Sensor Technologies for IoT

Lecture Two: 30 Sep 2024

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AI-Based Sensors: Application Examples

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Artificial Intelligence-Based Sensors for IoT Applications
Sensors play a vital role in our daily lives and are an essential
component for Internet of Things (IoT) based systems as they enable
the IoT to collect data to take smart and intelligent decisions.
Advances in IoT systems, applications, and technologies, including
industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), are being supported by a
wide range of different types of sensors based on artificial intelligence
(AI).
These smart AI-based sensors are typically characterized by onboard
intelligence and have the ability to communicate collaboratively or
through the Internet. examples include UBER, BOLT Apps that
are supported by SMART PHONES and Enabled Via IoTs
To achieve the high level of automation required in today’s smart IoT
applications, sensors incorporated into nodes must be efficient,
intelligent,context-aware, reliable, accurate, and connected.
Sensors leveraging advanced AI technologies, new capabilities have
recently emerged which have the potential to detect, identify, and
avoid performance degradation and discover new patterns.
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Sensor Technologies
A SENSOR is a device that responds to a physical stimulus (such as
heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and
transmits a resulting impulse (such as for measurement or operating a
control system).
Sensors are used in almost every system today. They are in our
homes, and workplaces, shopping centers, hospitals, and are
embedded in smartphones. Sensors have become an integral part
of the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem.
According to Lord Kevin, “If you cannot measure it, you cannot
improve it”. The sensor is a fundamental element for measuring
any parameters of interest.
Sensors are crucial to the operation of many businesses today. They
are instrumental in warning us of any potential problems which could
affect operations, allowing businesses to perform predictive
maintenance and avoid costly downtime.

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Sensors Technologies applications: Examples

The emergence of big data analytics technology is enabling sensors’

data to be analyzed to detect trends that may allow business owners
to gain insight into crucial trends and ultimately help them to make
informed, evidence-based decisions.
The sensors can be health sensors to measure patients’ pulse and
blood pressure [36], or the sensors can measure the temperature to
indicate a fire accident [31].
The networked sensors transfer the sensed data through wireless
technologies to a cloud for processing and notify the listed users to
take an appropriate action [42], [44].
Coverage, discovery, connection times, and mobility in the deployment
of a sensor node in a smart city environment has been discussed in
[7]. The authors of [7] have proposed an automated fire alert
detection system which comprises smoke sensors and fire sensors [10].

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IOT ARCHITECTURE: General and Specific

Different IoT architectures have been defined each with the required
system functionalities based on the problem being addressed..

different scientific organizations have varying IoT architectures based

on hierarchical layers for specific application domains.

These layers are also known as “tiers”. A reference model can be

considered to show various functional blocks, interactions and
integration. CISCO’s representation of a reference model consists of
seven layers as Figure 1 shows.
Fig.1 depicts the IoT Reference architecture by Oracle.

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Reference model of an IoT system by CISCO Fig 1, and
reference model by ORACLE .

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Compare the Basic architecture of IoT with the CISCO IoT
Reference Architecture

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Design characteristics of IoT architecture
The design fills in as a kind of perspective in IoT in administrations
and business measures.
Smart sensors collect the information, analyze vital components,
change it according to the gadget’s application system, and interface
it directly to a communication device.
A set of sensor circuits is associated with an entryway having separate
information.
The communication gateway sub-framework comprises of convention
overseers, switches, and message reserve.
The executive’s sub-framework has functionalities for supporting the
gadget’s character information base, characteristics, and access to the
board.
Data travels securely from the entryway through the web and server
farm to the application worker or venture worker.
Organization and examination sub frameworks empower the
administrations, business measures, venture joining, and complex
cycle.
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IEEE SA P2413 standard for the design of IoT.
The reference architecture describes the meaning of essential compositional
structure blocks and their ability to support a multi-tiered framework.

The reference architecture describes the basic building blocks of a

multi-tiered framework that abstracts “Things” using a top down
approach. This blueprint covers different functional areas of the IoT
domain and recommends quality ‘quadruple’ belief that incorporates
assurance, security, protection, and well-being
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Webinos IoT Architecture for smart things

Webinos is an IoT architecture for smart things that focuses on

empowering web applications deployed on Personal Computers (PCs),
in-vehicle units, and home media. Fig. 4 depicts the Webinos IoT
architecture that supports both IoT and Machine to Machine (M2M)
applications.
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Sensor data processing for IoT.
Data collected from sensors (including IoT sensors) needs to be
processed and analyzed in order to make timely, intelligent decisions.
Sensors data processing for IoT is viewed as the assortment and
control of things to generate vital information.
Meaningful information is extracted from the raw data and this
information is then presented to the end entity (user or machine) so
that the latter can provide the appropriate response.

