VECTOR CALCULUS

{
x4 y2
, ( x , y ) ≠(0 , 0)
1. Let f ( x , y )= x 4 + y 4 .
0 , ( x , y )=(0 , 0)
lim f (x , y)
a) Find (x , y)→(0 , 0)

b) Check the continuity of f at (0,0)

c) Find f x ( 0 , 0 )
d) Find the directional derivative of f at (0,0) in the direction of (1,-1)

{
x2 y2
, ( x , y ) ≠(0 , 0)
2. Let f ( x , y )= x 4 + y 4 .
( )
0 , x , y =(0 , 0)
4
a) Show that lim f ( x , y )= along the pathy=2 x
(x , y)→(0 , 0) 17
b) Check the continuity of f at (0,0)
c) Find f x ( 0 , 0 )
d) Find the directional derivative of f at (0,0) in the direction of (1,-1)
3
xy
3. Let f ( x , y )= 2 6 . Check whether f(x,y) is continuous at (0,0) or not.
x +y

3 3
x +y lim f (x , y ).
4. Let f ( x , y )= . Find (x , y)→(1
x+ y ,−1)

5. Let f ( x , y , z )=x 2 y 3−3 xz∧u=(1 , 2, 2). Find the directional derivative of f in the direction of the vector
u at the point (0,1,-1).

6. Consider the function f ( x , y , z )=z (cosx+ siny) at the point (0,0,3). Find the directional derivative in
the direction of (6,3,-2).

7. The function T =x 2+ 2 y 2 +2 z 2 gives the temperature at each point in space. At the point P= (1,1,1), in
which direction should you go to get the most rapid decrease in T?

8. A skier is on a mountain with equation z=20−0.4 x 2−0.3 y 2 where z denotes the height. The skier is
located at the point with xy-co-ordinates (1,-1) and wants to ski-downhill along the steepest possible
path. In which direction should the skier begin skiing?

9. Let f ( x , y )=sinxcosy . Find the parametric and the symmetric equations of the line tangent of f at the
π π
point ( , ) ,
2 2
a) In the direction of x-axis.
b) In the direction of y-axis,
c) In the direction of (-1,1).
 { }
x−1 y −1 z−2
( x , y , z ) ϵ R 3∨ = =
10. Consider the function f ( x , y )=x + xy. Show that the line,
2
1 1 2 √ 2 represents
√2 √2
the tangent line at the point (1,1) in the direction of the vector (1,1).
11. Consider the function f ( x , y )=x 3 + y 3. Show that the tangent line at the point (1,1) in the direction of

{ }
x−1 y −1 z−1
( x , y , z ) ϵ R 3∨ = =
the vector (1,1) is the affine space, 1 1 1 .
√2 √2 √2

12. Consider the function f ( x , y )=x 2+ y 2. Show that the following affine space represents the tangent
line at the point (1,1) in the direction of the vector (1,1):

{ }
x−1 y −2 z −5
( x , y , z ) ϵ R 3∨ = =
1 1 6 .
√2 √2 √2

13. Let f ( x , y )=x 2+ y 2+ 3 x 2−3 y 2−8.

a) Find the number of critical points.
b) Find the number of saddle points.
c) Find the number of local maxima.
d) Find the number of local minima.
e) If H(x,y) denotes the Hessian matrix of f(x,y), find the determinant of H(x,y).

14. Let f ( x , y )=x 4 + y 4+ 4 x 3 +4 x2 −8 y 2−5.

a) Find the number of critical points.
b) Find the number of saddle points.
c) Find the number of local maxima.
d) Find the number of local minima.

15. Consider the function f ( x , y )=2 x3 +6 x y 2−3 y 3−150 x .

a) Find the number of critical points.
b) Find the number of saddle points.
c) Find the number of local maxima.
d) Find the number of local minima.
e) Find the number of points at which the Hessian test is indeterminate.

16. Consider the function f ( x , y , x )=x 2 + y 2 + z 2+ xy + yz+ kzx .

a) Find the Transpose of the Hessian matrix of the function at any critical point.
b) Find the value of k, where the Hessian test is inconclusive.
c) Find the value of k for which the critical point be a,
i. Point of local maxima
ii. Point of local minima
iii. Saddle point.

a b
[ ]
17. Consider a matrix A= b a and a function f:R2→R such that f(a,b)=det(A).
a) Find the number of critical points of the function f(a,b).
b) If (β,γ) is a critical point of f(a,b), then show that the matrix, A= γ [ β βγ ] satisfies A =A.
2
 a

18. Consider the function f ( a , b )=b +∫ ( 3 x +3 b −15 ) dx .

3 2 2

a) Find the number of critical points.

b) Let p1=( 1 ,−2 ) , p2=( 0 , √ 2 ) , p 3=( √ 5 , 0 ) , p 4=(−1 , 2 ) , p5 =(−√ 5 ,0 ) .
i. Write down the values of “I” in increasing order for which pi (i=1,2,3,4,5) is a point of
local minima according to the Hessian test.
ii. Write down the values of “I” in increasing order for which pi (i=1,2,3,4,5) is a saddle
point according to the Hessian test.

