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Sequence and Series

 Table of contents

Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 03 𝟒𝟕
Session 05 𝟖𝟑
Sequence 04 Properties of G.P. 52
Arithmetic Geometric Progression(A.G.P.) 88
Progression 08 Geometric Mean 58
Sum of first 𝑛 terms of an A.G.P 92
Arithmetic Progression 09 Harmonic Progression 64
Formula for Summation 97
𝑛 terms from the end 15 𝑛 𝑡ℎ term of H.P. 65

Sum of first 𝑛 terms in A.P. 18 Session 06 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Properties of A.P. 21 Session 04 𝟔𝟔
Properties of Sigma operator 102
Properties of H.P. 67

Session 02 𝟐𝟖 Harmonic Mean 70

Arithmetic Mean 29 Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M. 78

Geometric Progression (G.P.) 32

Sum of 𝑛 terms of a G.P. 38
Sum of infinite terms of a G.P. 40
 Session 01
Arithmetic
Progression

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 • A sequence is an ordered list of objects or events or numbers.

• A function, 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ defined as 𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ is called a real sequence.

• Domain of a sequence is natural numbers.

• Sequence is denoted by {𝑡𝑛 }, where 𝑡𝑛 is the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of sequence.

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 • A sequence containing a finite number of terms is called finite sequence.

A sequence containing an infinite number of terms is called

• infinite sequence.

• A series is the sum of the terms of sequence.

𝑎𝑛 is sequence containing terms 𝑎1, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ ,

• then 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 is a series.

• 𝑆𝑛 = ෍𝑡𝑟 where 𝑆𝑛 denotes sum of 𝑛 term

𝑟=1

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 The Fibonacci sequence is defined by 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 1 & 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛−2 , 𝑛 > 2.
write down its first five terms

Solution : Given: 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 1

& 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛−2 ∀ 𝑛 > 2

⇒ 𝑡3 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 2

⇒ 𝑡4 = 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 = 3

⇒ 𝑡5 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡4 = 5

∴ the first five terms of the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

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 If the 12𝑡ℎ term of an A.P. is 25 and the 7𝑡ℎ term is 10, then find
the 20𝑡ℎ term

Solution :
𝑇12 = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 = 25

𝑇7 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 10

⇒ 5𝑑 = 15 ⇒ 𝑑 = 3

⇒ 𝑎 + 33 = 25 ⇒ 𝑎 = −8

𝑇20 = 𝑎 + 19𝑑 = −8 + 19 × 3

= 57 − 8 = 49

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 Key Takeaways

• A sequence whose terms follow a certain pattern is called progressions

• Progressions are described by some explicit formula for 𝑛𝑡ℎ term

• Different types of progressions:

I. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
II. Geometric progression (G.P.)
III. Harmonic progression (H.P.)
IV. Arithmetic Geometric progression (A.G.P)

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 Key Takeaways

• Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) : A sequence whose terms follow a certain

pattern is called progressions

• 𝑡1 = 𝑎 is the first term of A.P.

• 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑑, where 𝑑 is common difference

• 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of an 𝐴. 𝑃. Is given by 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

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 If an 𝐴. 𝑃. 𝑎2 + 𝑎5 − 𝑎3 = 10 and 𝑎2 + 𝑎9 = 17, then the
value of 𝑎 and 𝑑 is

Solution : 𝑎2 + 𝑎5 − 𝑎3 = 10
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 4𝑑 − 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 10

𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 10 ⋯ (1)

𝑎2 + 𝑎9 = 17

𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 17

2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 17 ⋯ (2)

2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 17
2𝑎 + 6𝑑 = 20

3𝑑 = −3 ⇒ 𝑑 = −1 ⇒ 𝑎 = 13
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 How many integers lie between How many even integers lie between
81 & 1000 which are divisible by 3? 81 & 1000 which are divisible by 5?

Solution : Solution :

84, 87, 90, 93, ⋯ , 999 → A.P. 85, 90, 95, 100, ⋯ , 995
𝑙−𝑎 999 −84
𝑛=
𝑑
+1 =
3
+1 90, 100, 110 ⋯ , 990 → A.P.
𝑛 = 306 𝑎 = 90 & 𝑑 = 10
𝑙−𝑎 990−90
𝑛= +1 = + 1 = 91
𝑑 10

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 For the given sequence How many 2- digit numbers are
1 2
20, 19 , 18 , ⋯ Find the first there which leaves a remainder 1,
3 3
negative term when divided by 4?
Solution : Solution :
1 2
20, 19 , 18 , ⋯ → A.P.
3 3 13, 17, 21, 25 ⋯ 37 → A.P.
2 2 2
− − − 𝑛=
𝑙−𝑎
+1 =
97−13
+ 1 = [18.5] + 1 = 19
3 3 3
𝑑 4
𝑡𝑛 < 0
2
20 + 𝑛 − 1 − <0
3

60 − 2𝑛 + 2 < 0
2𝑛 > 62
𝑛 > 31 ⇒ 32𝑛𝑑 term is 1 𝑠𝑡 − 𝑣𝑒 term
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 Key Takeaways

• To calculate integers lying between 81 & 1000 divisible by 3 or 5,

exclude the starting and last number i.e., 81 & 1000

• To find the first negative term in an A.P. assume 𝑡𝑛 < 0 and

solve the inequality to find the least integral value of 𝑛.

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 Given Two A.P.’s 3, 7, 11, ⋯ and 2, 9, 16, ⋯, find the 21 𝑠𝑡 common
term of these two A.P.s.

Solution :
𝐴. 𝑃1 = 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, ⋯ , 407

𝐴. 𝑃2 = 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 , ⋯ , 709

Now for common difference of common terms of A.P.’s is LCM 4, 7 = 28.

Now the A.P. with common terms will have first term as 23
and common difference as 28.

Hence 𝑇21 = 23 + 21 − 1 28 = 583

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 Key Takeaways
𝑛 terms from the end
Example: 𝑛𝑡ℎ term from beginning → 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
+4 +4 +4 𝑛𝑡ℎ term from end → 𝑙 − 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

3, 7, 11, 15, ⋯ , 191, 195, 199

20𝑡ℎ term from the end
199, 195, 191, 15, ⋯ , 11, 7, 3
𝑡20 = 199 − 20 − 1 4 = 123

−4 −4
We know that: 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑡𝑛 = 199 + 𝑛 − 1 −4
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑙 + 𝑛 − 1 −𝑑
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑙 − 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ; 𝑙 → last term of the A.P.

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 Key Takeaways

• 𝑛𝑡ℎ term from end is 𝑙 − (𝑛 − 1)𝑑, where 𝑙 is the last term of the A.P.

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 The 10𝑡ℎ from the last of the A.P. 8, 10, 12, ⋯ , 126 is

Solution :

Here 𝑑 = 10 − 8 = 2 A 106
10𝑡ℎ term from last is = 126 − 10 − 1 2 = 108
B 104

C 26

D 108

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 Key Takeaways

Sum of first 𝑛 terms in A.P.

• Sum of 𝑛 terms of an A.P. is 𝑆𝑛 =

𝑛
2
2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
or 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑙 where 𝑙 is last term.
2

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 If 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of an A.P. is given by 𝑇𝑛 = 4𝑛 + 1, then the sum of 10 terms
is ________.

Solution :
Given: 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 5, 𝑇10 = 𝑙 = 41

10
Now, 𝑆10 = 5 + 41 = 230
2

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 How many terms of the series 54 + 51 + 48 + 45 + ⋯ have sum = 513 ?

Solution :
Here 𝑑 = 3 Both answer are correct

Let 𝑛 term has sum = 513 𝑇19 = 𝑎 + 18𝑑 = 54 + 18 × −3 = 0

𝑛
[2 ⋅ 54 + 𝑛 − 1 −3 ] = 513 𝑇18 = 𝑎 + 17𝑑 = 54 + 17 × −3 = +3
2

108𝑛 − 3𝑛2 + 3𝑛 = 1026 54 + 51 + 48 + 45 + ⋯ + 3 + 0

3𝑛2 − 111𝑛 + 1026 = 0 𝑠18 = 513

𝑛2 − 37𝑛 + 342 = 0 𝑠19 = 513

𝑛 − 18 𝑛 − 19 = 0

𝑛 = 18 or 𝑛 = 19
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 Key Takeaways

Properties of A.P.

