HUMAN BEHAVIOR

 Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction

to a given situation.
 the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings
act
 It is the way in which a person behaves. It refers to the reaction to facts of
relationship between the individual and his environment. Human behavior is
the study of human conduct; the way a person behaves or acts; includes the
study of human activities in an attempt to discover recurrent patterns and to
formulate rules about man’s social behavior.

Human Beings
 Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to
comprehend, infer and think in rational ways.

Definition of Terms:

1. Behavior - any act of person which is observable; any observable responses of

a person to his environment; manner of ones conduct.
2. Attitude - position of the body, as suggesting some thought, feeling, or action;
state of mind, behavior, or conduct regarding some matter, as indicating opinion
or purpose; internal processes.
3. Behavioral Genetics – A field of research in psychology that aims to determine
heritability and to determine how much of the behavior is accounted for by
genetic factors. It began in England with sir Francis Galton and his study of the
inheritance of genius in families
4. Psychology - the science that studies behavior and mental processes. From the
Greek word PSYCHE ,means mind or soul and LOGOS , means study or
knowledge.
5. Character - the combination of qualities distinguishing any person or class of
persons; any distinctive trait or mark, or such marks or traits collectively
belonging to any person, class or race.
6. Personality-that which distinguishes and characterize a person.

VIEWS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to events taking

place inside the body such as the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the human being that
can be observed and measured.
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 3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain processes and
transforms information into various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that originate
from aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice
and motivation toward self-actualization.

ASPECTS OF BEHAVIORS:

 Intellectual Aspect – way of thinking, reasoning, solving problem, processing

info and coping with the environment.
 Emotional Aspect – feelings, moods, temper, strong motivational force with in
the person.
 Social Aspect – people interaction or relationship with other people.
 Moral Aspect – conscience, concept on what is good or bad.
 Psychosexual Aspect – being a man or a woman and the expression of love.
 Political Aspect – ideology towards society/government.
 Value/ Attitude – interest towards something, likes and dislikes

TYPES OF BEHAVIOR:

 Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the socially accepted behavior

because they follow the standard norms of society.

A NORMAL PERSON IS CHARCTERIZED BY:

1. Efficient perception of reality

2. Self-knowledge
3. Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
4. Self-esteem
5. Productivity
6. Ability to form affectionate relationship with others

 Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant from social expectations

because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.

1. Abnormal behavior according to the deviation from social norms

2. Behavior as maladaptive
3. Abnormality in its legal points- it is declares that a person is insane largely on
the basis of his inability to judge between right and wrong or to exert control
over his behavior.
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ATTRIBUTES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOR:

A. Conscious behavior- characterizes a reaction of which individual is aware.

B. Unconscious behavior- characterizes a behavior of which the individual is not
aware and does not know the reason or motive for it.
C. Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable or consists responses which are
publicly observable.
D. Covert behavior – refers to responses which cannot be directly observed such
as thoughts feelings, etc. those that are internal process.
 those that are hidden from the view of the observer.
E. Simple behavior – less number of neurons are consumed in the process of
behaving
F. Complex behavior – combination of simple behavior
G. Rational behavior - acting with sanity or with reasons
H. Irrational behavior – acting without reason/ unaware
I. Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of will or pertains to psychological or
muscular processes which are under the direct control of the cerebral cortex.
J. Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that goes on even when we are awake
or asleep.

TWO BASIC TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

 Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes

exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of
natural selection.
 Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that enhances
human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which
improve the chances of survival.
Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and

emotion.
2. Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct
which can be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
3. Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid
words and shown through symbols or body signs.
4. Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified
ones.
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CAUSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or

cause that leads to a particular reaction or behavior.
-it is the process of receiving, translating, and transmitting messages
from the outside world of the brains.

Human Senses:
 Visual – sight
 Olfactory – smell
 Cutaneous – touch
 Auditory – hearing
 Gustatory – taste

2. Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which

largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation.
3. Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of
past experiences with a given stimulus or object.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

HEREDITY – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is
the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to
the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.

TRAITS THAT CAN BE INHERITED:

 physical appearance
 blood type
 intelligence
 emotional disposition
 sensory activity
 mental disorder
 and other abilities and capabilities

ENVIRONMENT – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and

factors that surround and influence behavioral pattern.

Types of Environment

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 1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT- refers to those things that affect man directly and
stimulates the sense organs. These are social environment that are physical
influences steaming from the outside contract with other people.
2. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT- refers to the immediate environment within which
the genes exits or functions; the biological condition of the body.

HOW DOES ENVIERONMENT AFFECT THE INDIVIDUALS?

BAD ENVIRONMENT- it can suppress or even nullify good inheritance.

GOOD ENVIRONMENT- it is unfortunately not a substitute

SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE:

 The family background

 The influences of childhood trauma
 Pathogenic family structure – those families associated with high frequency of
problems such as:

I. The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary
problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for
meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
II. The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of
the influence of parents to their children.
III. The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by unsatisfaction of one or
both parent from the relationship they have that may express feeling of
frustration. This is usually due to value differences as common sources of conflict
and dissatisfaction.
IV. The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of
death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances.
V. Institutional influences such as peer groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO’s, etc.
VI. Socio-cultural factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and
discrimination, economic and employment problems and other social changes.
VII. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that
influences man to commit crime because poverty is one of the many reasons to
criminal behavior.

LEARNING – is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of

experience or practice.

POSSIBLE WAYS OF LEARNING:

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  One can learn by direct exposure to the events by experiencing the events by
acting and seeing the consequences of his actions.
 One can learn things vicariously by watching others experience the events.
 One can learn through language either by being told directly or by reading.

PERSONALITY - Totality of a person.

 This term is taken from the latine words “per” and sonare” which literally means “
to sound through”. This means that an actor’s mask through which the sound of
his voice was projected.
 It is defined as the sum total of all the traits and characteristics of a person that
distinguishes him or her from one another.

CHARACTERISTICS INVOLVED IN PERSONALITY

 PHYSICAL- Body built, height, weight, texture of the skin, shape of the lips,
shape of the face, etc.
 MENTAL- range of ideas, mental alertness, ability to reason, to conceptualize,
etc.
 EMOTIONAL- one’s temperament, moods, prejudices, bias, emotional response
such as aggressiveness and calmness etc.
 SOCIAL- relations with other people
 MORAL- his positive or negative adherence to the dos an don’ts of his society
 SPIRITUAL- faith, beliefs, philosophy of life, etc.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PERSONALITY

 INHERITED PREDISPOSITION
 ABILITIES
 FAMILY AND HOME ENVIRONMENT
 CULTURE

THEORIES AND APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY

- CARL GUSTAV JUNG, a Swiss psychologist identified the Theory of Personality

types:
 Extrovert - persons who are friendly, flexible and adaptable, happy
working with others, free from worries, and outgoing.
 Introvert - inclined to worry, reserved, lacking in flexibility, self-
centered or self-interested person.

