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Grammar

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13 views3 pages

Grammar

Uploaded by

rishmail777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grammar Cheat Sheet

by assass via cheatography.com/145525/cs/31353/

Parts of Speech

Noun Person, Place, Thing and Abstract. Test with 'is/are' after the word
Pronouns Replace Nouns, show possession (his, her, theirs, mine, each, everyone, these, neither, whose)
Verbs Show action or link the subject to other words. can work in multiples (Am, is, are, was, were, seem, appear, become)

Adjectives modify​/de​scribe nouns or pronouns (draw arrows to the thing it modifies)


Adverbs modify verbs, adject​ives, adverbs
Prepos​itions always followed by object, provide positional inform​ation, relate object to other words. (to, by, in, at, on, of, from)
Conjun​ctions Coordi​nating: FANBOYS / Subord​ina​ting: if, because, although, since, unless

Comma Rules

FANBOYS comma before FANBOYS in IC,cc IC sentences


Series Lists of more than two items

Introd​uction After intro words, phrases, clause (DC, IC)


Apposi​tives, Interr​upters, contrast comma before and after noun replac​ements (bob, the man in the hat,...), interr​upting statements and
contrast statements
Conjun​ctive adverbs that "I could ride my bike, however, I'm fat"
introduce ICs
Non-es​sential clauses clauses that provide unnece​ssary info

Apostr​ophes

Possesive place after the owner(s) (cat's, cats') *proper nouns that end with 's' can be s' or s's
joint ownership? apostrophe on last noun only
separate ownership? apostrophe on both nouns
indefinite pronouns? 's (anybo​dy's, everyo​ne's)
Contra​ction marks the omission of letters or numbers. ( it is = it's, they are= they're)
pluralize #s, letters, and words (a's, no's, '70s)

Subjec​t-Verb Agreement

Indefinite Pronouns (-body​,-o​‐ Singular Ex: Nothing works without energy


ne,​-thing)
Collective Nouns Usually singular Ex: The audience applauds after every act
Company Names singular even when the name seems plural Ex: Starbucks is giving out free samples
Compound Subjects multiple subjects joined with 'and' is ALWAYS plural 'or/nor' is singular Ex: Jen and jack are away / Jen or
jack is away
Mixed subjects (singular + joined with 'or/nor', closests to the verb determines if the verb is singular or plural Ex: The flowers or the tree
plural) is causing my allergies

By assass Not published yet. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com


cheatography.com/assass/ Last updated 7th April, 2022. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
Page 1 of 3. http://crosswordcheats.com
Grammar Cheat Sheet
by assass via cheatography.com/145525/cs/31353/

Subjec​t-Verb Agreement (cont)

Prepos​itional Phrase​s/I​‐ ignore items set apart by commas or interf​ering words. focus on the real subject Ex: Donna, along with her
nte​rfering words children, is living on rockland
Reversed subjec​t-verb try rearra​nging the sentence so the subject comes before the verb Ex: At the end of the hall, thereis a room for
order special meetings. (A room is at the end of the hall)

singular present tense verbs end in -s Example: He works hard, They work hard

If you are unsure if the subject is singular or plural, replace it with he/they and see what matches the verb (or vice versa).

Pronou​n-a​nte​cedent agreement rules

Indefinite pronouns are usually singular -body, -one, -thing, each, every, either, neither Ex: Everything on the table has its
place.

collective nouns are usually singular The murder of crows watched from its tree
compound mixed antece​dents depend on the subject Joined by "​or/​nor​". Ex: Neither the sales repres​ent​atives nor the owner is
closer to the verb appeasing his customers.

pronoun always refers to a noun (antec​edent) that came before it

when gender is unknown "​they, them, their" can be singular (except when the subject is not human)

Pronoun Case

Prepos​itions Always use object pronoun after a prepos​ition Ex: I hope we will still be able to get messages from Michael and her.
Subject pronouns Use subject pronouns when the pronoun functions as the subject Ex: Jane and he travel to the Maritimes at least once a
year.
Pronoun case and When using "​than, as well as, or as" determine if you are trying to contrast the subject with the pronoun. If yes, use the
compar​atives subject form. Ex: Hannah grew this year and is now a lot taller than I (am)
Who / Whom Who = subject of the sentence Whom= object of a preceding prepos​ition Ex: We want to know on whom the prank was
pulled
Myself Only used when "​i" is the antecedent Ex: I gave myself a haircut, I completed the final report myself

Tip when there is a pronoun and a name remove the name and see if the sentence sounds right
Modi​fiers and their errors Lists / colons Rules (cont)

Words Adjectives (nouns, pronouns) colons end of an IC only, introd​ucing a


and Adverbs (verbs, adject​‐ list, explan​ation, intens​ifi​cation or
ives, adverbs) quote
Phrases Prepos​tional (in the blue dress)
and Verbal (waving his
arms,...)
Error 1) To far, modifies the wrong
Misplaced thing
Error 2) Missing the thing it's modifying
Dangling
Error 3) Modifying two separate parts
Squinting

Sentences

Needs a verb, Subject, and complete


thought
Linking verb + Compliment Or Action Verb +
Direct object
Active Voice: Subject -> Verb -> Object
(subject does action)
Passive Voice: Subject receives action (to
be, by) test with "by zombies after action​"

Sentence Errors

Fragment Missing one of the 3 sentence


ingred​ients. DC signal words
(if, after, before, while,
although, since, because,
unless, when, which, that, who)
Run-on bad punctu​ation, fixes= (IC.IC)
(comma (IC, cc IC) (IC;IC) (DC, IC or IC
splice DC)
and
fused)

Lists / colons Rules

1) Introduce with IC and colon (otherwise


no : )
2) Full sentence list items sentence case
and period
3) Parallel Structure (watch for correl​‐
atives: either/or , neithe​r/nor)

By assass Not published yet. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com


cheatography.com/assass/ Last updated 7th April, 2022. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
Page 3 of 3. http://crosswordcheats.com

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