19. Consider the plane x+y+z=1 in R3. Let (a,b,c) be the point on the plane such that the distance of the
point from the origin is the least.
a) Find the value of 15(a+b).
b) If ‘d’ is the minimum distance from the origin, then find the value of 9d 2.

20. If a, b and c are the positive numbers which satisfy the following properties:
 The sum of a, b and c is 27.
 The sum of the squares of a, b and c is minimum among the sum of squares of any such
positive numbers which sum up to 27.
Find the value of a-b+c.
 Matrix

[ ]
1 2 3
1. Let A= 4 5 6 is a matrix.
7 8 9
a) Find Rank(A).
b) Find Nullity(A).
c) Find Trace(A).
d) Find the dimension of the Column Space of A.
e) Find the dimension of the Row Space of A.
f) Find the dimension of the Null Space of A.
g) Find the dimension of the Range Space (Image Space) of A.
h) Find a basis for the Column Space of A.
i) Find a basis for the Row Space of A.
j) Find a basis for the Null Space of A.
k) Check whether Ax = 0 has infinitely many solutions or not.

[
−1 6
] 3 0
2. Is the matrix A= −2 6 similar to the matrix B= 0 2 ? [ ]

[ ] [ ]
1 2 3 −1 3 4
3. Let A= 2 1 2 and B= 0 2 1 .
−1 1 1 −1 1 3
a) Check if A is equivalent to B or not.
b) Check if A is similar to B or not.

[ 1 1] [ 1 0]
4. Check if 0 1 and 0 1 are Similar.

[ 1 6] [−2 07 ] are Equivalent.

5. Check if 3 4 and 0

[ a+b+ c
6. If b−c+ 1
b+ c−d
d
=
][
a+1 2 c−3 d +3
2 c+ a ]
, then what is the value of tr(A).

7. Let A be a a 3×3 orthogonal matrix with positive determinant. Then answer the following:
a) Find the det(2A).
b) Find the det(3A).
c) Show that A is Equivalent to the Identity matrix of order 3.

[ ]
1 0 1
8. Let A= −2 1 2 . Let B be the matrix whose rows are obtained by normalizing the rows of A.
1 4 −1
 a) Show that A and B have the same RREF.
b) Show that B is an orthogonal matrix.
c) Check if BBTX = 0 has infinitely many solutions or not.
d) What is z 2+ 2 z 3 , where(z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )T is the solution of Bz=(1 ,−2 , 1)T obtained using Cramer’s Rule.

Linear Transformation
A

[ ]
0 1 −1
1. Let T : R → R and A= 0 0 0 be the matrix corresponding to the linear transformation T with
3 3

1 0 1
respect to the basis β= { (1 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 , 0 ) ,(0 , 0 , 1) } and γ = { ( 1, 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 , 1 ) , (1, 0 , 1) }.
a) Check the Bijectivity of T.

2. Let T : R 4 → R 4 be a linear transformation given by T ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 )=(x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , 0).

a) Check the Injectivity of T.

3. Let U denote the set of all 2×2 upper triangular matrices. Also let T :U → R2 be a linear
a b
([ ])
transformation defined as T 0 c =(a+b , c ).
a) Check the Bijectivity of T.

4. Let D denote the set of all 2×2 upper diagonal matrices. Also let T : D → R 2 be a linear transformation
a b
([ ])
defined as T 0 c =(a+b , 4 a−5b) .
a) Check whether T is one-one and onto.
b) Check whether there exists an isomorphism from R(T) (range of T) to R.

5. Let T : R 2 → R 2 be a linear transformation defined by T ( x , y )=( x + y , x− y ).

a) Show that T is one-one and onto.

[ ]
x −1 2
6. Consider the matrix A= y 1 2 .
z 3 4
Let T : R 3 → R be a linear transformation given by T ( x , y , z )=det ⁡( A ).
a) Check whether T is an isomorphism or not.

7. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be a linear transformation given by T ( x , y . z )=( x+2 y , z−3 y , x− y + z ).

a) Show that there exists an iso morphism from the range of T to R2.
 B

1. Let T : R 4 → R 4 be a linear transformation given by T ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 )=(x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , 0).

Let β= { (1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,0 , 1 , 0 ) ,(0 , 0 , 0 ,1) } be the standard order basis.
a) Find the Matrix corresponding to T with respect to the basis β for both domain and co-
domain.
b) Find the rank of T.

