Chapter 4

Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Chapter outlines

➢ Describe IoT
➢ Explain the history of IoT
➢ Describe the pros and cons of IoT
➢ Explain how IoT works
➢ Explain the architecture of IoT
➢ Describe IoT tools and platforms
➢ Describe some of the application areas of IoT

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 4.1. Overview of IoT

• The most important features of IoT include

• Artificial intelligence
• Connectivity
• Sensors
• Active engagement
• Small device use
Chapter four Internet of Things (IoT) 3
 4.1.1. What is IoT?
• Definition,
• IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a
huge number of devices intelligently communicating
in the presence of internet protocol that cannot be
directly operated by human beings but exist as
components in buildings, vehicles or the environment.
(According to the Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB))

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 Cont…
• IoT is the networking of smart objects in which
smart objects have some constraints such as
limited bandwidth, power, and processing
accessibility for achieving interoperability
among smart objects (According to the Internet
Engineering Task Force IETF)

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 Cont…
• IoT is a framework of all things that have a
representation in the presence of the internet in
such a way that new applications and services
enable the interaction in the physical and virtual
world in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication in the cloud (According to the IEEE
Communications category magazine’s)

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 Cont…

• The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to

the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed
through a simple formula such as:

IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks

+ Sensors
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 Cont…
• IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s
computing devices through the Internet that
enables the sending and receiving of useful
data (According to the Oxford dictionary’s )

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 4.1.3. IoT - Advantages
• Improved Customer Engagement
• Technology Optimization
• Reduced Waste
• Enhanced Data Collection

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 4.1.4. IoT – Disadvantages
• As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared between devices, the potential that a
hacker could steal confidential information also increases
• If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every
connected device will become corrupted
• Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for
IoT, it’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other

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 Cont…

• Enterprises may eventually have to deal

with massive numbers maybe even millions
of IoT devices and collecting and managing
the data from all those devices will be
challenging

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 4.1.5. Challenges of IoT
• Security
• Privacy
• Complexity
• Flexibility
• Compliance

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 4.2. How does IoT work?
• An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices
that use embedded processors, sensors and communication
hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge device where
data is either sent to the cloud to be analysed locally

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 4.2.1. Architecture of IoT
• In general, an IoT device can be explained as a
network of things that consists of hardware,
software, network connectivity, and sensors
• Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises
four major components: sensing, network, data
processing, and application layers

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Architectures of IoT

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1. Sensing Layer
• The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify any
phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain data
from the real world
• This layer consists of several sensors.
• Using multiple sensors for applications is one of the
primary features of IoT devices. Sensors in IoT devices
are usually integrated through sensor hubs

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 Cont…

• A sensor hub is a common connection point for

multiple sensors that accumulate and forward
sensor data to the processing unit of a device
• Actuators can also intervene to change the
physical conditions that generate the data

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 Classifications of Sensors in IoT
devices
• Motion Sensors
• Motion sensors measure the change in motion as well as the
orientation of the devices.
• There are two types of motions one can observe in a device:
• linear and angular motions. The linear motion refers to
the linear displacement of an IoT device while the angular
motion refers to the rotational displacement of the device

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 Cont…
• Position sensors
• Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the physical position and
location of the device
• The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are magnetic
sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.
• Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass and help to fix the
orientation of the device display. On the other hand, GPS is used for
navigation purposes in IoT devices

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 Cont…
• Environmental Sensors
• Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are embedded in
IoT devices to sense the change in environmental parameters in the
device’s peripheral
• The primary purpose is to help the devices to take autonomous
decisions according to the changes of a device’s peripheral
• For instance, environment sensors are used in many applications to
improve user experience (e.g., home automation systems, smart locks,
smart lights, etc.)

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 2. Network Layer
• The network layer acts as a communication channel
to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to
other connected devices.
• In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by
using diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network,
etc.) to allow data flow between other devices within
the same network 21
 3. Data Processing Layer
• The data processing layer consists of the main data processing unit of IoT
devices.
• The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and
analyses
the data to make decisions based on the result.
• In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the data
processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to improve
the user experience.
• This layer may share the result of data processing with other connected
devices via the network layer.
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 4. Application Layer
• The application layer implements and presents the
results of the data
processing layer to accomplish disparate applications
of IoT devices.
• The application layer is a user-centric layer that
executes various tasks for the users.
• There exist diverse IoT applications, which include
smart transportation, smart home, personal care, 23

healthcare, etc.
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4.2.2. Devices and Networks
• Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every device
talks to other related devices in an environment to automate
home and industrial tasks, and to communicate usable sensor
data to users, businesses and other interested parties.
• IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home,
in industry or in the enterprise.
• As such, the devices can be categorized into three main
groups: consumer, enterprise and industrial.