If a fixed number is added or subtracted to each term of a given A.P., then

• the resulting sequence will be an A.P. with the same common difference.

If each term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by a fixed non-zero

• constant, then the resulting sequence will be an A.P.

In a finite A.P., the sum of the terms equidistant from the

• beginning and from the end is constant.

The sequence obtained by adding or subtracting the

• corresponding terms of two A.P.’s is also an A.P.

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 Key Takeaways

• Supposition of terms in A.P.

➢ 3 terms in A.P. : 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑 .
➢ 4 terms in A.P. : 𝑎 − 3𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑
➢ 5 terms in A.P. : 𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑

Use this whenever sum of terms are given in questions.

• Common difference of an A.P. can be negative, positive or zero

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 Key Takeaways

• A sequence 𝑡𝑛 is an A. P. if and only if the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term ′𝑡𝑛 ′ is a linear

expression in 𝑛. i.e., 𝑡𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 + 𝐵
Note: Here, the coefficient of 𝑛 i.e., 𝐴 = Common difference of an A.P.

• A sequence is an A.P. if the sum of the first 𝑛 terms S𝑛 is a

quadratic expression in 𝑛 with the constant term as zero.
i.e. 𝑆𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛2 + 𝐵𝑛
Note: Here, 2𝐴 = Common difference of an A.P.

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 If the sum and product of the first three terms is an A.P. are 33 and
1155 respectively, then the value of its 11𝑡ℎ term is

Solution : Let the terms be 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑

A −36
Now according to the question

𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 33 ⇒ 𝑎 = 11 B −25

And 𝑎 𝑎 2 − 𝑑 2 = 1155 ⇒ 121 − 𝑑 2 = 105 C 25

⇒ 𝑑 = ±4
D −35
Hence first term 𝑇1 = 15 or 7

Now 𝑇11 = 15 + 11 − 1 −4 or 7 + 11 − 1 4

⇒ 𝑇11 = −25 or 47
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 7𝑛+1
If ratio of sum of 𝑛 terms of 2 different A.P. is . Find the ratio of
4𝑛+27
11𝑡ℎ term?

Solution : 𝑆𝑛
=
7𝑛+14
and we know
′
𝑆𝑛 𝑛+27

𝑆𝑚 𝑓 𝑚 𝑇𝑚
From = , will be be obtained by replacing ,
𝑆𝑛 𝑓 𝑛 𝑇𝑛

𝑚 → 2𝑚 − 1, 𝑛 → 2𝑛 − 1

𝑇𝑛 7 2𝑛−1 +1 14𝑛−6
∴ = =
𝑇𝑛′ 4 2𝑛−1 +27 8𝑛+23

𝑛 = 11

𝑇11 14×11−6 148

⇒ ′ = =
𝑇11 8×11+23 111

𝑇11 4
∴ ′ =
𝑇11 3
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 7𝑛+1
If ratio of sum of 𝑛 terms of 2 different A.P. is . Find the ratio of
4𝑛+27
11𝑡ℎ term?

Solution : Alternative solution

𝑆𝑛 7𝑛+14 𝑛
𝑆𝑛′
= 𝑛+27 𝑛
and we know

𝑆 7𝑛2 +14𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛′ = 𝑛2 +27𝑛
𝑛

𝑇𝑛 7𝑛2 +𝑛 − 7 𝑛−1 2 + 𝑛−1

𝑇𝑛′
= 4𝑛2 +27𝑛 − 4 𝑛−1 2 +27 𝑛−1

𝑛 = 11

We get the same answer,

𝑇11 4
∴ ′ =
𝑇11 3
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 If the sum of 𝑛 terms of an A.P. is 𝑆𝑛 = 3𝑛2 + 4𝑛. Then the sum
of second term from beginning and end is ?

Solution : We know that A 6𝑛 + 8

sum of 𝑛 terms of an A.P. is
B 3𝑛 + 4
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑙
2
C 3𝑛2 + 4
𝑛
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑙 = 3𝑛2 + 4𝑛
2
D 3𝑛
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑙 = 6𝑛 + 8

Using the property “the sum of the terms equidistant from the

beginning and from the end is constant.”

The required answer will be 𝑎 + 𝑙 = 6𝑛 + 8

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 Session 02
Arithmetic Mean and
Introduction to
Geometric Progression

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 Key Takeaways

Arithmetic Mean:

I. One A.M. between two numbers 𝑎, 𝑏;

𝑎+𝑏
If 𝑎, 𝐴, 𝑏 are in A.P.⇒ 𝐴 =A.M. of 𝑎&𝑏 i.e. 𝐴 = 2
.

II. Insertion of 𝑛 A. M.’s Between Two Given Numbers 𝑎, 𝑏;

𝑎, 𝐴1, 𝐴2, 𝐴3, 𝐴4 ,⋯ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑏 is an A.P.

•
𝑏−𝑎
Number of terms= 𝑛 + 2 • 𝑑 = 𝑛+1

• 𝑏 is 𝑛 + 2 𝑡ℎ term
𝑘 𝑡ℎ A.M. is = 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑑
• 𝑏−𝑎
Where 𝑑 =
• 𝑏 =𝑎+ 𝑛 +1 𝑑 𝑛+1

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 Key Takeaways

Arithmetic Mean:

𝑛 𝑛
III. Sum of 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
2

𝐴1 +𝐴2+⋯𝐴𝑛
IV. Random numbers of A.M =
𝑛

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 If 11 arithmetic means inserted between 28 & 10. then find
𝑖 8𝑡ℎ Arithmetic mean
𝑖𝑖 Sum of all the arithmetic means inserted

Solution :
We have to find 8𝑡ℎ Arithmetic means.

𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑

3
⇒ 𝐴𝑛 = 10 + 8 = 22
2

Sum of all the arithmetic means inserted

𝑛 11
= 2
𝑎+𝑏 = 2
28 + 10 = 11 ⋅ 19 = 209

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 Key Takeaways

Geometric Progression (G.P.):

It is a sequence of non-zero numbers in which the ratio of any term to the

• terms preceding is a constant and constant ratio is called the common ratio
G.P.

Example:
1 1 1 −1 −1 −1
2 × 2× 2 × 2 × × × ×
3 3 3 2 2 2

3
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ⋯ 162, 54, 18, 6, ⋯ 12, −6, 3, − ,⋯
2
First term = 𝑎 = 1 First term = 𝑎 = 162 First term = 𝑎 = 12
Common ratio = 𝑟 = 2 Common ratio = 𝑟 =
1
Common ratio = 𝑟 = −
1
3 2

Note:
When we have alternate + 𝑣𝑒 and − 𝑣𝑒 terms in
• a series then it is most likely to be G.P.
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 Key Takeaways

Geometric Progression (G.P.):

𝑙 𝑙
• In general terms of a G.P. are taken as 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , ⋯ 𝑟2 , 𝑟 , 𝑙

• 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

• Term from end 𝑇𝑚 =

𝑙
𝑟𝑚−1

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 A new virus outbreak is on the rise and spreads when two persons come in
contact with each other. Suppose the Government records its first case on
Day 1. The number of new cases on Day 2 gets doubled which gets doubled
again on Day 3. As the process continues, find the total number of cases on
day 7?

Solution :

𝑡7 = 26 = 64

…
𝑡4 = 23
𝑡3 = 22
𝑡2 = 21
𝑡1 = 20

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 𝑎3 𝑎9
Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , . . . , 𝑎10 be a G. P. . If = 25, then the value of is :
𝑎1 𝑎5

Solution :
Given, 𝑎1 ,𝑎2 , . . . , 𝑎10 is a G. P.
A 2 52
Let 𝑟 be the common ratio.
𝑎3
Also,
𝑎1
= 25 B 4 52

𝑎1 𝑟2
⇒ 𝑎1
= 25 ∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 C 54

⇒ 𝑟 2 = 25
D 53
⇒ 𝑟 = ±5
𝑎9 𝑎1 𝑟8
Now, = = 𝑟 4 = ±5 4 = 54
𝑎5 𝑎1 𝑟4

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 If each term of a G.P. is positive and the 𝑝 + 𝑞 𝑡ℎ term of a G.P. is 𝑎
and the 𝑝 − 𝑞 𝑡ℎ term is 𝑏, show that 𝑝𝑡ℎ term is 𝑎𝑏.