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  Ambivert - in between extrovert and introvert.

PHYSIQUE OR BODY TYPES

- William Sheldon - Identified the somatotypes in relation to personality:

 Ectomorph - identified as fragile and thin.
 Endomorph - identified as soft-rounded and fat.
 Mesomorph - identified as medium-built.

BODY CHEMISTRY AND ENDOCRINE BALANCE

- Galen- a roman physician

4 PERSONALITY TYPES
 SANGUINE PERSON- a person with too much blood (warm-hearted, pleasant,
active and confident)
 PHLEGMATIC- a slow moving and emotionally flat
 MELANCHOLIC PERSON- a person with excess of black bile (suffers from
depression and sadness)
 CHOLERIC- with too much yellow bile (quick to anger and violence,
temperamental)

THREE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY (ACCORDING SIGMUND FREUD)

 ID - It is that part of the personality with which we are born. ID is the animalistic
self.
 Ego - the mediator between the ID and the superego. It refers to the developing
awareness of self or the “I”. It is also known as the integrator of the personality.
 Superego - the socialized component of the personality.

STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

1. ORAL STAGE (0-1 year old)

- Principal source of pleasure is the mouth. The infant gets pleasure from sucking
and swallowing.
- Unfulfilled or fulfilled gratification may lead to oral fixation

RESIDUAL TRAITS- the person develops a strong ID, thus he is greedy, dependent,
talkative, constantly eating, smoking and drinking to the point of being obvious to the
need of others.

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 2. ANAL STAGE- (2-3 years old)
- Energies are centered on anal gratification (toilet training)

RESIDUAL TRAITS
 Overdeveloped super ego leads to stinginess, possessiveness, punctuality,
perfectionist, orderliness and sadistic.
 Underdeveloped super ego to a psychopathic personality (anti-social
personality)

3. PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years old)

- The genital become the primary source of pleasure. The child’s erotic pleasure
foces on masturbation, that is on self-manipulation of the genitals.
- He develop a sexual gratification to the parent of the opposite sex.

OEDIPUS COMPLEX – Stage when young boys experience rivalry with their
father for their mother’s attention and affection. The father is viewed as a sex
rival. This conflict is resolved by the boys’ repression of his feelings for his
mother.
ELECTRA COMPLEX – The stage when a girl sees her mother as a rival for
her father’s attention but for fear for her mother is less.

Note: Both attachment to the mother and father, the Electra complex is gradually
replaced by a strengthened identification with the mother.

RESIDUAL TRAITS
- Homosexualitty, affect relationship towards mena and women, expectation of
wives and husbands, sexual crisis as an adult.

4. LATENCY STAGE (6-11 years old)

- This is the stage or time of social and intellectual development. Sexual energy is
going through the process of sublimation and is being into interest in school
work, riding bicycle, playing house and sports.

5. GENITAL STAGE- 11 years to adulthood)

- The stage for the attainment of sexual and physiological maturity and more focus
is on opposite sex.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

- One of the best known theories of personality in psychology.

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 - Erikson’s believed that personality develops series of stages.
- Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole
lifespan.
- He also believed that a sense of competence motivates behaviors and actions.
Each stage is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life.
- If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which is
sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. On the other hand, if the
stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

STAGES BASIC CONFLICT IMPORTANT OUTCOME

EVENTS
Children develop a sense of
Infancy (birth to 18 Trust vs mistrust Feeding trust when caregivers
moths) provide reliability care and
affection. Alack
Children need to develop a
sense of personal control
Early childhood (2 to 3 over physical and as sense
years old) Autonomy vs. Toilet training of independence. success
Shame and doubt leads to feeling of autonomy,
failure results in feeling of
shame and doubt
Children need to begin
asserting control and power
over the environment.
Pre-school (3 to 5 years Initiative vs guilt Exploration Success in this stage leads
old) to a sense of purpose.
Children who try to exert too
much power experience
disapproval resulting in a
sense of guilt.
Children need to cope with
new social and academic
School age (6 to 11 Industry vs Schools demands. Success leads to
years old) inferiority a sense of competence,
while failure results in
feelings of inferiority.
Teens need to develop to

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 inform intimate, loving
Adolescence (12 to 18 Identity vs Role School relationship with other
years old) confusion relationship people. Successes lead to
an ability to stay true to
yourself, while failure leads
to the role confusion and a
weak sense of self.
Young adults need to form
intimate, loving relationship
Young adulthood (19 to Intimacy vs Relationship with other people. Success
40 years old) Isolation leads to strong relationships,
while failure results in
loneliness and isolation.
Adults need to create or
nurture things that will outlast
them, often by having
(40 to 65 years Generatively vs Work and children or creating a
old) Stagnation Parenthood positive change that benefits
other people. Success leads
to feelings of usefulness and
accomplishment, while
failure results in shallow
involvement in the world.
Maturity ( 65 years old Ego integrity vs Reflection on Older adults need to look
to death) Despair life back on life and a feel sense
of fulfillment. Success at this
stage leads to feelings of
wisdom, while failure results
in regret, bitterness and
despair.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES

ALBERT BANDURA- he urges that personality is shaped not only by the environment
influences on the person, but also by the person’s ability to influence the environment.
Social learning- states that thinking is an important determinant of behavior

LEARNING THEORIES

KAREN HORNEY’S ANXIETY THEORY

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 - HORNEY’S is a American psychoanalyst who developed this theory. She was a
major neo-freudian, who revised some of Freuds theories and gave greater
attention to cultural influences.
- She was a pioneer in the development of feminine psychology.
- The central concept of this theory is the social influence in the development of a
child. These include parental threats and dominion, tension and conflict between
parents, being required to do too much and mistrusted, criticism, coldness,
indifference, etc..which the child deals within certain ways forming pattern of
“neurotic needs”. The neurotic need for affection and approval is developed if the
child learns to cope with anxiety.

ALFRED ADLER (Founder of individual psychology) - He coined the term “inferiority

complex” to describe the conflict, partly conscious and unconscious, which the
individual make attempts to overcome the distress accompanying inferiority complex of
feelings. Thus, the person who has strong feelings of inferiority may behave in a
superior way or develop some special skill to compensate for the supposed inadequacy.