2. Let U denote the set of all 2×2 upper triangular matrices. Also let T :U → R2 be a linear
a b
([ ])
transformation defined as T 0 c =(a+b , c ).

{( ) ( ) ( )}
1 0 0 1 0 0
Consider an ordered basis β= 0 0 , 0 0 , 0 1 .

Consider an ordered basis γ = { ( 1, 0 ) ,(1 , 1) }

a) Let matrix A be the matrix representation of T with respect to the ordered basis β for U and
the standard ordered basis for the co-domain R2.
i. Find A.
ii. Find rank and nullity of T.

b) Let B be the matrix representation of T with respect to the ordered basis β for the domain
and an ordered basis γ for the co-domain R2.
i. Find B.
ii. Find rank and nullity of B.

c) Check whether A is equivalent to B or not.

3. Let D denote the set of all 2×2 diagonal matrices.

1 0 0 0
{( ) ( )}
Consider an ordered basis β= 0 0 , 0 2 ∧γ= { ( 1 ,−1 ) ,(1 ,1) }.

a b
([ ])
Let T :U → R2 be a linear transformation defined as T 0 c =(a+b , 4 a−5b) .

a) Let matrix A be the matrix representation of T with respect to the ordered basis β for D and
the standard ordered basis for the co-domain R2.
i. Find the matrix A.
 ii. Find the rank and nullity of T.

b) Let B be the matrix representation of T with respect to the ordered bases β for the domain
and the ordered bases γ for the co-domain.

i. Find B.
ii. Find rank and nullity of B.

c) Check whether A is Similar to B or not.

4. Let T : R 2 → R 2 be a linear transformation given by T ( x , y )=(x + y , x− y ).

a b
[ ]
a) Let A= c d is the matrix representation of T with respect to a basis { ( 1 , 1 ) ,(1 ,2) } for the
domain and { ( 1 , 1 ) ,(1 ,−1) } for the co-domain, then

i. What is (b+c)?
ii. What is Rank(A)?
iii. Check whether the system Ax = 0 has infinitely many solutions or not.

b) Let B be the matrix representation of T with respect to the standard ordered basis for R 2 for
both domain and co-domain.
i. Find B

c) Check A and B are equivalent matrices or not.

d) Check A and B are similar matrices or not.

5. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be a linear transformation given by T ( x , y . z )=( x+2 y , z−3 y , x− y + z ).

a) Find the nullity of T.
b) Find the rank of T.

6. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be a linear transformation given by

T ( x , y . z )=(a1 x+ b1 y + c1 z , a 2 x +b2 y +c 2 z , a3 x+ b3 y+ c 3 z ).

[ ]
2 1 1
If H= 1 2 1 is the matrix representation of T with respect to the standard ordered basis { e 1 , e2 , e3 }
1 1 2
for both domain and co-domain, then

a) Find the value of 2(a ¿ ¿ 1+a2 )+ ( b2 +b 3 )−(c 1+ c 3) ¿.

[ ]
x −1 2
7. Consider the matrix A= y 1 2 .
z 3 4
Let T : R 3 → R be a linear transformation given by T ( x , y , z )=det ⁡( A ).
Let B be the matrix representation of T with respect to some ordered bases for the domain and co-
domain. If m×n be the order of the matrix B and r be the nullity of B, find the value of m+n+r.
 C
1. Let T : R → R and β= { (1 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 , 0 ) ,(0 , 0 , 1) } and γ = { ( 1, 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 , 1 ) , (1, 0 , 1) }.
3 3

[ ]
0 1 −1
Let A= 0 0 0 be the matrix corresponding to the linear transformation T with respect to the
1 0 1
basis β and γ.
Let B be the matrix corresponding to the linear transformation T with respect to the basis β for both
domain and co-domain.
a) Find B

Inner Product, Projection & Gram Schmidt

1. Let u, v be vectors in R3 such that u + v and u – v are orthogonal. If u = (1, -2,2), then ‖v‖=?

2. Let v 1=( 1 ,2 , 1 ) , v 2=( 2 ,1 ,−4 ) , v 3=(3 ,−2 ,1) be vectors in R3 equipped with usual inner product.
a) Suppose v = (7,1,9) and v=α v 1+ β v2 + γ v 3 then find α, β and γ.
v1 v2 v3
b) Let u1= ,u 2= , u3 = be the columns of the matrix A. Then find |det ⁡(A )|.
‖v 1‖ ‖v 2‖ ‖v 3‖
i. Find |det ⁡(A )|.
ii. Find the sum of the squares of the elements of every row of A.

3. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be the projection of R3 onto the space, W ={ ( x , y , z ) : x + y + z=0 }.

a) Show that the set of vectors { ( 1 ,−1 , 0 ) ,(1 , 1 ,−2) } forms a basis for the range of T.
b) Check whether the set of vectors { ( 1 ,−1 , 0 ) ,(1 , 1 ,−2) } forms a basis for the null space of T.

4. Consider the subspace, U ={( x , y , z ) ϵ R3 : x= y=z } . Let PU be the projection on the space U.
a) Find a basis for the range space of PU .
b) Find a basis for the null space of PU .

5. Consider the subspace, V = {( x , y , z ) ϵ R3 : x + y + z=0 } . Let PV be the projection on the space V.

a) Find a basis for the range space of PV .
b) Find a basis for the null space of PV .

6. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be the projection of R3 onto the space, W ={ ( x , y , z ) : x + y + z=0 }.

a) Find a basis for the range space of T.
b) Find a basis for the null space of T.

7. Consider the subspace, W ={ ( x , y , z , w ) : x + y =z , z +w=x− y } of R4 . Let PW be the projection on the

space W.
a) Find a basis for the range space of PW .
b) Find a basis for the null space of PW .
 Gram Smidth Process

1. Consider the subspace, W ={ ( x , y , z ) : x− y + z =0 , x , y , zϵR } of R3 .

a) If (a,b,c) is the projection of (1,0,1) on W, then what is 6(a+b+c)?

2. Consider the subspace, W ={ ( x , y , z , w ) : x + y =z , z +w=x− y } of R4 .

a) If (a,b,c,d) is the projection of (0 ,
√ √
π
2
,0 ,
π
2
) onto W, then what is √ 22 ( a+b+ c+ d ) ?

3. Consider V = R3 with inner product as the dot product and W ={ ( x , y , z ) : x= y } is a subspace of V.

a) If (a,b,c) is the projection of (1,2,3) onto W, then what is (a+b+2c)?

4. Let T : R 3 → R 3 be the projection of R3 onto the space, W ={ ( x , y , z ) : x + y + z=0 }.

1
a) Show that T ( x , y , z )= ( 2 x− y−z ,−x +2 y−z ,−x − y+ 2 z )
3

5. Consider V = R3 with inner product as the dot product and W ={ ( x , y , z ) : x=0 , y =z } is a subspace of V.
Let PW :V →W be a projection on W.
a) Find the dimension of the null space of PW .
b) If v ϵ W is such that ‖v‖=2, then find ‖PW (v )‖.
c) Let A be the matrix representation of PW with respect to some orthonormal bases β and γ for
V and W respectively. Then find the dimension of the null space of A 2.
 Vector Spaces

1. Find the dimension of the following vector spaces:

a) Span { ( 1 ,−1 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 0 , 2 ) ,(3 ,−2 , 4) }
1 −1 1
b) The solution of the homogeneous system Ax = b where A= 1 0 1 . ( )
c) {( x , y , z ) ϵ R3 : x−2 y + z=0 }.
d) {( x , y , z ) ϵ R3 : x + y=2 , y +3 z=−5 } .

2. Let V be the vector space of all 2×2 matrices with usual addition and scalar multiplication. Which of
the followings form a subspace of V?

{(
a b
)
a) W 1= c d ϵ M 2 ( R ) :tr ( A )=0 }
a
b) W 2 = c{( d)
b
ϵ M ( R ) :ad =bc
2
}
a
c) W 3 = c{( d)
b
ϵ M ( R ) : A is invertible
2
}
a
d) W 4= c {( d)
b
ϵ M ( R ) :a=d=0 , b=−c
2
}
3. Consider the subspace, W ={ ( x , y , z , w ) : x + y =z , z +w=x− y } of R4 .
a) Show that β= { (1 , 0 , 1 ,0 ) ,( 0 ,1 , 1 ,−2) } is a basis of W.

4. Consider the subspace, W ={ ( x , y , z ) : x− y + z =0 , x , y , zϵR } of R3 .

a) Show that β= { (1 , 1 ,0 ) ,(−1 ,0 , 1) } is a basis of W.
b) Show that β= { (1 , 1 ,0 ) ,(0 , 1,−1) } is not a basis of W.

5. Let V be a subspace of R4 defined as V = { ( a , b , c ,d ) :a+ b=c+ d } with usual addition and scalar
multiplication. Then which of the following set(s) form a basis for V?
a) { ( 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ) ,(0 , 0 , 0 ,1) }.
b) { ( 1 , 0 ,−1 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 ,−1, 0 ) ,(−1, 0 , 0 , 1) }
c) { ( 1 ,−1 , 0 , 0 ) , ( 1, 0 , 1 ,0 ) ,(1 ,0 , 0 , 1) }
d) { ( 0 , 1 ,1 , 0 ) , ( 1 ,0 ,1 , 0 ) ,(0 , 0 , 1,−1) }