Solution :
𝑇𝑝+𝑞 = 𝐴𝑟 𝑝+𝑞−1 = 𝑎

𝑇𝑝−𝑞 = 𝐴𝑟 𝑝−𝑞−1 = 𝑏

Multiplying 𝑇𝑝+𝑞 and 𝑇𝑝−𝑞

𝑇𝑝+𝑞 × 𝑇𝑝−𝑞 = 𝐴2 𝑟 𝑝+𝑞−1+𝑝−𝑞−1 = 𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝐴2 𝑟 2 𝑝−1 = 𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝐴𝑟 𝑝−1 2 = 𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝐴𝑟 𝑝−1 = 𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝑇𝑝 = 𝑎𝑏

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 Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 terms of a G.P.
Proof:
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛
− − − − − − −
𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 0 + 0 + 0 + ⋯ + 0 + 0 − 𝑎𝑟 𝑛

𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟 𝑛
1−𝑟𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 ;𝑟 ≠ 1
1−𝑟

• If 𝑟 = 1 then, 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎

• If 𝑟 = 1 then, G.P. becomes a constant sequence

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑎 (𝑛 times )
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎
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 Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 terms of a G.P.

Let 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2, 𝑎𝑟 3, ⋯ be a G.P.

𝑟𝑛 −1
• 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑟−1
;𝑟 > 1

Or
1−𝑟𝑛
• 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 1−𝑟
;𝑟 < 1

• 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑎−𝑙𝑟
1−𝑟
;𝑟 ≠ 1

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 1 1 1
Find the sum of the progression 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ + 𝑛 terms .

Solution : 1
2 1
𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 1
= 2

We know
𝑎 1−𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟

1 𝑛
1 1− 2
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 1
1−
2

1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 2 1 − 2𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Sum of infinite terms of a G.P.

Let 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2, 𝑎𝑟 3, ⋯ be a G.P.

𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 ; 𝑟 < 1

Proof:
𝑎 1−𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟

As 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑟 𝑛 → 0 ∵ 𝑟 <1

⇒ 𝑟𝑛 → 0
𝑎
∴ 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟

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 1 1 1
Find the sum of the progression + + + ⋯ + ∞ terms .
3 9 27

Solution :
1 1
𝑎 = ,𝑟 =
3 3

We know
𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟
1
3
⇒ 𝑆∞ = 1
1−
3

1
⇒ 𝑆∞ =
2

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 Area of an equilateral triangle is 1 sq. unit. The mid points of its sides
are joined to form another triangle 𝑃1, hence dividing the original
triangle into 4 smaller triangles. The mid points of the sides of one of
these smaller triangles are joined to form another triangle 𝑃2. This
process continues infinitely. Find the sum of areas of triangles 𝑃1, 𝑃2, 𝑃3 …
Solution : 𝑃
Theorem: 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍 are the middle points of sides 𝑄𝑅, 𝑅𝑃 and
𝑃𝑄 respectively of the ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.
1 𝑋 𝑌
⇒ 𝑎𝑟 ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 = 4 𝑎𝑟 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

∞ 𝑛 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
෍ = + + + + + + +⋯
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 𝑄 𝑍 𝑅
𝑛=1

1
4 1
= 1 =
1− 3
4

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 If sum of 3 consecutive term of a G.P. = 19 and product = 216. Then
find 𝑆𝑛 and 𝑆∞.
Solution : 𝑎
𝑖 Let G.P. → 𝑟 , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟 ⇒ Prod = 𝑎3 = 216 ⇒ 𝑎 = 6
𝑎
𝑖𝑖 Sum ⇒ 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 = 19

1 𝑟2 +𝑟+1 19
6 𝑟
+1+𝑟 = 19 ⇒ 𝑟
= 6
6𝑟 2 − 13𝑟 + 6=0

6𝑟 2 − 9𝑟 − 4𝑟 + 6 = 0

2𝑟 − 3 3𝑟 − 2 = 0

3 2
𝑟 = 2,3
2
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎 = 6, 𝑟 = 3
2 𝑛
6 6 1−
𝑆∞ = 2 𝑆𝑛 = 3
2
1− 1−
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 Key Takeaways

Geometric Progression:

• 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟. 𝑎𝑟 2 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 • 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑎 𝑟𝑛 −1 𝑎 1−𝑟𝑛 𝑎
• 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟−1
or 1−𝑟
• Sum of infinite G.P. 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟

Selection of terms in a G.P.

𝑎
• 3 consecutive terms can be taken as ∶ , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟

𝑎 𝑎
• 4 consecutive terms can be taken as ∶ , , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 3
𝑟3 𝑟

• 5 consecutive terms can be taken as ∶

𝑎 𝑎
, , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑟2 𝑟

Note: Use only when product of term is given

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 Find the sum of given series:
1 2 1 2
7
+ 72
+ 73 + 74 + ⋯

Solution : 1 1 1 2 2
+ 3 + + ⋯+ ∞ + + +⋯∞
7 7 75 72 74

1
𝑟=
1 𝑟= 72
72
1 2
7 72
= 1 + 1
1− 2 1− 2
7 7

7 2 9
= + =
48 48 48

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 4
A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 100m. It will rebound times of
5
it’s dropped height every time, then find the distance covered by the
ball before coming to rest.
Solution :
Total distance travelled
= 100𝑚 + 80𝑚 + 80𝑚 + 64𝑚 + 64𝑚 + ⋯

100m
4 4 2
𝑆 = 100 + 2 × 100 × + 2 × 100 × +2 × 4
× 80
5 5
5
4 3
100 × + ⋯
5

4 4 2
𝑆 = 100 + 2 × 80 1 + + + ⋯∞
5 5

1
𝑆 = 100 + 160 4
1−
5

𝑆 = 100 + 160 × 5 = 900

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 Session 03
More about Geometric
Progression

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 1 3 7 15
The sum of the series + + + + ⋯ upto 𝑛 terms is
2 4 8 16

Solution :

1 3 7 15
𝑆𝑛 = + + + +⋯
2 4 8 16
1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = 1 − + 1− + 1− + 1− + ⋯ 𝑛 term
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 − + 2 + +⋯
2 2 23
1 1 𝑛
1−
2 2
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 − 1
1−2

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 − 1 + 2−𝑛

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 • Concept: If a number 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⋯ 𝑛 times given then it
𝑎
can be written as 10𝑛 − 1
9

Example:
6
• 9
10𝑛 − 1 = 6666⋯ 𝑛 times

8
• 9
10𝑛 − 1 = 8888⋯ 𝑛 times

4
• 9
102𝑛 − 1 = 4444⋯ 2𝑛 times

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 8 4
If 𝑎 = 6666 … 𝑛 times and 𝑏 = 10𝑛 − 1 & 𝑐 = 102𝑛 − 1
9 9
Then prove that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐 2

Solution :
𝑎 = 6666… 𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑎 = 6 + 60 + 600 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑎 = 6 1 + 10 + 100 + 103 + ⋯ + 10𝑛−1

10𝑛 −1 6
𝑎 = 6 1. = 10𝑛 − 1
10−1 9
36 8
𝑎2 + 𝑏 = 10n − 1 2
+ (10n − 1)
81 9
4
𝑎2 + 𝑏 = 10n − 1 { 10n − 1 + 2}
9
4
𝑎2 + 𝑏 = 102n − 1
9

𝑎2 + 𝑏 = 𝑐

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 4
A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 100m. It will rebound
5
times of it’s dropped height every time, then find the distance
covered by the ball before coming to rest.
Solution :
Total distance travelled
= 100𝑚 + 80𝑚 + 80𝑚 + 64𝑚 + 64𝑚 + ⋯
2
4 4
𝑆 = 100 + 2 × 100 × + 2 × 100 × + 2×
5 5
3
4
100 × +⋯
5
2
4 4
𝑆 = 100 + 2 × 80 1 + + + ⋯∞ 100m
5 5
4
𝑆 = 100 + 160
1 × 80
4 5
1−5

𝑆 = 100 + 160 × 5 = 900

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 Key Takeaways

I. Three non-zero terms 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P., iff 𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑐

Proof:
𝑏 𝑐
Common ratio 𝑟 = = ⇒ 𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑐
𝑎 𝑏

Example: Consider 9, 𝑥, 4 are in G.P. then value of 𝑥 is

⇒ 𝑥 2 = 9 × 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = ± 36 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±6

II. The reciprocal of the terms of a given G.P.

also forms a G.P. and common ratio will also be the reciprocal

Example: Consider 2, 4, 8, 16 ⋯ are in G.P.