SOME OF THE FILIPINO TRAITS

1. BAHALA NA- it implies completes trust. It also means resignation for whatever
lot he has in life.
2. SMOOTH INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS- the facility of getting along with
others in such a way as to avoid outward signs of conflicts, gloomy or sour locks,
harsh words. (pakikisama)
3. MANANA HABIT – this means procrastination. Putting off for the next day what
they can do for the day.
4. NINGAS COGON- defined as enthusiasm which is intense only at the start but
gradually fades away.
5. UTANG NA LOOB- defined as a debt of gratitude, it is considered to be an
negative traits by many, which sometimes a deterrent to progress, as one my
forego opportunities’ just to be with or do something whom you owe a debt of
gratitude.
6. HIYA- it is kind of anxiety, a fear of being left, exposed, unprotected and
unaccepted.
7. HOSPITALITY- refers to the warm welcome that the Filipino gives to visitors who
come to his or her home especially strangers and foreigners.
8. COMPADRE SYSTEM- refers to the attitude of Filipino family to use established
relationship for protection and for acquiring necessary position or reward even if
such is not due them by way of basic rules.

NEEDS, DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS

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  Drives are aroused state that results from some biological needs. The aroused
condition motivates the person to remedy the need.
 Needs are the triggering factor that drives or moves a person to act. It is a
psychological state of tissue deprivation.
 Motivation on the other hand refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior as
required by a need.
 Drive and motivation covers all of psychology, they energizes behavior and
give its direction to man’s action. For example, a motivated individual is engaged
in a more active, more vigorous, and more effective that unmotivated one, thus a
hungry person directs him to look for food.

Types of Human Needs:

Biological or Biogenic Needs:

1) food – hunger: the body needs adequate supply of nutrients to function

efficiently. “An empty stomach sometimes drives a person to steal.”
2) air – need of oxygen
3) water - thirst
4) rest – weary bodies needs this.
5) sex – a powerful motivator but unlike food and water, sex is not vital for survival
but essential to the survival of the species.
6) avoidance of pain – the need to avoid tissue damage is essential to the survival
of the organism. Pain will activate behavior to reduce discomfort.
7) stimulus seeking curiosity – most people and animal is motivated to explore
the environment even when the activity satisfies no bodily needs.

Psychological (psychogenic or sociogenic) needs.

1) love and affection
2) for security
3) for growth and development and
4) recognition from other human beings.

Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs:

- The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a six-level hierarchy of
motives that, according to his theory, determine human behavior. Maslow ranks
human needs as follows:
 physiological;
 security and safety;

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  love and feelings of belonging;
 competence, prestige, and esteem;
 self-fulfillment; and
 curiosity and the need to understand.

PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment

of people and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.
2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner
world of experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing,
and less sociable.
3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is
normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time
alone and away from the crowd.
4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody,
touchy, depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to
environmental stress, and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening,
and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult.
5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for
danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A
person high on psychoticism tends to be impulsive, aggressive individual without
appreciable concern for others.

PSYCHOPATHIC BEHAVIOR – The second groups of abnormal behaviors typically

stemmed from immature and distorted personality development, resulting in persistent
maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. People with psychopathic behaviors are
also called sociopaths or psychopaths. Some common characteristics are:
 absence of a conscience
 emotional immaturity
 absence of a life plan
 lack of capacity for love and emotional involvement
 failure to learn from experience

- Further, they are generally called “personality or character disorders”. These

groups of disorders are composed of the following:

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

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 Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a
class of personality types and behaviors defined as “an enduring pattern of inner
experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of
the individual who exhibits it”. This category includes those individuals who begin to
develop a maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a result of family, social,
and cultural influences.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS

1. PARANOID PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy,
excessive self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to
blame others for one's own mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil
motives to others.
2. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close
relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing
friendships. They exhibit emotional coldness, detachment, or a constricted
affect.
 characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency
towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
3. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors based
on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual
experiences.
4. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY
 this is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through the use
of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and
interpersonal relationships are stormy.
 Characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an
excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually
beginning in early adulthood.
5. NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of self-
importance.
 A disorder and its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism
in childhood, particularly that from parental figures.
6. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to social
norms. They are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated

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 physical fights. These individuals also have a high prevalence of morbid
substance abuse disorders.
7. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY
 this is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems. Individuals with this type of personality are acutely
sensitive to real or imagined abandonment and have a pattern of
repeated unstable but intense interpersonal relationships that alternate
between extreme idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may
abuse substances or food, or be sexually promiscuous.
8. AVOIDANT PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming involved with
people because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.
9. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by inability to make even daily decisions without
excessive advice and reassurance from others and needs others to
assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life.
10. COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order efficiency,
and work coupled with insistence that everyone do things their way and
an inability to express warm feelings.
11. PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY
 The individual with personality disorder is usually found to have
overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that the
person comes to anticipate that his needs will always be met and
gratified.

FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s motivated

behavior. Sustained frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or
depression.

Three Basic Forms of Conflict

1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when an individual moves closer to a
seemingly desirable object, only to have the potentially negative consequences of
contacting that object push back against the closing behavior.
2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is a conflict resulting from the necessity
of choosing between two desirable alternatives. There are usually two desirable things
wanted, but only one option can be chosen.

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 3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict involves two
undesirable or unattractive alternatives where a person has to decide of choosing one
of the undesirable things.

COPING MECHANISM
- It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the way they
react to frustration. This could be attributed to individual differences and the way
people prepared in the developmental task they faced during the early stages of
their life.

Frustration Tolerance - It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing

inadequate modes of response such as being emotionally depressed or irritated,
becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.

Broad Reactions to Frustration

1. Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by
means of breaking down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
2. Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and
giving up.

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration

 Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems
in a very objective way. They identify first the problem, look for the most
practical and handy way to solve it, and proceeded with the constructive
manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the best results.
 Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of
the problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or result. Thus,
he tries to make a detour or change direction first and find out if the
solution or remedy is there.
 Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when
an original plan intended to solve the problem did not produce the
intended result, thus the most practical way to face the problem, is to look
for most possible or alternative means.
 Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away from the
problem or flight which to some is the safest way.
 Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person is unable to
hold on to any solution which gives a positive result. Being discourage to
go on working for a way to handle a frustration could result to diminishing
self-confidence, until the time when inferiority complex sets in.

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 16

  Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle
frustration rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in
one's negative attitudes towards life both in the personal and professional
aspect.
 Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated way of handling
frustration. It is a man’s last result when a person attempts to overcome
fear from an anticipated situation or event.
 Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious psychological process that
serves as safety valve that provides relief from emotional conflict and
anxiety.

COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

 Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person
or object as the recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on
the person or object which originally was the cause of said emotion.
 Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify
their behavior to themselves and others by making excuses or formulating
fictitious, socially approved arguments to convince themselves and others that
their behavior is logical and acceptable
 Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism through which people
attempt to overcome the anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and
inadequacy in one is of personality or body image, by concentrating on another
area where they can excel.
 Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or
the superego and are projected onto others so that they seem to have these
feelings or ideas, which free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated
with them.
 Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are
the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is
motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way.
Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control.
 Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality
because of strong inner needs.
 Repression – is unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful
traumatic experiences are completely prevented from entering consciousness.
 Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a
conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing
thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of his mind.
 Identification - an individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy,
loneliness, or inferiority by taking on the characteristics of someone who is

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 17

 important to him. An example is a child who identifies with his parents who are
seen as models of intelligence, strength and competence.
 Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to
overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and
gratifications.
 Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious
drives do not materialize.
 Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which
was appropriate to an earlier stage of development.
 Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously
unacceptable are diverted into personally and socially accepted channels. It is a
positive and constructive mechanism for defending against own unacceptable
impulses and needs.

What is Normal Behavior?

- This refers to a lack of significant deviation from the average. Another possible
definition is that "a normal" is someone who conforms to the predominant
behavior in a society.
- Social norms – rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values,
beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.

What is Abnormal Behavior?

- Literally means "away from the normal". It implies deviation from some clearly
defined norm. In the case of physical illness, the norm is the structural and
functional integrity of the body.

THE TYPES OF BEHAVIOR:

1. Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the socially accepted behavior

because they follow the standard norms of society.
2. Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant from social expectations
because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.

CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR:

1. Anxiety (psychological perspective). Stressful situations that if become extreme, it

may result to maladaptive behavior.
2. Faulty Learning (behavior perspective). The failure to learn the necessary
adaptive behavior because of wrongful development. This usually results to delinquent
behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social values and norms.

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 18

3. Blocked or distorted personal growth (humanistic perspective). Presumably,
human nature tends towards cooperation and construction activities, however, if we
show aggression, cruelty or other maladaptive behavior, the result may be an
unfavorable environment
4. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship. Self-concept in early childhood by over
critical parents or by rigid socialization measures usually cause deviant behaviors
among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy on the kind of
social dealings they are facing.
5. Pathological social condition. Poverty, social discrimination and destructive
violence always result to deviant behavior.

“BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS”

 PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER
A disorder in which the physical illness is considered to be highly associated with
emotional factors. The individual may not perceive that his emotional state is
contributing to his physical illness
 NEUROSIS
Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither
delusions nor hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms.
The distinguishing feature of neurosis is a sustained characteristic of showing anxiety,
fear, endless troubles that carries significant aspects of the individual’s life.

- THE NEUROTIC BEHAVIOR – The group of mild functional personality

disorders in which there is no gross personality disorganization and the individual
is not required for hospitalization. People with neurotic behaviors are sometimes
called psychoneurotic.

- Further, neurosis embraces a wide range of behaviors that are considered the core of
most maladaptive life style. Basic to this neurotic lifestyle are:

“NEUROTIC NUCLEUS” – the faulty evaluation of reality and the tendency to avoid
rather than to cope with stress. It is characterized by anxiety, avoidance instead of
coping, and blocked personal growth. 2. Neurotic Paradox – the tendency to maintain
the life style despite its maladaptive nature. It is characterized by unhappiness and
dissatisfactions.

Neurotic Behaviors are composed of the following disorders:

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 19

Anxiety disorders - These are commonly known as “neurotic fear”. When it is
occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it is called
“worry”.
- Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal
and pathological fear and anxiety. People experience excessive levels of the kind
of negative emotions that we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared,
and anxious. These terms all refer to anxiety.

- They are considered as the central feature of all neurotic patterns. They are
characterized by:

Anxiety disorders are grouped as:

a. Obsessive-compulsive disorders – When an individual is compelled to think

about something that he do not want to think about or carry out some action against his
will.
OBSESSION – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away.
Thoughts and impulses which occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them
out. They seem uncontrollable, as if they do not belong to the individual's mind.
COMPULSION – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some
actions against his free will and with duress as a result of external factors. This is an
irresistible urge to engage in certain pattern of behavior.

Examples of compulsion
 Arithomania – the impulse to count anything.
 Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor.
 Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.
 Kleptomania – the impulse to steal.
 Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power.
 Pyromania – the impulse to set fire.
 Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life.

b. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) – An anxiety disorder characterized by

chronic mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains.
c. Phobic Disorders – the persistent fear on some objects or situation that
present no actual danger to the person.
PHOBIAS- this is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety is
focused so intensely on some objects or situations that the individual is acutely
uncomfortable around it and will often go to great pain to avoid it.

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 20

TYPES OF PHOBIAS
 Acrophobia - high places
 Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places
 Malgophobia - pain
 Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning
 Gynophobia – fear of dogs
 Claustrophobia - closed places
 Hematophobia - blood
 Mysophobia - contamination or germs
 Monophobia - being alone
 Nyctophobia - darkness
 Ochlophobia - crowds
 Hydrophobia - water
 Pathophobia - disease
 Pyrophobia - fire
 Syphilophobia - syphilis
 Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals
“SOMATOFORM DISORDERS” - Complains of bodily symptoms that suggest the
presence of physical problem but no organic basis can be found. The individual is pre-
occupied with his state of health or diseases.
- "Soma" means body, and somatoform disorders involve a neurotic pattern in
which the individuals complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of
a physical problem, but for which no organic basis can be found. Such individuals
are typically preoccupied with their state of health and with various presumed
disorders or diseases of bodily organs.

Somatoform disorders are grouped as:

a. Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern about the state of health or

physical condition (multiplicity about illness).
b. Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterize by the report of severe and lasting
pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is greatly in excess of what
would be expected from the physical abnormality.
c. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) – a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of
some physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality.

Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria:

 Anesthesia – loss of sensitivity
 Hyperesthesia – excessive sensitivity

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 21

  Hypesthesia – partial loss of sensitivity
 Analgesia – loss of sensitivity to pain
 Paresthesia - exceptional sensations

Motor Symptoms of Hysteria

1. Paralysis – selective loss of function
2. Astasia-abasia – inability to control leg when standing
3. Aphonia – partial inability to speak
4. Mutism – total inability to speak

Three Distinct Somatoform Patterns

1. Somatization Disorder
- This is an intensely and chronically uncomfortable condition that indirectly
creates a high risk of medical complications. It takes the form of chronic and
recurrent aches, pains, fever, tiredness and other symptoms to bodily illness.
Individuals frequently experience memory difficulties, problems with walking,
numbness, block-out spells, nausea, menstrual problems and a lack of pleasure
from sex.
2. Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders
- Conversion disorders – are somatoform disorders in which individuals
experience serious somatic symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness,
paralysis, fainting, seizures, inability to speak or other serious impairments in the
absence of any physical cause.
3. Somatoform pain disorders
- are somatoform disorders in which the individual experiences a relatively specific
and chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical cause. It is very
similar to conversion disorders except that the primary symptom is pain that has
no physical cause.

“DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS” - A response to obvious stress characterized by:

a. Amnesia – partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences.
- Brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved
by simple means. It requires long period of medication.
- Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still they
are beneath the level of consciousness but “forgotten material”.
b. Multiple Personality – also called “dual personalities”. The person manifests two
or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different.
c. Depersonalization – loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body
experience.

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 22

“AFFECTIVE DISORDERS” - The affective disorders are “mood disorders”, in which
extreme or inappropriate levels of mood – extreme elation or extreme depression.

Forms of affective disorders:

a. Neurotic affective – also called “neurotic mania”, characterized by overactive,

dominating, and deficient in self-criticism.
b. Neurotic depression – sadness and dejection (grave sadness), the individual often
fails to return to normal after a reasonable period of time resulting to high level of
anxiety and lowers self-confidence and loss of initiative.
c. Major depressive disorders – also called “severe affective disorders” with the
following classifications:
1) Sub-acute major depressive disorders – symptoms of this
depressive disorder includes loss of enthusiasm, feeling of dejection, feeling of
failure and unworthiness, fatigue and loss of appetite.
2) Acute major depressive disorder – symptoms includes mild
hallucinations, feeling of guilt, want to be alone, and increasingly inactive.
3) Depressive stupor – a severe degree of psychomotor retardation,
almost unresponsive, refuse to speak, and confusions or hallucinations.

PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIOR – The group of disorders involving gross structural defects in

the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with
reality. People suffering from psychotic behaviors (psychosis) are also called psychotic.
They are regarded as the most severe type of mental disorder.
- A psychotic has tensions that disturb thinking, feeling and sensing; the
perception of reality is distorted. He may have delusions and hallucinations.

1. Organic Mental Disorders - this occurs when the normal brain has been damage
resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.

Types of Organic Mental Disorders:

a. Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function.
Its symptoms range from mild mood changes to acute delirium.
b. Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases,
drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its symptoms include impairment of orientation
(time, place and person), impairment of memory, learning, comprehension and
judgment, emotion and self-control.

Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 23
 a. Delirium – the severe impairment of information processing in the brain
affecting the basic process of attention, perception, memory and thinking.
b. Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain
maturation. The defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving,
and judgment.
c. Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on going events more than a
few minutes after they have taken place.
d. Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false
perception that arise in full wakefulness state. This includes hallucinations on visual and
hearing or both.
e. Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false belief arising in a setting of known
or suspected brain damage.
f. Organic Affective Syndrome – the extreme/severe manic or depressive state
with the impairment of the cerebral function.
g. Organic Personality Syndrome – the general personality changes following
brain damage.
h. General Paresis – also called “dementia paralytica”, a syphilitic infection of
the brain and involving impairment of the CNS.

2. Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth involving abnormal

enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can causes variety of personality alterations,
and it may lead to any neurotic behavior and consequently to psychotic behavior.

3. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a result of falls, blows, and
accidents causing sensory and motor disorders; and mental disorder such as:
a. Retrograde Amnesia – the inability to recall events preceding immediately
the injury.
b. Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage – gross bleeding at the site of damage.
c. Petechial Hemorrhage – small spots of bleeding at the site of damage.

- These injuries may also impair language and other related sensory motor functions
and may result to brain damage such as:
1) Auditory Asphasia – loss of ability to understand spoken words.
2) Expressive Asphasia – loss of ability to speak required words.
3) Nominal Asphasia – loss of ability to recall names of objects.
4) Alexia – loss of ability to read.
5) Agraphia – loss of ability to express thoughts in writing
6) Apraxia – loss of ability to perform simple voluntary acts.

4. Senile and Pre-senile Dementia

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 24

 a. Senile Dementia – mental disorder that is accompanied by brain degeneration
due to old age.
b. Pre-senile Dementia – mental disorder associated with earlier degeneration
of the brain.

5. Mental Retardation - A mental disorder characterized by sub-average general

functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior.
- It is a common mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering from low
I.Q, difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in past learning.

Levels of Mental Retardation

a. Mild Mental Retardation (I.Q. 52-67) - “educable”
b. Moderate Mental Retardation (I.Q. 36-51) - “trainable”
c. Severe mental Retardation (I.Q. 20-35) - “dependent retarded”
d. Profound Mental Retardation (I.Q. under 20) – life support retarded”

 Idiot – an offensive term in a now disused classification system for somebody

with an IQ of about 25 or under and a mental age of less than 3 years.
 Imbecile – somebody with an IQ between 25 and 50 and a mental age of
between 3 and 7 years.
 Moron – an offensive term that deliberately insults somebody's intelligence.

6. Schizophrenia and Paranoia Schizophrenia – refers to the group of

psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality,
withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and fragmentation of
perception, thoughts and emotion. It also refers to terms such as “mental
deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, or “split mind”.

- A psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality, indifference concerning

everyday problems, and tendency to live in a world of fantasy.
- Formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German psychiatrist.
- The term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting
of minds”.

Types of Schizophrenia
1. Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by a gradual decline of interest and
ambition. The person withdraws from social contacts as well as irritable and
inattentive.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized principally by delusions of
persecutions and/or grandeur. Hallucinations, usually auditory, are most of time
present.
NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 25
 3. Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests severe integration of personality and
can be observed through inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent
reasons which to an untrained observer may only be childish playfulness.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia – manifests extreme violence and shown with
excessive motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness and unpredictable emotional
outburst.

Other Groups of Human Disorders

A. Addictive Groups of Disorders - This group of disorders includes substance
use, obesity and pathological gambling.
1. Substance Use (Alcohol and Drug Abuse) Alcoholism or “problem drinking”
is an addictive source of human disorders.
2. Extreme obesity – also known as “habitual over eating” is an addictive form of
disorder. It is a life threatening disorder, resulting in such conditions as diabetes, high
blood pressures and other cardiovascular diseases that can place an individual at high
risk of heart attack.
3. Pathological gambling – is an addictive form of disorder, which does not
involve chemically addictive

PARANOIA
- Paranoia refers to cases showing delusions and impaired contact with reality but
without the severe personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia.

