METTU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGIREERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

INTERNSHIP ATTACHMENT REPORT ON

“TV Transmission System at Gore OBN TV station CH.11”

An Internship Report Presented to the

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By

Student Name ID

Nagasu Gamada 1983

Section III

April, 2021

Mettu , Oromia
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I would like to thank GOD for his love, protection and blessing me with health and
life opportunities including the opportunity for this Internship. I would also like to extend special
thanks to the entire staff of Gore OBN TV station CH.11 for their full co-operation, guidance and
support during my internship. Finally my humble gratitude and appreciation goes to my mom,
dad and other family members for their love, support, and encouragement. God bless you all!!!
 List of abbreviations
A…………………………phase

Au……………………….Audio

AM…………………….Amplitude Modulation
AVD…………………..Audio Video Distributor
BBC…………………...British Broadcasting Company
CGTN…………………China Global Television Network
CNN…………………..Cable News Network
EC……………………..Ethiopian Calendar
FM……………………..Frequency Modulation
GC…………………….Gregorian Calendar
OBN…………………..Oromia Broadcasting Network
ORTVO……………….Oromia Radio and Television Organization
PM…………………….Post Meridiem
RF……………………..Radio Frequency
SPG……………………..Sink Pulse Generator
TV…………………….Television
V………………………Video
VHF…………………..Very High Frequency
VTM…………………..Video Test Monitor
 Abstract
This Internship report was aimed at observation of Gore OBN TV station CH.11 that located in
Ilu Abba Bora zone, Alle district Gore town. In this report I was explained the background,
Technology that exists, Strength and weaknesses of Gore OBN TV station CH.11. Also I was
wrote Activities, knowledge we acquired, challenges encountered me, conclusion,and
recommendations for that organization and my University.
 Introduction

Background of Organization
Oromia Mass Media Organization was established in July, 2006 GC and Later, Oromia Radio
and Television Organization (now OBN) was named. Oromia Television, the regional state
owned media situated in the Adama city, became the first regional television broadcasting
channel that emerged in March, 2009 GC after a yearlong radio transmission.

According to the Office of Chaffee Oromia’s Proclamation NO. 113/2006 (p. 3), in its
establishment, the main goal of the media organization has been stated as: Encouraging the
people to freely express their opinions based on the constitution of the federal government and
that of the Oromia regional state as well as other laws and policies of the country; create a
conducive-condition for the people of Oromia region to get clear, objective, adequate, quality
and timely information; work towards the creation of national consensus on major national and
regional issues; make endeavor towards developing democratic culture in economic, political and
social activities; and finally strive towards the promotion of Oromo culture, history and
language.

According to the ORTVO Magazine (2002 E.C, p. 5), Oromia TV (now OBNTV) transmission
provided 34 hours per week of programming when it started its transmission in March, 2009 GC
and has increased its transmission time to 112 hours per week after a yearlong. And gradually,
the organization has boosted its’ free on air transmission per day to 24 hours via satellite starting
from September, 2014 GC. The broadcaster disseminates information by fourteen languages
such as English, Amharic, and Afan Oromo, Somale etc..which is dominating much air time. In
general, the main aim of the broadcaster is to inform, to educate and to entertain the public by
using modern technologies. Although from the very beginning to currently on airing, the time
given to news transmission is limited. OBN Television channel transmission incorporates all
programs such as educational, documentaries, drama, sport, arts and music in a decade journey.
In addition, the organizations’ new media transmission is at its infant age. But much attention on
news coverage is the concern of giant media industries across the globe including Aljazeera,
BBC, CNN, CGTN and the like.
 OBN TV has generally sixteen TV stations at different part of Oromia region that we are
tabulated below that