4 8 16
⇒ Common ratio 𝑟 = = = =2
2 4 2
1 1 1 1
⇒ , , , ⋯ are also in G.P.
2 4 8 16
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 Key Takeaways

III. If each term of a G.P. are raised to the same power, then the
resulting sequence also forms a G.P. and common ratio will also
be raised by the same power.

IV. If all the terms of a G.P. multiplied or divided by the same non-zero
constant, then it remains the G.P. with the same common ratio.

V. The sequence obtained by multiplying or dividing corresponding

terms of two G.P.’s is also G.P., and common ratio will be the
division or multiplication of given common ratio
2 2 2
Example: Consider 1, −2, 4, −8 ⋯ & 2, , , , ⋯ are in G.P.
3 9 27
2 2 1 2 4 −8
⇒ 1 ⋅ 2, −2 ⋅ , 4 ⋅ , ⋯ ⇒ ,− 2 , 2 , 2 ,⋯
3 9 2
3 9 27
4 8 2 1
⇒ 2, − , , ⋯ ⇒ 𝑟 = − ⇒ , −3, 18, −108, ⋯
3 9 3 2
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 Key Takeaways

VI. In a finite G.P. the product of the terms equidistant from the
beginning and the end is always same is equal to the product of
the first and the last term

VII. If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then
the new sequence so formed is also a G.P.

VIII. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3, are positive terms of a G.P. then log 𝑎1 , log 𝑎2 , log 𝑎3 ,will
be in A.P.

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 If the sum of infinite G.P. is 15 and the sum of series obtained on
squaring every term of this G.P. is 45. Then find the series ?
Solution :

𝑆∞ = 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 ⋯
𝑎
𝑆∞ = = 15 → 𝑖
1−𝑟

′
𝑆∞ = 𝑎 2 , 𝑎 2 𝑟2 , 𝑎2 𝑟4 , 𝑎 2 𝑟6 ⋯
′ 𝑎2
𝑆∞ = = 45 → 𝑖𝑖
1−𝑟 2

𝑖 2 1−𝑟 2 1+𝑟 2
→ =5⇒ =5⇒𝑟=
(𝑖𝑖) 1−𝑟 2 1−𝑟 3

From (1) , 𝑎 = 5
5 5 5
Hence series will be 5, , , ,⋯
3 9 27

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 Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . . be a G. P. such that 𝑎1 < 0, 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 4 and 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 = 16
If σ9𝑖 =1 𝑎𝑖 = 4𝜆 then the value of 𝜆 is equal to: JEE MAIN 2020

Solution :

𝑎1 𝑟 2 + 𝑎1 𝑟 3 = 16 A 171
𝑎1 + 𝑎1 𝑟 = 4
𝑎1 𝑟 2 +𝑎1 𝑟 3 16 B −513
⇒ =
𝑎1 +𝑎1 𝑟 4

⇒ 𝑟 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑟 = ±2 C 511
3
4
⇒ 𝑟 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎1 + 𝑎1 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎1 =
3
D −171
⇒ 𝑟 = −2 ⇒ 𝑎1 + 𝑎1 −2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎1 = −4
∴ 𝑟 = −2, 𝑎1 = −4 as 𝑎1 < 0
𝑎1 1−𝑟 9 4
⇒ = 4𝜆 ⇒ 4𝜆 = − 513 ⇒ 𝜆 = −171
1−𝑟 3

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 The product of three consecutive terms of a G. P. is 512. If 4 is added
to each of 1 𝑠𝑡 , 2𝑛𝑑 of these terms, the three terms now form an A. P.
Then the sum of the original three terms of the given G.P. is :

Solution :
𝑎 3 = 512 ⇒ 𝑎 = 8
𝑎 A 36
Also, + 4, 𝑎 + 4, 𝑎𝑟 are in A.P.
𝑟
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P then, 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 B
8
28
⇒ 2 8+4 = + 4 + 8𝑟
𝑟

⇒ 24 = + 4 + 8𝑟
8 C 32
𝑟
1 1 5
⇒8 + 𝑟 = 20 ⇒ + 𝑟 = ⇒ 2𝑟 2 − 5𝑟 + 2 = 0
𝑟 𝑟 2 D 24
1
⇒ (𝑟 − 2)(2𝑟 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2,
2
If 𝑟 = 2, the terms are 4, 8, 16.
1
If 𝑟 = , the terms are 16, 8, 4. sum = 24
2
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 Key Takeaways

• If 𝑎, 𝐺, 𝑏 are in G.P then 𝐺 is the geometric mean between 𝑎 and 𝑏

1
𝑏 𝑛+1
• If 𝑛 G.M.’s are inserted between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then 𝑟 =
𝑎

• Product of 𝑛 G.M’s between two numbers equals to the 𝑛𝑡ℎ

power of the single G.M. between them
1
• 1. G.M of 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 2
1
2. G.M of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
1
3. G.M of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 4
1
4. G.M of 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 … 𝑎 𝑛 𝑛

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 Note

• The Equation 𝑥 2 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 used normally in questions when

A.M, G.M of 2 numbers is given.

•
Those 2 numbers will be 𝛼, 𝛽, Where, 𝛼 = 𝐴 + 𝐴2 − 𝐺 2 , 𝛽 = 𝐴 − 𝐴2 − 𝐺 2

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 Insert 4 G.M.’s between 3 and 3072.

Solution :

3, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , 𝐺4 , 3072 are in G. P.

𝑎 4 G.M.’s 𝑏
1 1
3072 5 𝑏 𝑛+1
⇒𝑟= ⇒𝑟=4 𝑟=
3 𝑎
∴ 𝐺1 = 12
𝐺2 = 48 𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛
𝐺3 = 192
𝐺4 = 768

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 7
If log 3 2 , log 3 2 𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2 𝑥 − are in an arithmetic progression, then
2
the value of 𝑥 is equal to
JEE JULY 2021
Solution :

7
Since log 3 2 , log 3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in A.P.
2

7
∴ 2, 2𝑥 − 5, 2𝑥 − are in G.P.
2

⇒ 22𝑥 − 10 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 25 = 2 ⋅ 2𝑥 − 7 .

⇒ 22𝑥 − 12 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 32 = 0

⇒ 2𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 8 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 3

But 𝑥 = 2 is not acceptable

∴𝑥=3
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 1
Find the G.M. of 2, 5, 10, , 125
4

Solution :

1
1 5
2 × 5 × 10 ×
4
× 125 A 10
1
5 5
= 5 =5
B 5

C 15

D 25

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 1 1
The 8𝑡ℎ and 14𝑡ℎ term of a H.P. are and respectively. Find its 20th term
2 3

Solution :
1 1 1 1
HP→ , , , ,⋯
𝑎 𝑎+𝑑 𝑎+2𝑑 𝑎+3𝑑

1 1
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 2 … 1
2 𝑎+7𝑑

1 1
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑎 + 13𝑑 = 3 … 2
3 𝑎+13𝑑

5 1
From 1 and 2 : ⇒ 𝑎 = ,𝑑 =
6 6

1 1 6 1
Now 𝑎20 = = 5 1 = =
𝑎+19𝑑 +19× 24 4
6 6

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 Key Takeaways
Harmonic Progression

A sequence of non-zero terms are said to be in H.P if the sequence

•
of it’s reciprocals are in A.P.

