
Other Characteristics: with Pressure Range:
display Max.: 186,500 Pa (27.05 psi)
Min.: –186,500 Pa (–27.05 psi)
Description:
Employs a capacitive sensor, has anaccuracyof 0.075% per span,. It offers long term
stability, and has highrangeability (100:1). The unit has anonboard LCD displayand
magnetic pushbuttons for Zeroand Span field adjustment.
Slide 67
DIGITAL TRANSMITTERS

•Produce digital signals that are combined in a

variety of ways:
•To enhance communication with the device
•Enhances diagnostic capabilities of the device
•Makes control of the devices and processes
relatively easy and smooth

Slide 68 DIGITAL TRANSMITTERS

•Digital signals are discrete levels that are
combined in specific ways to represent process
variables and also carry other important
information, such as diagnostic information
•Combine the digital signals in a variety of
communication protocols such as Fieldbus,
HART, etc.
(A fieldbus is a set of industrial communication networks that enables real-
time control and monitoring of devices in an industrial setting. Fieldbus
systems connect sensors and actuators to a control computer, allowing for
information exchange between the two.)

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DIGITAL TRANSMITTERS
•Differential Pressure Transmitter
Characteristics
Pressure Type: Differential Technology: Membrane Output: Digital
Other Characteristics: SIL 2 Pressure Range:
Safety Integrity Level 2,300 psi
Description:
Standard traditional-mount differential pressure transmitter in this series.
http://www.directindustry.com/prod/yokoga
wa-europe/product-19033-1800925.html

0.055% Accuracy (0.04% Accuracy optional) Exida and TUV SIL 2 / SIL3 Certified
90 ms Response Time MWP 2,300 psi (MWP 3,600 psi option)
Slide 70
TRANSMITTERS USED IN PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
• Most Common Process Variables of Interest:
1. Pressure – Pressure Transmitters
2. Temperature – Temperature Transmitters
3. Flow – Flow Transmitters
4. Level – Level Transmitters
5. Chemical Composition – Analytic Transmitter

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NOMENCLATURE OF FIELD DEVICES USED IN PROCESS
INSTRUMENTATION
• Local Gauge (without control function) A sensor
device which provides local readout only is usually
referred to as a gauge. Local pressure gages and
level gages (sight glasses) are very common.
• PI – Pressure Indicator
• TI – Temperature Indicator
• FI – Flow Indicator
• LI – Level Indicator
• VI – Vibration Indicator

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NOMENCLATURE OF FIELD DEVICES USED IN PROCESS
INSTRUMENTATION
•Transmitters (without and with control function)
•TE – Temperature Element (Transmitter)
•PT – Pressure Transmitter
•FT – Flow Transmitter
•LT – Level Transmitter
•VT – Vibration Transmitter
Slide 73
Pressure Transmitters
• Essentially used in measuring various types of
process pressures

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PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS
•Absolute Pressure Transmitter
➢ Measures the pressure relative to perfect
vacuum pressure
• Gauge Pressure Transmitter
➢ Measures the pressure relative to
atmospheric pressure at a given location
➢ Mhen the pressure reads 0 , it means
pressure is atmospheric

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PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS

•Differential Pressure Transmitter

➢ Measures the difference between two or more
pressures introduced as inputs to the sensing
unit
➢ Used to measure the pressure drop across an
oil filter for example
Slide 76
LEVEL TRANSMITTERS
• Used to measure the level of a liquid or solid
material within a vessel or space
• Can measure level continuously or at
determined points

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LEVEL TRANSMITTERS
•Point Level Transmitters
•Provide an output when a specific level
measurement is reached
•The output is in the form of audible alarm or an
electric signal to turn on a switch
•Continuous Level Transmitters
•Measure level within a specified range and
provide an output as a continuous reading in
proportion to the changing level

Slide 78 LEVEL TRANSMITTERS

•Ultrasonic Level Transmitters
•Used for non – contact level sensing of highly
viscous liquids, as well as bulk solids
•Conductive Level Transmitters
•Used for point level detection of a wide range of
conductive liquids such as water, and especially
well suited for highly corrosive liquids such as
caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, and similar
liquids
Slide 79
LEVEL TRANSMITTERS

•Pneumatic Level Transmitters

•Used in hazardous environments and where
there is no electric power
•Capacitive Level Transmitters
•Used in liquids that are have a high dielectric
constant and can be used for continuous
level monitoring