- Paranoia – the same as “delusions”, “impaired contact with reality”. A psychotic

behavior characterized by delusion of apprehension following a failure or
frustration.

- The main symptom is characterized by SUSPICION

COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA

1. Persecutory Paranoia – having delusions of persecution.

2. Litigious Paranoia – both delusions of persecution and grandeur
3. Erotic Paranoia – delusion that a certain person is in love with him or her.
4. Exalted Paranoia – with great power of importance.
5. Jealous Paranoia – characterized by irrational jealousy.

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 26

 - The disorder used to describe the behavior of a person who commits serious
crimes from individual to property crimes and the disobedience of societal rules
in general.
- “Dissocial personality” is the term used to refer to these individuals,
particularly those who violate law and practice “crime as a profession”.
- As a study, criminal behavior refers to the human conduct focused on the
mental processes of the criminal: the way he behaves or acts including his
activities and the causes and influences of his criminal behavior.

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
- The branch of psychology which investigates the psychology of crime with
particular reference to the personality factors of the criminal.
- The study of wills, thoughts, intentions and reactions of criminals. It is related to
the field of criminal anthropology. The study goes deeply into what makes
someone commit crime, but also the reactions after the crime, on the run or in
court.

Classification of criminal behavior

1. Individual classification- overt act which is based solely on the individuals
attributes.

a. CESARE LOMBROSO
- Atavism (born criminal)
- Insane criminal
- Criminaloids
- Criminal by passion
- Occasional criminal

b. RAFAEL GAROFALO
- Typical criminals/murderers who kill for enjoyment
- Violent criminals
- Criminal deficient in pity and probity/lack of affection
- Lascivious criminals

c. ENRICO FERRI
- Insane
- Habitual criminals
- Passionate criminals

d. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST and PSYCHIATRIST

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 27

 - Immature
- Emotionally insane
- Dependent
- Hostile
- Anti-social
- Aggressive

INDIVIDUALISTIC FACTORS
1. SEX- most crimes are committed by men
2. AGE- most common offenders are juveniles
3. Rural and urban background
4. Personal features/attributes

CRIMINALS ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

Based on Etiology

1. ACUTE CRIMINAL – a person who violate a criminal law because of the impulse or
fit of passion.
2. CHRONIC CRIMINAL – person who acted in consonance of deliberated thinking

Typologies Based on Behavioral System

1. ORDINARY CRIMINAL – lowest form of criminal career

2. ORGANIZED CRIMINAL – high degree of organization to enable them to commit
crimes without being detected
3. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL – highly skilled

Based on Activities
1. Professionals
2. Accidental – situational crimes
3. Habitual – continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence, lack of
control

Based on Mental Attitudes

1. ACTIVE CRIMINALS – due to aggressiveness

2. PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINALS – Commit crimes because they are push to it
by reward or promise

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 28

3. SOCIALIZED DELINQUENTS – normal in behavior but defective in socialization
process

ACCORDING TO CLINARD AND QUINNEY:

 Violent personal crime - murder, assault, rape, etc..

 Occasional property crime - auto theft, shoplifting, check forgery and
vandalism.
 Occupational crime - embezzlement, fraudulent sales, false advertising,
price fixing, black market activity, prescription violation, anti-trust violation
 Political crime - treason, sedition, espionage, sabotage, etc.
 Public order crime - drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct,
prostitution, etc.
 Conventional crime - robbery, larceny, burglary, and gang theft
 Organized crime - racketeering, organized prostitution, etc.
 Professional crime - shoplifting, pick pocketing, forgery, counterfeiting,
etc..

ACORDING TO LINDESMITH and DUNHAM

- Differentiated individual criminal from social criminal. Individual criminal is based

on diverse and personal reason while social criminal is the product of support
and prescribed by group norms. E.g. (FRATERNITY, RACKETEERS)

ACCORDING TO GIBBONS AND GAVITY

- Stated that the chronological age at which offenders are determined by the
society as a criminal
1. Group offenders from the time of their first act (life orientation is guided by
criminal group)
2. Group offenders not identified as criminals until late in life (life orientation
is largely guided and reinforced by non-criminal group)

Three different types of multiple murders:

1. Serial murder - several victims in three or more separate incidents over weeks,
months or years
2. Mass murder - the killing of four or more victims at one location within one event (en
masse- in group)

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 29

3. Spree murder - involves killing at two one more locations with almost not time to
break between murders.

GENOCIDE - systematic killing of people or nation committed with intent to destroy, in

whole or in part a nation, ethnical, racial or religious group.
Massacre – It refers to the indiscriminate killing of people in random without distinction.

The Criminal Formula

T+S
C = ---------
R

Where:
C – Crime/Criminal behavior (the Act)
T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S – Total Situation (Opportunity)
R – Resistance to Temptation (Control)

SEXUAL DEVIANCY
- A sexual act that seeks gratification by means other than heterosexual
relationship.

HETEROSEXUALITY – normal sexual relationship between members of the opposite

sex which could lead to reproduction.

Sexual Deviations
 the impairment of either the desire to sexual gratification or in the ability to
achieve it
 common causation of sex crimes, as:

a. an ancient and universal crime

b. there is close contact between offender and victim
c. it is committed by one sex against the opposite sex
d. sex is an inborn instinct
e. sex act as crime depends on the existing moral value of society
f. many sex crimes are committed and not reported

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 30

 g. it is committed in strict privacy
h. it is common crime among the lower class of society
i. unlike other crimes, sex crimes can be pardoned by marriage
j. there is a seasonal variation in the frequency of its commission
k. severity of punishment does not deter its commission
l. its consequence (pregnancy) becomes a legal problem
m. the usual victims are children
n. psychic trauma suffered by the victim varies with the moral standard of the
victim

THOSE AFFECTING MALES

1. Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – inability to achieve erection

2. Pre-Mature Ejaculation – sexual stimulation that result to the failure of the
female partner to achieve satisfaction
3. Retarded Ejaculation – inability to ejaculate during intercourse
THOSE AFFECTING WOMEN

1. Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – partial or complete failure to attain the

lubrication or swelling response
2. Orgasmic Dysfunction – difficulty in achieving orgasm
3. Vaginismus – involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance of the vagina
that prevent penetration of the male sex organ
4. Dyspareunia – painful coitus/sexual acts in women