No Location/Site Name Frequency in MHZ Spectrum Band Channel Power in KWs

1 Adama 196.25 VHF Band III 8 2

2 Adola 175.25 VHF Band III 5 2

3 Dembi Dolo 203.25 VHF Band III 9 2

4 East Hararge 210.25 VHF Band III 10 2

5 Entoto 203.25 VHF Band III 9 2

6 Furi 196.25 VHF Band III 8 2

7 Gimbi 175.25 VHF Band III 5 2

8 Goba 210.25 VHF Band III 10 2

9 Gore 217.25 VHF Band III 11 2

10 Jimma 203.25 VHF Band III 9 2

11 Kofele 182.25 VHF Band III 6 2

12 Nekemte 196.25 VHF Band III 8 2

13 Shambu 175.25 VHF Band III 5 2

14 Wenchi 224.25 VHF Band III 12 2

15 West Harerge 175.25 VHF Band III 5 2

16 Yabello 189.25 VHF Band III 7 2

My internship report was focused only at Gore OBN TV station CH 11.and that organization has
three workers one at the of position supervisor and other two of them are technicians.
Gore OBN TV station is located at Alle district and this station is 1.5KM far away from Gore
town to the north.
Gore OBN TV station use PAL TV standard.
Gore OBN TV station has Frequency in MHZ =217.25, Spectrum Band= VHF Band III,
Channel=11 and Power in KWs=2

Objectives of the organization

The main objective of Gore OBN TV station are:-
To promote language, culture and values of the surrounding communities and providing updated
information that may help the societies in their day to day activity.
To bridge Ilu abbaa boor with the world by addressing programs such as educational,
documentaries, drama, sport, arts and music.

Objective of the internship

General Objective
The general aim of internship is to improve my understanding of key theoretical concepts of the
courses through observation and reflection of real life practice.

Specific Objectives
In addition to general objective this internship have the following specific objectives.
 To develop the ability of data collection and observation skills and allows me to see how
theory applies to real world practice.
 To increase communication skills.
 To identify the problems of the existing systems and provide their solution.

Activities
At Gore OBN TV station CH.11 I was observed the following technologies:-

TV Transmitter
TV transmitter is a transmitter a transmitter used for over the air television broadcasting.
It is an electronic device that radiates radio waves that carry a video signal representing moving
images ,along with a synchronized audio channel, which is received by TV receivers and then
displayed the images on a screen.
As a general TV transmitter has the following parts.
 Audio part
 Video part
 Color part
 Power part and
 RF parts
Matrix has basic sixteen input and four outputs and it produces audio and video.
Audio is entered into audio processor and video is entered into audio video
distributor(AVD).
TV transmitter has four phases which each of has 500W which named as A1,A2,A3 and
A4 and these phase are combined into two combiner.
The first combiner contain phase A1 and A2 and the combiner contain A3 and A4.
At the last two combiner is combined together and generate 2000W power at Driver.
Block diagram of television transmitter
The block diagram can be broadly divided into two separate section .These are
1) Video signal that generates an electronic signal that corresponding to the actual picture
and then uses this video signal to modulate an RF carrier so as to be applied to the
transmitting antenna for transmission.
2) Audio signal that generates an electronic signal containing sound information and then
uses this signal to modulate another RF carrier and then applied to the transmitting
antenna for transmission.
Video signal transmitter employs an AM transmitter as amplitude-modulation is used for video
signals whereas audio signal transmitter employs FM modulator as frequency modulation is used
for sound information.
An AM transmitter and a FM transmitter. Former is used for video modulation whereas latter is
used for audio modulation.
Generally, we will understand from that Television transmitter essentially consists of a video
modulator and an audio modulator.
 In video modulator, the video signal amplitude modulates RF carrier whereas an audio signal
frequency modulates another RF carrier in audio modulator.
Video signal is generated by a television camera viewing the scene to be televised whereas the
audio signal is produced by a microphone.
These video and audio signals are amplified in video and audio amplifiers respectively prior to
modulation. The modulated signals are combined in a combining network before they are applied
to common transmitting aerial system.

Camer Video Amp Video signal X Combining Transmitting

Multiplier
Networks Tower

Sync and

Scan

Audio
Microphone Audio signal
Amplifier

Basic of TV transmitter

Video Test Monitor(VTM) another parts of television transmitter and it has its own components.

These components are :-

1. Audio parts
2. Video parts
3. Wave parts and
4. Color parts
 TV Demodulator SP Externa NS NS NS
G l S S S

Matri
x

Extor A
Audi Audio
Processor Au1 Change
o

Over
Exitor B
Video Audio Video Distributor
Au2

Driver
Au1 Au2 V1
V2

A1 A2 A3 A4

Combiner Combiner
A B

Antenna

Band Pass
Directional
Coupler

Dummy load
 Block Diagram of TV transmitter

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

Also we were observed an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) that exist at Gore OBN TV
station.

An automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is an electronic device that maintains a constant voltage
level to electrical equipment on the same load. The AVR regulates voltage variations to deliver
constant, reliable power supply.
Another activity we were performed at Gore OBN TV station was How to create or modify a
partition in Microsoft Windows
To create a partition from unpartitioned space follow these steps:

1. Right Click Computer and select Manage

2. From the Disk Management module we will find the disk that holds the partition listed in the
gray area of the bottom of the Window
3. Right click on the partition and select Shrink Volume. It will query for available free space
then submit the size that is available to shrink the partition by. Then in an open field it will
provide space for you to type the amount we would like to shrink the partition by. Enter the
amount to shrink in MB
4. Select Shrink
5. To make the new partition out of the Unallocated Space, right click on that Space and select
New Simple Volume.

Antenna
Antenna is an electrical device that converts electric power into electromagnetic waves (or
simply radio waves) and vice-versa.
A signal from a transmission line or the guiding device like a co-axial cable, is given to an
antenna, which then converts the signal into electromagnetic energy to be transmitted through
space.
Antenna can be used for both Transmission and Reception of electromagnetic radiation i.e. a
Transmitting Antenna with collect electrical signals from a transmission line and converts them
into radio waves whereas a Receiving Antenna does the exact opposite i.e. it accepts radio waves
from the space and converts them to electrical signals and gives them to a transmission line.
In computer and Internet wireless applications, the most common type of antenna is the dish
antenna, used for satellite communications. Dish antennas are generally practical only at
microwave frequencies (above approximately 3 GHz). The dish consists of a paraboloidal or
spherical reflector with an active element at its focus. When used for receiving, the dish collects
RF from a distant source and focuses it at the active element. When used for transmitting, the
active element radiates RF that is collimated by the reflector for delivery in a specific direction.
At frequencies below 3 GHz, many different types of antennas are used. The simplest is a length
of wire, connected at one end to a transmitter or receiver. More often, the radiating/receiving
element is placed at a distance from the transmitter or receiver, and AC is delivered to or from
the antenna by means of an RF transmission line, also called a feed line or feeder.

Transmission Media of Gore OBN TV Station

Gore OBN TV station use both guided and unguided transmission media.
In case of guided media Gore OBN TV use Coaxial Cable and use radiowaves in case of
unguided transmission media.

Coaxial Cable
This cable contains an external plastic cover and it includes two parallel conductors where each
conductor includes a separate protection cover. This cable is used to transmit data in two modes
like baseband mode as well as broadband mode. This cable is widely used in cable TVs & analog
TV networks.
The advantages of the coaxial cable include high bandwidth, noise immunity is good, low cost
and simple to install. The disadvantage of this cable is, the failure of cable can disturb the whole
network.

Radiowaves
These waves are very easy to produce as well as penetrate through buildings. In this, the
transmitting & receiving antennas no need to align. The frequency range of these waves ranges
from 3 kHz to 1GHz. These waves are used in AM & Fm radios for transmission. These waves
are classified into two types namely Terrestrial & Satellite.
Microwaves
It is a sightline transmission which means the transmitting & receiving antennas need to align
correctly with each other. The distance which is covered through the signal can be directly
proportional to the antenna’s height. The frequency range of microwaves ranges from 1GHz to
300GHz. These are extensively used in TV distribution & mobile phone communication

Uses of Tools for PC Maintenance

1. Chip extractor
It is designed for removing fine chips formed on processing wood and plastics. The extractor can
be connected directly to a machine.
2. Tweezer
It is useful for removing tiny components inside PC. It is also use to unfasten clips and remove
small wiring harnesses without damaging thin wires and antennae.
3. Spare parts tube

It is used to hold extra computer screws, nuts and washer.

4. Nut Driver
They are used for lower torque application. It is a tool for tightening nuts and bolts
5. Screw driver
Most PCs use several different types of tiny screws to secure cases closed and attach internal
components to the case and one another.
6. Soldering Iron
It is useful for repairing more severe damage in PC or reattaching components that manufacturer
soldered together.
7. Wire cutter/stripper
It is a small, hand-held device used to strip the electrical insulation from electrical wires.

8. Crimping tool
It is a tool designed to crimp or connect a connector to the end of a cable.
9. Needle Nose Pliers
They are both for cutting and gripping pliers used by electricians and other tradesmen to bend,
reposition and cut wire.
10.multimeter power tester
A power supply tester and multimeter can be used to test computer for a reliable power source.
 Strength and Weakness of Gore OBN TV stations CH.11

Strengths
Based on our observation we was identified the following strengths of Gore OBN TV station
CH.11:-
Highly automated machines are there at Gore OBN TV station CH.11 that means no need
of man power to start their machine manually.
When electricity is loss their Generator is start automatically without the human power.
Gore OBN TV station CH.11 has highly knowledgeable, brilliant workers who have the best
habit to share their knowledge to others without boring.