1 1 1 1 1
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . . , 𝑎𝑛−1 , , ,..., ,
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛

H.P. A.P.

Example: Reciprocal
1 1 1 1
, , , ⋯ 2, 4, 6, 8, …
2 4 6 8

1 1 1 1
, , , ⋯ 5, 10, 15, 20, …
5 10 15 20

−1 −1 −1
−1 , , , ⋯ −1, −4, −7, −10, …
4 7 10
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 Key Takeaways
𝑛𝑡ℎ term of a H.P
1 1 1 1 1
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . . , 𝑎𝑛−1 , , ,..., ,
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛

H.P. A.P.
1 1
⇒
1
=
1
+ 𝑛−1 𝑑 where 𝑑 = −
𝑎𝑛 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1

1
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 1
+ 𝑛−1 𝑑
𝑎1

∴ 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of a H.P. = reciprocal of 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of it’s corresponding A.P.

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 Session 04
Geometric Mean &
Harmonic
Progression

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 Key Takeaways

• No term of H.P can be 0

1 1 1
• H.P → ,
𝑎 𝑎+𝑑 𝑎+2𝑑
, ,…

1
• 𝑛𝑡ℎ term ⇒ 𝑇𝑛 =
𝑎+ 𝑛−1 𝑑

• There is no general formula for sum of H.P

1 1 1
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in H.P ⇒ , , are in A.P
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
• 2 1 1 2 𝑎+𝑐 2𝑎𝑐
⇒ = + ⇒ = ⇒𝑏=
𝑏 𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎𝑐 𝑎+𝑐

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑎 𝑎−𝑏
• 𝑏
= + ⇒ −
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
= −
𝑐 𝑏
⇒
𝑐
=
𝑏−𝑐
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 If 𝑎 is the A.M. of 𝑏 & 𝑐 ; 𝑏 the G.M. of 𝑐 & 𝑎 ,prove that 𝑐 is the H.M. of 𝑎 & 𝑏

Solution:
𝑎 is A.M of 𝑏 & 𝑐 → 2𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 … (1)

𝑏 is G.M of 𝑎 & 𝑐 → 𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑐

1 × 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 2𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 = 2𝑎𝑏

⇒ 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑏
2𝑎𝑏
⇒𝑐=
𝑎+𝑏

∴ 𝑐 is the H.M. of 𝑎 &𝑏

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 If 𝑎 2 , 𝑏 2 , 𝑐 2 are in A.P. then prove that 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑏 are in H.P

Solution:
𝑎 2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐 2 are in A.P

Add 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 to each term

⇒ 𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎, 𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎, 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 will also be in A.P

⇒ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑐), (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐), (𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑐 + 𝑎) will also be in A.P

Divide each term with (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑐 + 𝑎)

1 1 1
⇒ , , will also be in A.P
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

∴ 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑏 are in H.P

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 Key Takeaways

Harmonic Mean (H)

• One H.M.(H) between 𝑎, 𝑏

1 1 1
⇒ 𝑎, 𝐻, 𝑏 →H.P. , , → A.P. ⇒ 2 = 1 + 1 ⇒ 𝐻 = 2𝑎𝑏
𝑎 𝐻 𝑏 𝐻 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
⇒
• 𝑛 HM between 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑎, 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , ⋯ , 𝐻𝑛 , 𝑏 → 𝐻. 𝑃.

1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,⋯, , → 𝐴. 𝑃
𝑎 𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3 𝐻𝑛 𝑏
1 1
, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , ⋯ , 𝐴𝑛 , → 𝐴. 𝑃
𝑎 𝑏
1 1
− 𝑎−𝑏
Here 𝑑 = 𝑏 𝑎
=
𝑛+1 𝑎𝑏 𝑛+1

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 Key Takeaways

Harmonic Mean (H)

• Sum of Reciprocal of 𝑛 H.M.

1 1 1 1 𝑛 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ = +
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3 𝐻𝑛 2 𝑎 𝑏

𝑛 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
= = 2𝑎𝑏 =
2𝑎𝑏 𝐻
𝑎+𝑏

• Random numbers H.M.

2
H.M. of 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝐻 = 1 1
+
𝑎 𝑏
3
H.M. of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 𝐻 = 1 1 1
+ +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
4
H.M. of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 = 𝐻 = 1 1 1 1
+ + +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
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 If H is the harmonic mean between 𝑃 and 𝑄,
𝐻 𝐻
then the value of + is
𝑃 𝑄

Solution: 2𝑃𝑄
𝐻=
𝑃+𝑄

𝐻 𝐻 1 1
Now + =𝐻 +
𝑃 𝑄 𝑃 𝑄

2𝑃𝑄 1 1
= × +
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃 𝑄

2𝑃𝑄 𝑃+𝑄
= ×
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃𝑄

=2

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 1 1
Insert 4 H.M. between &
2 22

Solution:
1 1
, 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 , ⇒ H.P.
2 22

2, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 22 ⇒ A.P.

22 = 2 + 5𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑 = 4
1
𝐴1 = 2 + 𝑑 = 6 ⇒ 𝐻1 =
6
1
𝐴2 = 2 + 2𝑑 = 10 ⇒ 𝐻2 =
10
1
𝐴3 = 2 + 3𝑑 = 14 ⇒ 𝐻3 =
14

1
𝐴4 = 2 + 4𝑑 = 18 ⇒ 𝐻4 =
18

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 The H.M. of the roots of the equation
5 + 2 𝑥 2 − 4 + 5 𝑥 + 8 + 2 5 = 0 is

Solution:

4+ 5 8+2 5
𝛼+𝛽 = , 𝛼𝛽 =
5+ 2 5+ 2

8+2 5
2𝛼𝛽 2× 5+
H.M.= = 4+ 5
2
𝛼+𝛽
5+ 2

2× 8+2 5
= =4
4+ 5

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 1 1 1 5
Value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 15, if 𝑎, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑏 are in A.P. while + + = .
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 3
If 𝑎, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑏 are in H.P. Find 𝑎 & 𝑏

Solution:
𝑎, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑏 → A.P.

A.M.
𝑛 3
Sum of A.M. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 15 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 15 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 10
2 2
𝑎, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑏 → H.P.

H.M.
1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 10
Sum of reciprocal of H.M. + + = + = ⇒ + = ⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 9
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 2 𝑎 𝑏 3 𝑎 𝑏 9
𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 1

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 Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ⋯ , 𝑎10 be in A.P. & ℎ1 , ℎ2 , ℎ3 ⋯ ℎ10 be in H.P.
If 𝑎1 = ℎ1 = 2 & 𝑎10 = ℎ10 = 3, then 𝑎4 ℎ7 =?

Solution:
𝑎1 = ℎ1 = 2, 𝑎10 = ℎ10 = 3

1
𝑎1 + 9𝑑 = 3 ⇒ 2 + 9𝑑 = 3 ⇒ 𝑑 =
9
1 1 7
𝑎4 = 2 + 3 × = 2 + =
9 3 3

1 1 1
ℎ10 = 3, ⇒ = ⇒ 𝐴10 =
ℎ10 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + 9𝐷 = + 9𝐷 = ⇒ 9𝐷 = − = − ⇒𝐷=−
ℎ1 2 3 3 2 6 54

1 1 1 1 1 1 7
ℎ7 → = + 6𝐷 = + 6 × − = − =
ℎ7 2 2 54 2 9 18

7 18
𝑎4 ℎ7 = × =6
3 7

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 If 𝑎, 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 , 𝑏 are in A.P., 𝑎, 𝑔1 , 𝑔2 , ⋯ 𝑔2𝑛 , 𝑏 are in G.P. and ℎ is H.M.
𝑎1 +𝑎2𝑛 𝑎2 +𝑎2𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 +𝑎𝑛+1 2𝑛
of 𝑎 & 𝑏 then prove that + + ⋯+ =
𝑔1 𝑔2𝑛 𝑔2 𝑔2𝑛−1 𝑔𝑛 𝑔𝑛+1 𝐻

Solution:
𝑎1 +𝑎2𝑛 𝑎2 +𝑎2𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 +𝑎𝑛+1 2𝑛
+ + ⋯+ =
𝑔1 𝑔2𝑛 𝑔2 𝑔2𝑛−1 𝑔𝑛 𝑔𝑛+1 𝐻

𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 2𝑛 𝑎 +𝑏 2𝑛

= + +⋯ = =
𝑎⋅𝑏 𝑎⋅𝑏 𝑎 ⋅𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 𝐻

𝑛 times

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 Key Takeaways

Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M.