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LEVEL TRANSMITTERS
•Hydrostatic Based Level Transmitters
•Use the hydrostatic pressure at a point in a
liquid to determine level

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TEMPERATURETRANSMITTERS
• Composed with a temperature sensor and transmitter
• The transmitter receives the signal from the sensor,
computes the temperature based on the signal and
then converts it to a 4 − 20 output signal for a
receiving device such as a controller
Slide 82 TEMPERATURETRANSMITTERS
•Thermocouple Type TemperatureTransmitter
• The calculated temperature is based on the
electromotive force generated by changes in the
process temperature
•RTD (RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS) Type
Temperature Transmitter
• The calculated temperature is based on the changes
of the electrical resistance with the process temp
• The relationship between the process temperature
and electrical resistance of the RTD is used to
calculate temperature by the transmitter

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FLOW TRANSMITTERS
• Used to measure and indicate flow
• Combination of a flow sensor and transmitter in
one piece

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FLOW TRANSMITTERS
•Signal from the flow sensor is used by the
transmitter to generate a 4 − 20 output that
represents changes in flow in the actual process
•Flow transmitter technologies:
• Velocity based flow sensor
• Ultrasonic flow sensor
• Differential pressure flow sensor
Slide 85
COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS IN THE INDUSTRY
•FI - Flow Indicator
•FIT - Flow Indicator Transmitter (Displays and
transmits the flow rate value)
•FE - Flow Element
•FT - Flow Transmitter

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FLOW TRANSMITTERS

Quora

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TELEMETRY & SCADA IN CGD

Slide 88 SCADA IN CGD
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a crucial operational
technology (OT) in City Gas Distribution

Key objectives of implementing SCADA in CGD are

• Reliability of service

• Safe operation

• Cost effective solution

At present, wireless SCADA systems are gaining prominence as they offer better control and
speedy transfer of both live and historical data to the organisation’s headquarters. These
systems do not entail hefty installation and permit costs, resulting in cost savings. At the same
time, wireless systems do not have to face issues such as repair bills, machine failure and
downtime when environmental conditions degrade the facilities.

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AUTOMATION

Automation is the use of control systems such as computers to

control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for
human intervention.

Slide 90 DETAILED STRUCTURE OF CONTROL SYSTEM HIERARCHY

Unit Control : Control units perform advanced measurement and control independently of the central computer.
They can function as PLCs, RTUs, or DCUs.
Group Control: The SCADA system performs group control, which allows industrial organizations to control industrial processes
and critical infrastructure locally or remotely
Slide 91 SCADA SYSTEMCOMPONENTS
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
• Microprocessor based electronic device that receives data from local equipment's at remote site – CNG
station, SV station, CGS, Odorizing unit etc. These are connected to sensors and can convert sensor signals into
digital data, which is then sent to the supervisory system.
SCADA Server
• Receives data from RTUs, send commands to sites, stores historical data

SCADA HMI

• Equipment that presents process data onscreen for monitoring purposes and control actions

Communication Network & Infrastructure

• Provides link between RTU & SCADA server - dedicated landlines, wireless (VSAT, SIM based)etc

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TYPICAL SCADA ARCHITECTURE

SCADA has proved helpful for the CGD Entities by enabling them to combine the monitored data with demand,
environmental, physical and gas composition data across the enterprise for business decision support.

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SCADA
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. As the name
indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory
level. As such, it is a purely software package that is positioned on top of
hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware modules. Various components
of SCADA are:

Remote Terminal Unit

Communication
Master Terminal Unit
software
Human Machine Interface
Remote Standby/Redundancy
Basic Architecture of SCADA System
Slide 94

Remote Terminal Unit

Basic Architecture of SCADA System

Slide 95 WHAT SCADA IS?

SCADA is a technology permitting to collect and process data received from the remote
sites (in terms of distance from the Control Center), and transmit commands via radio,
satellite, wire or GSM communication systems.
WHAT SCADA USES?
SCADA systems are based on modern computing technologies and networking
technologies enabling the system designer to implement a customized application that
can grow with expanding needs.

WHAT SCADA DOES?