Weaknesses
During our Internship we will evaluates the following weaknesses of Gore OBN TV station
CH.11:-
Resource problem the most weakness of Gore OBN TV station CH.11.It has only one Dell
Desktop computer unless there is no computer.
The number of worker is not enough for for Gore OBN TV station CH.11 it has only three
technicians.
There is no Internet connection at Gore OBN TV station CH.11 at all.
It is far from the restaurants or shops because of that workers are boring to walk such like
distance to get necessary things.
There is no poster that gives direction for their customer in case of that all customer got confused
of their place.

Constraints/Challenges
We were encountered several problems during our internship practice at Gore OBN TV station
CH 11.
These are:
At the first day it is difficult for us to get the location/office of Gore OBN TV station because the
organization has no poster material.
At Mettu University ninety nine percent of our learning process is based on theoretical parts,
because of it is difficult for us to implement the practical.
Another challenges encounter is the shortage of the time. In case it is difficult to accomplish the
necessary tasks
The other challenges that was faced us was there is lack of reference and computers in
the organization.

Proposed solution for Challenges

We was overcome the above challenges that encountered us during our internship by following
methods:-

At the first day it is difficult for us to get the location/office of Gore OBN TV station. To over
come this problem we was asked the people who know the place of that organization.

Another challenges encounter is the shortage of the time. To overcome such problem we was
wisely use our time.

The other challenges that was faced us was there is lack of reference and computers in
the organization. To overcome this challenges we was use our own personal computer and we
was perform our tasks by shift.

Acquired Knowledge
At Gore OBN TV station I was got the following knowledge and experiences.

Improving interpersonal communication

Internship activity is very helpful in improving interpersonal communication.

The more contacting and idea exchanging with the majority of people, the more communication
skills that one can acquire.
. Through this process I have developed the skill to exchanging information with the people and I
were able to approach to any higher level individual politely.
Improving Working in group skills

Working in group develops the capability to acquire new information and knowledge which
enables to be competent with the technology of the world. Several kind of work requires a lot of
effort and skills.

UNDERSTANDING ABOUT WORK ETHICS

Work ethics are generally accepted guidelines for right and wrong behaviors at work.
Having good ethics is very important for developing safe working environment and increasing
productivity.
The following principles allow good work ethics at working area.
Punctuality: This means arriving at work on time
Honesty: Honesty at work means spending working hours and resources totally on work
Willingness to learn: This means understanding the way things are done at work place and
trying to do it better.
Initiative: Being prepared/having awareness to do something willingly
Loyalty: Do what is best for the growth of the organization
Maximizing productivity: This is the ability to do high quality work faster and efficiently.

Conclusion
During our internship program period at Gore OBN TV station, we have got a different
theoretical and practical skill and adapted the real world or working environment. Gore OBN TV
station has offered us opportunities to learn and develop skills in many areas and we were also
got much more exprience such like how to partition Windows, we was observed TV transmitter
and an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) that automatically regulating voltage, which means
that it will turn fluctuating voltage levels into constant voltage levels.
Recommendation/Suggestions
We want to recommend Gore OBN TV station that there are so many problems that we have
seen in this organization and we will put their solution as follow.
 There is no poster that explain the location of that organization.
In order to improve such problem you should have use the poster.
 There is only one computer at all for that organization and that is difficult for you to
perform your tasks
So I would like to recommend you to add your computer.
 There is no Internet connection at all at organization. This very difficult for you and for
your customers.
So, you should do well on that issue.
 Lastly, by using this chance I want to recommend my University especially my
department(Information Technology Department) kindly you should have focus equally
both on theory and practically not only on theoretical part.
 There is shortage of Time, two weeks not enough for this internship. So you should have
to think it and improve such like problems.
References
Direct observations

Interview with workers

Technical Manual
Appendix: List of Interview questions

1) Excuse me do tell me the background of your organization?

2) How many workers do you have?

3) How many stations does OBN TV has?

4) How long OBN TV transmission?

5) What types cables are there here?

6) What type of TV standard OBN is use?

7) What types transmission media is applicable here?