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Sensor data processing for IoT... 2
The procedure to convert raw data into meaningful information to
generate smarter decisions follows a cyclic process comprising three
phases: input, processing, and output.Fig. 5 depicts the cyclic
process of sensors data processing.
Input is the principal phase of the data processing cyclic process. In
this phase, sensors’ fusion data is changed into a
machine-comprehensible structure so that a machine can process it.
In the processing phase, a program running on the machine
transforms the raw data into information by following various data
manipulation methods depending on the application requirements.
AI data manipulation methods for information processing include
classification, calculation, and sorting techniques.
The next phase is the output wherein the data is changed over into a
comprehensible structure and introduced to the end-user or machine
as valuable data.

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Sensor Data Processing Levels for Various IoT Application
Domains

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Sensor Data Processing Levels for Various IoT Application
Domains...2

Some IoT application domains, such as real-time applications, demand low

latency, and high data transfer rates. Hence, sensor data processing can be
performed at two different levels depending on the application
requirements:

1 near to the sensor data origin (node level): Further, node-level sensor
data processing is categorized into a) Edge computing, and b) Fog
computing.

2 at the cloud level.

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1) Data Processing at/Near the Sensor Node: a) Edge
Computing

The edge computing permits the data to be handled close to its cause
(the sensor devices/gadgets). The information is moved from sensor
gadgets to a neighborhood edge computing framework, which
procedures, stores the information, and processes the data locally.
Additionally, the framework could assemble the handled information
and send it to the Cloud at regular intervals of time.

The beneficial thing about edge processing is that only the significant
data is sent over the network. This requires less data transmission
from the sensor system and spares the sensor batteries.

the information can be processed faster when done close to the sensor
gadget

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1) Data Processing at/Near the Sensor Node: b) Fog
Computing
Fog Computing, otherwise called fogging, is engineering that utilizes
edge gadgets (sensor devices) to complete a considerable measure of
calculation, storage, and communication locally before being
transmitted over the web.
Fog computing includes carrying knowledge to the local network of
computing devices and processes the data in a fog node.
fog computing is a standard that characterizes how edge computing
should work, and it empowers the activity of process, storage, and
systems administration between end gadgets/devices and distributed
computing systems.
Fog computing underpins the IoT idea, in which a large portion of the
devices utilized by people consistently will be associated with one
another. Models incorporate telephones, wearable well-being checking
gadgets, associated vehicles, and wearable devices (e.g., Google
Glass).
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2) Sensor Data Processing at the Cloud:
Numerous IoT frameworks utilize vast sensors to gather information
and make smart decisions.
Utilizing the cloud, is significant for data aggregation, subsequently
inferring intelligent decisions from the information. For example, an
agribusiness organization would have the option to look at soil
moisture from the sensors located at different places after planting
similar seeds.Without the Cloud, looking at information across more
extensive zones is substantially more troublesome.
Utilizing the cloud computing features for IoT takes into account high
versatility. When a massive number of sensors is utilized, putting a
high computational burden on every sensor would be very costly.
Instead, information can be passed to the Cloud from every sensor
and prepared there in total.
For quite a bit of IoT, sensors and gadgets gather information and
perform activities, yet the handling/ordering/investigation ordinarily
occurs in the Cloud.
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Basic architecture of sensor cloud.

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“Things” enabledAI in the IoT theme will result into
“Smart Things” for better outcomes.

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communication protocols used in Internet of Things

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References

1 Mukhopadhyay, S. C., Tyagi, S. K. S., Suryadevara, N. K., Piuri, V.,

Scotti, F., & Zeadally, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence-based sensors
for next generation IoT applications: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal,
21(22), 24920-24932.

2 Ali, Ihsan, et al. ”Data collection in studies on Internet of things

(IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and sensor cloud (SC):
Similarities and differences.” IEEE Access 10 (2022): 33909-33931.

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