I. For two positive numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 :

𝐴≥𝐺≥𝐻
𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
𝐴. 𝑀. = ≥ 𝐺. 𝑀. = 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 𝐻. 𝑀. =
2 𝑎+𝑏
Note: 𝐴 = 𝐺 = 𝐻 if 𝑎 = 𝑏

II. For given positive numbers 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 :

𝐴≥𝐺≥𝐻
Note: 𝐴 = 𝐺 = 𝐻 if 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 ⋯ = 𝑎𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M.

III. 𝐴, 𝐺, 𝐻 form a G.P. i.e. 𝐺 2 = 𝐴𝐻

𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 2
Proof: 𝐴𝐻 = × = 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺2
2 𝑎+𝑏

• The inequality 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻 can be applied only if all numbers are positive

If the signs of the numbers is unknown or non-positive then the
•
inequality cannot be applied
• For 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ H, the equality holds when all the numbers are equal

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 𝑥 𝑥
The minimum value of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎 1−𝑎 , where 𝑎, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and
𝑎 > 0, is equal to :
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:

Using 𝐴𝑀 ≥ 𝐺𝑀 inequality, we get

1
A 𝑎+
𝑥 𝑎 1 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 2
≥ 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑥
2 𝑎𝑎
B 𝑎+1
𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 1−𝑎 ≥ 2 𝑎
C 2𝑎

D 2 𝑎

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 If 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0, then prove the following
1
a) 𝑥 + ≥ 2 b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 2𝑥𝑦 c) 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
𝑥

Solution:
1
a) 𝑥, → A.M. ≥ G.M.
𝑥

1
𝑥+ 1 1
𝑥
≥ 𝑥× ⇒ 𝑥+ ≥2
2 𝑥 𝑥

b) 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2 → A.M. ≥ G.M.

𝑥2 +𝑦 2
≥ 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 2𝑥𝑦
2

c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 2𝑥𝑦

Adding 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 on both sides we get

2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ≥ 𝑥 + 𝑦 2

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 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ+ such that 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 18, then find the maximum value of
a) 𝑎 2 𝑏3 𝑐 b) 𝑎 3 𝑏2 𝑐 4

Solution:
a) 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 1
+ + + + +𝑐
2 2 3 3 3 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 6
≥ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅𝑐
6 2 2 3 3 3
1
18 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 6
≥
6 4⋅27

6 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐
3 ≥ ⇒ 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 ≤ 108 × 36
108

b) 𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑐4 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 1
+ + + + + + + + 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 9
3 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 4
≥ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
9 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 4

⇒ 𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑐 4 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 9

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 Session 05
A.M., G.M. & H.M
Inequality and
A.G.P.

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 If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ; then prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑥 ≥ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧.

Solution: 𝑥+𝑦
≥ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2 𝑥𝑦
2

Similarly,
𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 2 𝑦𝑧
𝑧 + 𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑥𝑧
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑥 ≥ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧

1 1 1 1
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ+ ; then P.T 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + + + ≥ 16
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑

1
𝑎+𝑏+ 𝑐+𝑑 ≥ 4 𝑎⋅𝑏 ⋅𝑐 ⋅𝑑 4

1
1 1 1 1 1 4
+ + + ≥4
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎⋅𝑏⋅𝑐⋅𝑑

1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 +𝑑 + + + ≥ 16
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
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 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ+ ; then P.T. 𝑎 2 𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑐 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 2 + 𝑐𝑎 2 ≥ 9𝑎 2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 .

Solution:
1 1
𝑎2 𝑏+𝑏2 𝑐+𝑐2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏2 +𝑏 𝑐2 +𝑐2 𝑎
≥ 𝑎2 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑏2 ⋅ 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑐 2 ⋅ 𝑎 3 ≥ 𝑎2 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑏2 ⋅ 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑐 2 ⋅ 𝑎 3
3 3

⇒ 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑐 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 ≥ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑏2 + 𝑏 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 ≥ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐

∴ 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑏2 𝑐 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 2 + 𝑐𝑎2 ≥ 9𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

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 If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ; then prove the following
𝑖 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≥ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
1 1 1 1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) + + ≥ + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥

Solution: 𝑖
𝑥2 +𝑦2
≥ 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
2
= 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≥ 2𝑦𝑧 Divided by 𝑥𝑦𝑧
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 ≥ 2𝑥𝑧 + + ≥ + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥
2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≥ 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧

𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦𝑧 G.M.
𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧
≥ 𝑥𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦𝑧 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 ≥ 2𝑦 𝑥𝑧
2
= 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 ≥ 2𝑧 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥 ≥ 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
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 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ ; which of the following is always true ?

Solution:
𝑏
Using A.M. ≥ G.M. for 𝑎𝑥,
𝑥
𝑏 A 𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + ≥ 2 𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑥+ 𝑏 𝑏 𝑥
𝑥
⇒ ≥ 𝑎𝑥 × ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + ≥ 2 𝑎𝑏
2 𝑥 𝑥

B 𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + ≥ 𝑎𝑏
𝑥

C 𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + ≥ 2𝑥 𝑎𝑏
𝑥

D 𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + ≥ 𝑥 𝑎𝑏
𝑥

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 Key Takeaways
Arithmetic Geometric Progression(A.G.P.)

• A Progression which is the result of term-by-term multiplication of

a G.P. with the corresponding terms of an A.P.

• 𝑇𝑛 term of an A.G.P. = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 𝑏𝑟 𝑛−1

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 Find the sum of 𝑛 terms of series 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ⋯.

Solution: 𝑆 = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛
𝑆= 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝑇𝑛 𝑛

෍1=𝑛
0 = 20 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms − 𝑇𝑛 𝑛=1

0 = 20 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms − 𝑇𝑛 𝑛
2 2𝑛 − 1
𝑛
⇒ 0 = 20 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms − 𝑇𝑛 ෍2 =
2−1
𝑛=1

G.P of 𝑛 terms
2𝑛 −1
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = = 2𝑛 − 1
2−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑇𝑛 = ෍ 2𝑛 − 1 = ෍ 2𝑛 − ෍ 1
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 2 2𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 − 𝑛 − 2
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 Key Takeaways

I. When series is not known then use method of difference.

II. Here by method of difference, we find 𝑇𝑛 (𝑛𝑡ℎ term)

III. Then for Sum 𝑆𝑛 = σ 𝑇𝑛

Note: The difference of two terms will generally be an A.P or a G.P, if

not repeat the same process of method of difference again

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 If 2 ⋅ 22 + 3 ⋅ 23 + ⋯ + 𝑛 ⋅ 2𝑛 = 2𝑛+10
then find the value of 𝑛
Solution:

2𝑛+10 = 2 ⋅ 22 + 3 ⋅ 23 + 4 ⋅ 24 + ⋯ + 𝑛 ⋅ 2𝑛
2 ⋅ 2𝑛+10 = 2 ⋅ 23 + 3 ⋅ 24 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 2𝑛 + 𝑛 ⋅ 2𝑛+1

−2𝑛+10 = 8 + 23 + 24 + 25 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 − 𝑛 ⋅ 2𝑛+1
{ G.P. of 𝑛 − 2 terms }
−2𝑛+10 = 8 + 8 2𝑛−2 − 1 − 𝑛 ⋅ 2𝑛+1
⇒ 2𝑛+10 = 2𝑛+1 (𝑛 − 1)
⇒ 𝑛 − 1 = 29 ⇒ 𝑛 = 513

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 Sum of first 𝑛 terms of an A.G.P

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + (𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑)𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 2 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 3 + ⋯ + (𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑)𝑟 𝑛

𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑑𝑟 3 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑑𝑟 𝑛−1 − (𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑)𝑟 𝑛

𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑑(𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 3 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛−1 ) − (𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑)𝑟 𝑛

Sum of 𝑛 − 1 terms of a G.P.