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR LEADING TO SEX CRIMES

1. AS TO SEXUAL REVERSALS
a. Homosexuality – directed towards same sex; “lesbianism/tribadism” for
female
b. Transvestism – dressing as a member of the opposite sex
c. Fetishism – by looking at some body parts, underwear or other objects of
the opposite sex

2. AS TO THE CHOICE OF PARTNER

a. Pedophilia – desire with a child of either sex
b. Bestiality – with animals
c. Auto-sexual (self-gratification/masturbation) – called self-abuse;
without the cooperation of another
d. Gerontophilia – with an elder person
e. Necrophilia – erotic intercourse with corpse
NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 31
 f. Incest – between person who by reason of blood relationship can not
legally marry

3. AS TO SEXUAL URGE
a. Satyriasis – excessive desire of men to have sexual intercourse
b. Nymphomania – strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual
urge

4. AS MODE OF SEXUAL EXPRESSION

 Oralism – use of mouth or the tongue
a. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women
b. Cunnilingus – licking the external female genitalia
c. Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual partner
 Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification
a. Sadism – infliction of physical pain; could be animals or human
b. Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself

5. AS TO PART OF THE BODY

a. Sodomy – through the anus
b. Uranism – through fingering, holding the breast of licking parts of the body
c. Frottage – rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another person
d. Partailism – sexual libido on any part of the body of partner

6. AS TO VISUAL STIMULUS
a. Voyeurism – “the peeping Tom”, through clandestine peeping and
frequently masturbate during the peeping
b. Scoptophilia – intentional act of watching people undress or during sexual
intimacies

7. AS TO NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE SEXUAL ACT

a. Froilism – three persons
b. Pluralism – group of persons; called “sexual festival”

8. OTHER SEXUAL ABNORMALITIES

a. Exhibitionism – called “indecent exposure”; intentional exposure of
genitals to opposite sex under inappropriate condition
b. Coprolalia – use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction
c. Don Juanism – act of seducing women as a career without permanency

VICTIMOLOGY

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 32

 Victimology is the study of crime victims. It’s a subset of criminology, the study
of crime. People who study victimology, or victimization, examine the psychological
effects of crimes on the victims, the interactions between victims and the criminal
justice system and the relationships between victims and offenders. Modern theories
of victimology try to explain why some are more likely than other to become victims
of a crime.

Three areas within of study within victimology include the following:

VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

 The victim precipitation theory suggests that the characteristics of the victim
precipitate the crime. That is, a criminal could single out a victim because the
victim is of a certain ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, gender or gender
identity.
 This theory does not only involve hate crimes directed at specific groups of
people. It might also involve occupations or activities. For example, someone
who is opposed to his or her views may target a political activist. An employee
may target a recently promoted employee if he or she believes they deserved
the promotion.

LIFESTYLE THEORY

 Lifestyle theory suggests that certain people may become the victims of
crimes because of their lifestyles and choices. For example, someone with a
gambling or substance addiction could be as an “easy victim” by a con artist.
 Walking alone at night in a dangerous area, conspicuously wearing expensive
jewelry, leaving doors unlocked and associating with known criminals are
other lifestyle characteristics that may lead to victimization.

DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

 There is some overlap between the lifestyle theory and the deviant place
theory. The deviant place theory states that an individual is more likely to
become the victim of a crime when exposed to dangerous areas. In other
words, a mugger is more likely to target a person walking alone after dark in a
bad neighborhood. The more frequently a person ventures into bad
neighborhoods where violent crime is common, the greater the risk of
victimization.
 There is also some overlap between the deviant place theory and
socioeconomic approaches to victimization. Low-income households are more
likely to be located in or near dangerous areas of town, and individuals from
poor socioeconomic backgrounds are less capable of moving away from these
dangerous areas.

CRIME VICTIM SERVICES

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 33

 - Victim advocates are trained to support victims of crime. They offer emotional
support, victims' rights information, help in finding needed resources and
assistance in filling out crime victim related forms. Our advocates frequently
accompany victims and their family members through the criminal justice
proceedings.

SYSTEM-BASED VICTIM SERVICES

- This type of victim service delivery is independent from police, courts and
Crown Attorneys. System-based victim services assist the victim throughout
the victim's contact with the criminal justice system.
This may include, but is not limited to:

o providing information, support and referrals;

o short-term counselling;
o court preparation and accompaniment;
o Victim Impact Statements preparation and,
o Liaising with police, courts, Crown and Corrections.

POLICE-BASED VICTIM SERVICES

- Police-based victim services are usually provided following a victim's first

contact with the police. While these victim service agencies may be located in
police detachments, they are not always police employees. In many cases,
police may refer the victim to victim services or advise victim services to make
contact with the victim. Many police-based victim services have a coordinator
and trained volunteers.
- Police-based victim services may provide information, support, assistance,
referral, and court orientation to victims of crime.

COURT-BASED VICTIM SERVICES

- Court-based victim services provide support for people who have become
involved in the criminal justice process as either victims or witnesses. Court-
based victim services provide information, assistance and referrals to victims
and witnesses with the goal of trying to make the court process less
intimidating.
Services may include:

o court orientation, preparation and accompaniment to court;

o updates on the progress of the case;
o coordinating meetings with the Crown and,
o Assessing the ability of a child victim/witness to testify.

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 34

COMMUNITY-BASED VICTIM SERVICES

- Community-based victim services provide direct services to victims and

receive funding either in whole or in part by the provincial and/or federal
government responsible for criminal justice matters.
- Some community-based victim services agencies serve a specific
clientele such as:

o victims of family and sexual violence;

o ethno-specific and diverse communities and,
o child victims.

- Services offered may include:

o emotional support;
o practical assistance;
o information;
o court orientation and,
o Referrals.

VOLUNTEERS AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

- Many police-based and community-based victim services utilize the services

of volunteers to assist with their programs. Volunteers can assist in many
different ways including direct contact with clients to provide assistance.
Other ways may include:

o providing administrative help and,

o Fundraising or serving as board members.

- Most organizations that use the services of volunteers provide training in

victim assistance to the volunteers.
- Non-governmental organizations dedicated to victims may also be able to
provide direct and practical assistance. These organizations can operate at
national, provincial or municipal levels. As the services and types of
organizations vary widely, contact those groups in your community to find out
more about what services they offer.

ROLE OF COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY AND ITS FIVE FUNCTIONS

- A community is a group of people in the same geographic area, under common
laws, that has a sense of fellowship, belonging, and obligation to the group.

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 Types of communities are a neighborhood, church, a mom's group, a town, girl
scouts etc.