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 Cont…
• Consumer connected devices include
• smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables,
• industrial IoT devices include
• smart appliances. smart meters, commercial security systems and
smart city technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and
weather conditions
• Other technologies, including smart air conditioning, smart
thermostats, smart lighting, and smart security, span home,
enterprise, and industrial uses.
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 Cont…
• Enterprise IoT devices include
• smart sensors located in a conference room can help an
employee locate and schedule an available room for a meeting,
ensuring the proper room type, size and features are available
• When meeting attendees enter the room, the temperature will
adjust according to the occupancy, and the lights will dim as
the appropriate PowerPoint loads on the screen and the
speaker begins his presentation.

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 Cont…
• Developing an IoT network management solution is not an easy task
because of the intrinsic constraints of IoT networks (architecture,
technologies, physical layer).
• It is necessary to take into account several elements such as scalability,
interoperability, energy efficiency, topology control, Quality of Service
(QoS), fault tolerance, and security.
• The security, context-aware, and the standard model of messages still in
an early stage and should be resolved in a new management platform.

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 Cont…
• Therefore, this work proposes a platform for IoT networks and devices
management, called M4DN.IoT (Management for Device and Network
in the Internet of Things).
• This solution integrates and controls the individual functionalities of the
devices in an IoT network as well as the status and characteristics of this
network.
• M4DN. IoT defines a management structure in two scopes:
• Local management, where the platform runs in the same environment as the
devices,
• Remote management, where the platform controls the devices in different
networks 29
 Cont…
• The structure of the platform is expandable, allowing the
addition of new types of network devices or applications.
• In addition, the platform provides standard web services,
such as device discovery, data storage, and user
authorities, which are basic requirements for creating IoT
applications.

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Networked IoT Devices

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4.3. IoT Tools and Platforms
• There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform
marketplace, offering remarkably similar capabilities and
methods of deployment.
• These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of
Things and cloud technology.
• They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise,
home automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a
few.
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4.4. Applications of IoT
• The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option
for so many businesses, organizations, and government
branches, that it doesn’t make sense to ignore it.
• Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be
best applied

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 Cont…
• Agriculture
• Consumer Use
• Healthcare
• Insurance
• Manufacturing
• Retail
• Transportation
• Utilities

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 4.3.1. IoT Based Smart Home
• Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage
and monitor different home devices from anywhere via
smartphones or over the web with no physical distance
limitations.
• With the ongoing development of mass-deployed broadband
internet connectivity and wireless technology, the concept of a
Smart Home has become a reality where all devices are
integrated and interconnected via the wireless network.
• These “smart” devices have the potential to share information
with each other given the permanent availability to access the
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broadband internet connection.

 Cont…
• Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances
to avoid accidents and save energy.
• Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability to
transmit data over long distances.
• Smart Home Appliances:
• Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food that’s about to expire,
ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a smartphone
app.
• Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and.
• The kitchen ranges with the interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely
adjustable temperature control and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature. 40
4.3.2. IoT Based Smart City
• In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics,
and autonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent
platform to deliver innovations in energy management,
traffic management, and security, sharing the benefits of
this technology throughout society.
• Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material
conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments.

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 Cont…
• Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street
lights.
• Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management,
public announcement systems.
• Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with
warning messages and diversions according to climate
conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams

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 Cont…
• Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems
making people feel safe in their daily life at home.
• Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and
door openings and violations to prevent intruders
• Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply
consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save
cost and resources, & many more.

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 Cont…
• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces
available in the city making residents able to identify and
reserve the closest available spaces
• Waste Management:
• Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash
collection routes
• Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation
staff to see when garbage has been put out

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4.3.3. IoT Based Smart Farming
• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality
• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay,
straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants
• Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals
grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of
ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases
from excrements.

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 Cont…
• Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the
offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health.
• Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with
better monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and
management of the agriculture fields, including better
control of fertilizing, electricity and watering

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Chapter Four Review Questions
1. What are the main parts of the IoT system?
2. What are the security concerns related to IoT?
3. Explain IoT Protocol stack?
4. What is meant by a smart city regarding the IoT?
5. Give examples of the impact of IoT on our lives?
6. What influence will the IoT have on monetary growth?
7. Why will be the IoT successful in the coming years?
8. What impact will the IoT have on the health care sector?
9. What are the main social and cultural impacts of IoT?
10. What the main challenges of an IoT?
11. What role does the network play in the IoT of everything?
12. How wireless communication might affect the development and
implementations of IoT?
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