1st term = 𝑟 Common ratio = 𝑟

1−𝑟 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 𝑟𝑛
1−𝑟

𝑎 𝑑𝑟 1−𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛−1 𝑑 𝑟 𝑛

∴ 𝑆𝑛 = + −
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 2 1−𝑟

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 Sum of infinite terms of an A.G.P

Let, 𝑎 , 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 , 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 , … be an A.G.P

𝑎 𝑑𝑟
S∞ = +
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 2

𝑎 𝑑𝑟 1−𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛−1 𝑑 𝑟 𝑛

Proof: 𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟
+
1−𝑟 2
−
1−𝑟

As 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑟 𝑛 → 0 & 𝑟 𝑛−1 → 0

𝑎 𝑑𝑟
∴ S∞ = +
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 2

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 The sum of the series
1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯ is 𝑥 <1

Solution:
Given: 𝑆 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯
𝑆. 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 + ⋯

𝑆(1 − 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ ∞

1 𝑎
⇒ 𝑆(1 − 𝑥) = ∵ 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑥 1−𝑟

1
⇒𝑆=
1−𝑥 2

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 The sum of the series
2 6 10 14
1 + + 2 + 2 + 4 … (∞ terms )
3 3 3 3

Solution:
2 6 10 14
Given: 𝑆 = 1 + + 2 + 2 + +⋯∞
3 3 3 34
𝑆 1 2 6 10
= + + + + + ⋯∞
3 3 32 33 34

2𝑆 1 4 4 4
=1+ + 2 + 3 + + ⋯+∞
3 3 3 3 34

4 4 4
= + 2 + + ⋯+ ∞
3 3 33
1 1 1 1 𝑎
=4 + + + ⋯+∞ = 4 × ∵ 𝑆∞ =
3 32 33 2−1 1−𝑟

2𝑆
⇒ =2⇒𝑆=3
3

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 Find the sum of the series:
1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 22 + 4 ⋅ 23 + ⋯ + 100 ⋅ 299
Solution:
Given: 𝑆 = 1 ⋅ 20 + 2 ⋅ 21 + 3 ⋅ 22 + 4 ⋅ 23 + ⋯ + 100 ⋅ 299
2𝑆 = +1 ⋅ 21 + 2 ⋅ 22 + 3 ⋅ 23 + ⋯ + 99 ⋅ 299 + 100 ⋅ 2100

−𝑆 = 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + ⋯ + 299 − 100 ⋅ 2100

G.P.

1⋅ 2100 −1
−𝑆 = − 100 ⋅ 2100
2−1

= 2100 − 100 ⋅ 2100 − 1

𝑆 = 99 ⋅ 2100 + 1
𝑆 = 1 + 99 ⋅ 2100
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 Key Takeaways

Formula for Summation:

•
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5⋯⋯+ 𝑛 =
2

•
𝑛 𝑛+1 (2𝑛+1)
1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 ⋯ ⋯ 𝑛2 =
6

2
•
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + 4 3 + 5 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 =
2

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 Key Takeaways

Formula for Summation:

𝑛
𝑛

𝑛+1

σ𝑛 + σ𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
⇒ 2σ𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ σ𝑛 =
2
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 Compute 31 2+ 32 2+ 33 2 + ⋯+ 50 2

Solution:

12 + 22 + 32 + 42 ⋯ + 502 − (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 ⋯ + 302 )

50×51×101 30×31×61
= −
6 6

50×51×101 30×31×61
= −
6 6

= 42925 − 9455

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 Session 06
Summation of
Series

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 Key Takeaways

Formula for Summation:

• Series are often represented in compact form,

using sigma (σ) notation.

𝑛
Example: 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑛 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑖 is index of summation. Lower limit is 1 & upper limit is 𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Sigma operator:

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

• ෍1 = 1 + 1+ 1⋯𝑛 times = 𝑛 • ෍ 𝑎𝑖 × 𝑏𝑖 ≠ ෍ 𝑎𝑖 × ෍ 𝑏𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛
1 1
• ෍ 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘
• ෍ ≠ 𝑛
𝑡𝑟 σ𝑖=1 𝑡𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

• ෍ 𝑘𝑎𝑖 = 𝑘 ෍ 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1
• ෍ 𝑎𝑡𝑟 ≠ 𝑎σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑡𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

• ෍ 𝑎𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑖 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖 ± ෍ 𝑏𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

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 Example:

a) 𝑡𝑟 = 3𝑟 2 − 𝑟 then 𝑆𝑛 =? c) 𝑆 = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋯

⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 =
3𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
−
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 then 𝑆𝑛 =?
6 2

= 𝑛2 𝑛 + 1 ⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 = σ𝑟 3 + 3σ𝑟 2 + 2σ𝑟

2
𝑛 𝑛+1 3𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 2𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 = + +
2 6 2
b) 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 then 𝑆𝑛 =? 𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 + +1
4 2
⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 = σ𝑟 2 + σ𝑟
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3
𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1 ⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 =
⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 = + 4
6 2
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
⇒ σ𝑡𝑟 =
3

𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 =
2 3 4
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 Key Takeaways

Note:

𝑡𝑟 𝑆𝑛

𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑟
2

𝑛 𝑛+1 (𝑛+2)
𝑟 𝑟+1
3

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3

𝑟 𝑟 +1 𝑟+2
4
⋯

⋯
𝑛 𝑛+1 ⋯ 𝑛+𝑚 𝑛+𝑚+1
𝑟 𝑟+1 ⋯ 𝑟+𝑚
𝑚+2

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 If 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 2), then find 𝑆𝑛 .

Solution:
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 2

⇒ 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 + 1

⇒ 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 + 𝑟

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛 𝑛+2

∴ 𝑆𝑛 = +
3 2

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 Sum of the series 𝑆 = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 6 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 7 + ⋯ upto 𝑛
terms is
Solution:
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 4)

𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2 + 2)

𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) + 2𝑟(𝑟 + 1)

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛 𝑛+1 (𝑛+2)

𝑡𝑟 = +2×
4 3

𝑛+3 2
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑛 + 2 +
4 3

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 3𝑛+17

𝑡𝑟 =
12

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 Let 𝑆𝑛 𝑥 = ൫log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥+
𝑎 2 𝑎 3 𝑎 6 𝑎 11 𝑎 18
log 1 𝑥 + ⋯ ൯ upto 𝑛 terms, where 𝑎 > 1. if 𝑆24 𝑥 = 1093 and
𝑎 27
𝑆12 2𝑥 = 265, then value of 𝑎 is equal to: JEE Main March 2021
Solution: 𝑆𝑛 𝑥 = log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑎 2 𝑎 3 𝑎 6 𝑎 11 𝑎 18 𝑎 27

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 𝑥 = 2 log 𝑎 𝑥 + 3 log 𝑎 𝑥 + 6 log 𝑎 𝑥 + 11 log𝑎 𝑥 + 18 log 𝑎 𝑥 + 27 log 𝑎 𝑥 + ⋯

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 (2 + 3 + 6 + 11 + 18 + 27 + ⋯ )
⇒ 𝑆𝑟 = (2 + 3 + 6 + 11 + ⋯ )

General form 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 + 3
𝑛

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 (𝑥) = ෍ log 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 + 3)
𝑟=1
24

⇒ 𝑆24 (𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 ෍ (𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 + 3)

𝑟=1

⇒ 1093 = 4372 log 𝑎 𝑥

1
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⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥 =
 Let 𝑆𝑛 𝑥 = ൫log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥 + log 1 𝑥+
𝑎 2 𝑎 3 𝑎 6 𝑎 11 𝑎 18
log 1 𝑥 + ⋯ ൯ upto 𝑛 terms, where 𝑎 > 1. if 𝑆24 𝑥 = 1093 and
𝑎 27
𝑆12 2𝑥 = 265, then value of 𝑎 is equal to: JEE Main March 2021
Solution: 1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎4 … . . (1)
12

⇒ 𝑆12 (2𝑥) = log𝑎 2𝑥 ෍ (𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 + 3)

𝑟=1

⇒ 265 = 530 log 𝑎 2𝑥

1
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑎2 … … (2)
After solving equation (1) and (2), we get
1
2 = 𝑎4
⇒ 𝑎 = 16

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 Find the sum of the series: 32 + 72 + 112 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms.