The community has five functions: production-distribution-consumption, socialization,

social control, social participation, and mutual support.

 Production, Distribution, consumption: The community provides its

members with the means to make a living. This may be agriculture, industry,
or services.
 Socialization: The community has means by which it instills its norms and
values in its members. This may be tradition, modeling, and/or formal
education.
 Social Control: The community has the means to enforce adherence to
community values. This may be group pressure to conform and/or formal
laws.
 Social Participation: The community fulfills the need for companionship.
This may occur in a neighborhood, church, business, or other group.
 Mutual Support: The community enables its members to cooperate to
accomplish tasks too large or too urgent to be handled by a single person.
Supporting a community hospital with tax dollars and donations is an
example of people cooperating to accomplish the task of health care.

PREVENTING VICTIMIZATION and CRIME PREVENTION

THE 10 PRINCIPLES OF CRIME PREVENTION AND VICTIMIZATION

1. Target Hardening

Making your property harder for an offender to access.

Upgrading the locks on your doors, windows, sheds and outbuildings
Fitting sash jammers to vulnerable doors and windows
Using secure passwords to prevent criminals hacking your online
accounts
2. Target Removal

 Ensuring that a potential target is out of view.

 Not leaving items on view through your windows – i.e. laptops, phones,
keys, bags
 Putting your vehicle in the garage if you have one and not leaving
valuables on display
 Being cautious about what you post online as it may be used to identify
or locate you offline

3. Reducing the Means

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 36

  Removing items that may help commit an offence.
 Not leaving tools and ladders in the garden and clearing up any
rubble/bricks
 Keeping wheelie bins out of reach, as they may be a climbing aid or
help transport items
 Making sure that bricks and rubble are cleared up

4. Reducing the Payoff

 Reducing the profit the criminal can make from the offence.
 Security marking your property
 Marking your property in such a way that others will not want to buy
from the thief
 Not buying property you believe or suspect to be stolen

5. Access Control

 Looking at measures that will control access to a location, a person or

object.
 Locking your doors and windows to both your house and your vehicle
 Ensuring that fencing, hedges, walls and other boundary treatments
are in a good state of repair
 Putting a security system in place at a commercial site (entry barriers,
security guards, ID cards)

6. Surveillance

 Improving surveillance around homes, businesses or public places to

deter criminals.
 Removing high hedges / fences at the front of your home that allows an
offender to work unseen
 Consider adding CCTV to a commercial site or public place
 Establishing a Neighbourhood Watch Scheme in your street

7. Environmental Change

 Ensuring your property and wider community looks cared for.

 Ensuring that graffiti and domestic/commercial waste is cleared up
 Reporting issues with fly-tipping or broken street lights to the relevant
authority
 Working with the police and local authority to close a footpath

8. Rule Setting

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 37

  Changing our habits by setting rules and positioning signage in
appropriate locations.
 Introducing a rule that the last person entering / leaving should lock the
door and remove the keys
 Informing visitors to commercial sites that they must report to reception on
arrival
 Informing users that a particular site is closed between certain times and
should not be accessed

9. Increase the Chances of Being Caught

 Increasing the likelihood that an offender will be caught to prevent crime

occurring.
 Making use of dusk to dawn security lighting is in place and in working
order
 Using good quality CCTV and/or alarm systems, especially on commercial
sites and public places
 Upgrading security to delay an offender, meaning they have to spend
more time to gain access

10. Deflecting Offenders

 Deterring an offender or deflecting their intention

 Using timer switches to make our homes look occupied if vacant after the
hours of darkness
 Running youth diversionary schemes with partner agencies
 Referring offenders to drug rehabilitation programmes

REINTEGRATION OF OFFENDER

What Is Reintegration?
- In the criminal justice system, reintegration refers to the process of reentry into
society by people that have been in prison. Reintegration includes the
reinstatement of freedoms not previously had by individuals as a result of being
in prison. This process may occur gradually, as in the case of paroled inmates,
inmates finishing their sentences in halfway houses, or serving the final part of
their sentence on home confinement and gradually granted freedoms.

Risk Factors
- The primary criminogenic needs that must be addressed by institutional and
community-based treatment services are related to: education, employment,
accommodation, drugs and alcohol, mental health, social networks, cognitive
skills, and attitudes. These risk factors are dynamic – meaning they are
amenable to change – whereas other risk factors are not (Harper and Chitty,

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 38

 2004). Program evaluations in the UK have identified a number of interventions
that reduce risk factors. These include pre-school education; family literacy;
parenting information and support; reasoning and social skills education;
organizational change in schools; and reading schemes" (Stephenson and
Jamieson, 2006).
- Treatment programs vary in efficacy and none are completely effective.
Interventions can fail to achieve their objectives because not all offenders are
immediately amenable to treatment: a lack of willingness to accept responsibility
or a poor motivation to change can make a big difference. Among the obstacles
to youth engagement in education, training, and employment are high levels of
non-participation by youth, a lack of knowledge of the issues among
professionals and conflicting objectives and target among programs (Stephenson
and Jamieson, 2006).

 Those offenders who complete treatment programs have higher rates of success
in terms of their successful reintegration. Factors associated with treatment
completion include:
- More years of education;
- Not having a history of sexual victimization;
- Fewer previous incarcerations;
- Lower levels of minimization or justification of the offending
behaviour (Lievore, 2004).

Goals and Attributes of Offender Re-entry Programs

- Reentry programs are often based on a case-management approach and
cover a range of interventions. These interventions are designed to assist
offenders in preparing for their release from confinement by helping them
acquire the skill sets required to succeed in the community, addressing
personal challenges and the factors associated with their criminal
behaviour, and establishing the necessary contacts and relationships in
the community. Many, if not most, of these programs include some of form
of supervision.
- Programs are typically developed on the basis of the current
understanding of the dynamic risk factors associated with recidivism, the
typical needs of offenders, and the challenges they encounter upon their
release from prison. Programs vary according to the recidivism risk factors
and the type of social integration challenges they are designed to address.
Many programs focus on specific challenges confronting offenders, such
as addiction, drug abuse, or unemployment and many offender
reintegration programs have been designed to deal with specific

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 39

 categories of offenders, such as chronic offenders, drug addicted
offenders, young offenders, mentally ill offenders, or dangerous sexual
offenders.
- Traditionally, one could identify three main types of offender
reintegration programs:
1. institution-based programs (some of them offered by community-based
agencies);
2. surveillance-based transition programs;
3. assistance based transition programs.

The end!!!!!!!

PREPARED BY: JAYMIE C. TUMALIUAN MSCRIM.

NOTES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 40