SCADA enables an industrial process operator to monitor and control equipment status,
to open and shut valves or motors, to view each of the technological process parameters
– all from a single Central Control Room.
WHAT SCADA OFFERS?
SCADA offers control and management of an industrial process providing highly
Efficient cost effective Operation.

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SENSOR TO PANEL SYSTEM

Earlier SCADA systems employed Sensor to Panel connection i.e. each sensor was
hardwired to the central control panel. The advantages of such a system were:
Simple
No CPU, hence no software or programming
But the disadvantages of such a system were much greater than that of there
advantages:
Huge wiring
Up gradation of system was very complex
Re configuration of system is extremely difficult
Storage of data is minimal and difficult to manage
Greater manpower requirement
Slide 97
MODERN SCADA SYSTEM
With the advent of the CPU and other electronic devices, manufacturers incorporated digital
electronics into preexisting relay logic equipment and rapidly were completely replaced by
same.
The advantages of the PLC / DCS based SCADA system are:
More sensors can now be connected
Flexibility to view data using remote monitoring
Different types of RTU can be handled
Real time data analysis
Simulation tool availability
Easy digital storage
Configurable display
Disadvantages:
More complicated
Software engineers are required
Still lot of wiring

Slide 98 SCADA VS. DCS

People new to the industry often use the terms SCADA and DCS (distributed
control system) interchangeably. Although there is no sharp line separating these
two categories of control systems, and specific implementations often have
characteristics of each, it is useful to distinguish between them because of their
unique strengths and weaknesses

SCADA DCS
Geographic span Large – cross country Small – single pump station
Point Count Large Small
Moderate – seconds to Very fast - milliseconds to
Data Acquisition Rates
minutes seconds
Data Acquisition Slow with moderate error
Fast with low error rate
Network rate
Graphic User Interface
Basic
(GUI)
Alarming Subsystem Full featured Basic
Control Actions Human initiated Programmatically initiated

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SCADA SYSTEM – PNG
Key Features of implemented SCADA system
SV stations
• Monitoring of pipeline pressure
• Monitoring of valve status (open/close)
• Operating (open/close) sectioning valve remotely in case of exigency/maintenance; drastically
reducing the response time as compared to manual operation

Odorizing units
• Monitoring of odorizingparameters – injectionrate, total injection, tank level etc.
• Controlling the unit remotely

✓ Logging of Events andHistory

✓ Generation of Trends (Real-time / History)
✓ Alarms & Report generation
Slide 100
SCADA SYSTEM – CNG
There are multiple equipment’s at a CNG station critical ones
being:

• Compressors

• Dispensers

• Flowmeters
IGL is implementing SCADA system at its CNG stations for remote monitoring and

control of these equipment's

Slide 101 SCADA SYSTEM IN CNG

Key Features of SCADA system
• ‘Online/Remote’ Monitoring & Reporting of equipment(s) at CNG station
• Dispenser retail price change
• Generating process parameters’ reports.Identifying pressure loss across grid.
• Logging of Events and History. Monitoring losses at CNG Stations.
• Generation of Trends (Real-time / History)
• Alarms.
• Analysis based on logged process parameters.
• Upstream Pressure of CNG Compressor.
• Consumed Gas Qty Vs Billed Quantity.

Additionally, a web portal for has also been developed for decentralized monitoring at
individual control room level in many companies.
An important feature of SCADA is its ability to merge with Google Maps. In this feature,
various gas stations are marked in different colours and all the adjacent geographies are
marked to provide a detailed view of the area.

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SCADA IN OIL & GAS PIPELINES

Slide 103 How Natural Gas Gets To Our Home
Producing Wells

Transmission Lines
Gathering Lines

Processing Plant

Compressor LNG
Stations or Propane/Air Plant

Underground
Storage
City Gate
(Regulators/Meters)

Large Volume
Customer

Residential
Customers
Regulator/Meter
Commercial
Customers
Large Volume
Customers
Distribution Mains (Lines)

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HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF CGD SCADA SYSTEM
Master control station (MCS)
 Communicate with all the CCC.
 Has two servers, one primary and other redundant.