Solution: 3, 4, 7, 11 are in A.P.

𝑡𝑛 = 3 + 𝑛 − 1 4 = 4𝑛 − 1

𝑆𝑛 = σ 4𝑛 − 1 2

= σ 16𝑛2 − 8𝑛 + 1

= σ 16𝑛2 − 8𝑛 + 1

= 16 σ 𝑛2 − 8 σ 𝑛 + σ 1

𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1

= 16 × −8× +𝑛
6 2

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 Find the sum of ′𝑛′ terms of the series:
1 2 3
4+ 4 + … 𝑛 terms.
1+12 +1 1+22 +2 1+32 +34

Solution: 𝑇 = 𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑛 1+𝑛2 +𝑛4 𝑆𝑛 = − + − + − ⋯ −
2 1 3 3 7 7 13 𝑛2 −𝑛+1 𝑛2 +𝑛+1
𝑛
𝑇𝑛 = 1 1
(𝑛2 +𝑛+1)(𝑛2 −𝑛+1) 𝑆𝑛 = 1−
2 𝑛2 +𝑛+1
1 2𝑛 1 𝑛2 +𝑛
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 =
2 𝑛 +𝑛+1 𝑛2 −𝑛+1
2
2 𝑛2 −𝑛+1

1 𝑛2 +𝑛+1 −(𝑛2 −𝑛+1)

𝑇𝑛 =
2 𝑛2 +𝑛+1 𝑛2 −𝑛+1

1 1 1
𝑇𝑛 = −
2 𝑛2 −𝑛+1 𝑛2 +𝑛+1

1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = σ −
2 𝑛2 −𝑛+1 𝑛2 +𝑛+1

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 Key Takeaways

Steps:

• Factorize the denominator

• Find the difference between the factor
• Then write the 𝑛th term as
1 1 1
𝑇𝑛 = −
difference smaller factor bigger factor

• Now 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛

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 The sum of given series up to 𝑛 terms:
1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ is
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4

Solution: 𝑇 = 1
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛+1)

𝑛+1 −1
𝑇𝑛 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)

1 1
𝑇𝑛 = −
𝑛 𝑛+1

1 1
𝑆𝑛 = σ −
𝑛 𝑛+1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = − + − + − ⋯ −
1 2 2 3 3 4 𝑛 𝑛+1

1
𝑆𝑛 = 1 −
𝑛+1

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛+1

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 3 5 7
The sum of the 10 terms of series + + + ⋯ is:
12 .22 22 .32 32 .42

JEE Main Aug 2021

Solution:

2𝑛+1 𝑛+1 2 −𝑛2

Let T𝑛 = =
𝑛2 .(𝑛+1)2 𝑛2 𝑛+1 2
A 143
144

B 99
100
1 1 1 1 1 1 120
S𝑛 = − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯+ 2 − 2 =
1 2 2 3 10 11 121 C 120
121

D 1

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 1 1 1 1
+ + +⋯ is equal to:
32 −1. 52 −1 72 −1 2012 −1

JEE Main March 2021

Solution:
100 100
1 1
Let S =෍ 2−1
=෍ A 101
2𝑟 + 1 2𝑟 + 2 1. 2𝑟 404
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

B 101
408

C 99
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 400
𝑆= − + − + ⋯+ − =
4 1 2 2 3 100 101 101
25
D
101

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 For the arrangement of balls shown below, find the total
number of balls if the process continues for 50 times.

Solution:

50 rows

50 rows

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 For the arrangement of balls shown below, find the total
number of balls if the process continues for 50 times.

Solution: 50 rows

Number of balls in 1st row: 1

Number of balls in 2nd row: 3

Number of balls in 3rd row: 6

Number of balls in 4th row: 10

Number of balls in 5th row: 15

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 For the arrangement of balls shown below, find the total
number of balls if the process continues for 50 times.

Solution: Number of balls in 1st row: 𝑎1 = 1

Number of balls in 2nd row: 𝑎2 = 3

Number of balls in 3rd row: 𝑎3 = 6

Number of balls in 4th row: 𝑎4 = 10

Number of balls in 5th row: 𝑎5 = 15

∴ Number of balls if the series continues for 𝑛 rows:

𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛
−
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛

0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛

⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛

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 For the arrangement of balls shown below, find the total
number of balls if the process continues for 50 times.

Solution: Number of ball in 𝑛𝑡ℎ row = 𝑛 𝑛+1

2
∴ Total number of balls till 𝑛th row:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑖 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖 = ෍ 𝑖2 + = ෍ 𝑖2 + ෍ 𝑖
2 2 2 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

1 𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 1 𝑛 𝑛+1 50×51×52

= × + × ∴ Total number of balls till 50𝑡ℎ row=
2 6 2 2 6

1 𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 ∴ Total number of balls till 50𝑡ℎ row= 22100

= × + 1
2 2 3

𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+4
=
4 3

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
=
6

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 Find the sum till "𝑛" terms of the series:
3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + ⋯

Solution: 𝑆 = 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + ⋯

4 6 8 ⋯ A.P.

2 2 ⋯ → 2𝑛𝑑 order difference } Constant

2 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
∴ 𝑡𝑛 = 3 + 4 𝑛 − 1 +
1⋅2

⇒ 𝑡𝑛 = 3 + 4 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2
⇒ 𝑡𝑛 = 3 + 4𝑛 − 4 + 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 2

∴ 𝑆𝑛 = σ 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1
𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1
= + +𝑛
6 2

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 Find the sum till "𝑛" terms of the series:
1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + ⋯

Solution: 𝑆 = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + ⋯

3 6 12 ⋯ → 1𝑠𝑡 order difference } G.P.

Common ratio of the G.P. 𝑟 = 2

∴ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 2 𝑛−1 + 𝑏 ⋯ 𝑖 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constant

Now, 𝑡1 = 1 = 𝑎 2 1−1 + 𝑏 ⇒ 1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏⋯ 1

Similarly, 𝑡2 = 4 = 𝑎 2 2−1
+ 𝑏 ⇒ 4 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 ⋯ 2

From 1 & 2 we get, 𝑎 = 3 & 𝑏 = −2

𝑡𝑛 = 3 ⋅ 2𝑛−1 − 2 ∴ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 ⋅ 2𝑟−1 − 2
= 3 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ⋯ + 2𝑛−1 − 2𝑛
1−2𝑛−1
=3× − 2𝑛
1−2
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 1 + 1 − 22 ⋅ 1 + 1 − 42 ⋅ 3 + 1 − 62 ⋅ 5 + ⋯ + 1 − 202 ⋅ 19 = 𝛼 − 220𝛽,
then an ordered pair 𝛼, 𝛽 is equal to
JEE Main Sept 2020
Solution:
1 + 1 − 22 ⋅ 1 + 1 − 42 ⋅ 3 + 1 − 62 ⋅ 5 + ⋯ + 1 − 202 ⋅ 19
A 10, 97
= 11 − 22 ⋅ 1 + 42 ⋅ 3 + ⋯ 202 ⋅ 19
10 B (11,103)
= 11 − ෍ 2𝑛 2 2𝑛 − 1
𝑛=1
10 C 11, 97
3 2
= 11 − 4 ෍ 2𝑛 − 𝑛
𝑛=1 D 10, 103
102 10+1 2 10 10+1 2×10+1
= 11 − 4 −
2 6

= 11 − 2 × 102 × 112 + 2 × 10 × 11 × 7

= 11 − 220 110 − 7 = 11 − 220 103 ∴ 𝛼 = 11, 𝛽 = 103

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 THANK
YOU

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