Standby master control center (SCC)

 Will be able to monitor and control total CGD systems in case of any emergency at MCC

City control center (CCC)

 Monitor and control CGD network of the city.
 Collect all the data of the CGD Network and will send it to MCC & SMCC

City gate station (CGS)

 It has Flow Meter & Flow Computer

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LEAK DETECTION THROUGH SCADA

Slide 106
PIPELINE LEAK
Due to the pipeline damage the pipeline product will escape from
the pipeline, which is known as pipeline leak. Results of leakage
include:
Loss of product
Environmental hazards
Loss of life
An effective & efficient leak detection system is necessary with a
good sensitivity

Slide 107
LEAK DETECTION UTILITIES

Accurate product release alarm

Estimation of leak location and magnitude
High sensitivity to product release
Efficient field and control center support
Minimum Software and configuration tuning
Minimum impact from communication outages
Accommodation for complex operating conditions, such as
transients
Configurability to complex pipeline networks
Accurate imbalance calculations on flow meters

Slide 108
LEAK DETECTION METHODS
Internal leak detection systems: Use operating data retrieved by the
SCADA system
 Rate of change
 Line balancing methods
 Real time transient modeling
 Statistical modeling

Use sensors that may or may not be

External leak detection systems:
physically connected to the pipeline
 Acoustic emission
 Electrical cable sensors
 Fiber optic sensors
 Vapor sensing
Slide 109
FEATURES AND FUNCTIONALITIES OF SCADA
Dynamic process graphics
Access Control
Alarms
MMI (Multi Media ) or HMI
Real Time Trend
Alarm Handling
Historical Time Trend
Logging/Archiving
RTU (and PLC) interface
Report Generation
Application Security
Database Connectivity
Device Connectivity
Fault tolerance and Redundancy
Distributed processing

Slide 110 BENEFITS

The presence of a SCADA system for real time surveillance and monitoring provides both operational
and economic benefits. These benefits include:
Operational Considerations
Geographic area of operation (size of service area)
Size of company (number of customers)
Improved timeliness and frequency of operational data
Integrated operational analysis
Improved precision and accuracy of operational data
Documentation of measurement equipment accuracy
Rapid response to emergencies or upsets

Economic Considerations

Reduced personnel requirements

Decreased cost of operation
Improved operational efficiency
Improved load-balancing ability

Slide 111 FEATURES THAT ENHANCE BENEFITS OF SCADA

1. Leak Detection System

2. Line / Product Balance (Flow Measurement)
3. Batch Tracking
4. Pig Tracking
5. Pipeline Efficiency
6. Operator Trainer/Plant Simulation Software
7. Cathodic Protection System Performance
8. Instrument Analysis
9. Fire Protection System ,etc.
Slide 112 ADVANCED FEATURES OF SCADA
Many users of pipeline SCADA systems choose to enhance the basic monitoring and control
capabilities of their SCADA system by adding related advanced applications. Typical
advanced applications used with pipeline SCADA systems include:

Pipeline model / simulation – understand behavior of pipeline

Controller training system – controller training without involving the operating pipeline
Computational pipeline monitoring (CPM) – software based leak detection
Batch tracking and scheduling – monitors batch location, calculate ETA
Power optimization – optimal pump or compressor usage
Open path analysis – ensures product path is not blocked by a closed valve
Historical playback – GUI displays presenting historical data
Intelligent alarm processor – helps identify the root cause of an upset
Gas load forecaster – weather forecast and historical usage data to estimate the expected
gas load

Slide 113

SCADA SECURITY

Slide 114
COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS AND SECURITY VULNERABILIETS
Misconception
Misconception #1 – “The SCADA system resides on a physically separate,
standalone network.”
Misconception #2 – “Connections between SCADA systems and other
corporate networks are protected by strong access controls.”
Misconception #3 – “SCADA systems require specialized knowledge,
making them difficult for network intruders to access and control.”

Vulnerabilities
Public Information Availability
Insecure Network Architecture
Lack of Real - Time Monitoring
Slide 115 COMMON THREATS SEEN IN SCADA
Attackers : Attackers break into networks for the thrill of the
challenge or for bragging rights in the attacker community. They
will have good knowledge about computers.
Bot-network operators : Bot-network operators are attackers;
however, instead of breaking into systems for the challenge or
bragging rights, they take over multiple systems to coordinate
attacks and to distribute phishing schemes, spam, and malware
attacks.
Insiders : The disgruntled insider is a principal source of
computer crime. Insiders may not need a great deal of knowledge
about computer intrusions because their knowledge of a target
system often allows them to gain unrestricted access to cause
damage to the system or to steal system data.