Related Literature

Numerous studies have been conducted to enhance agricultural performance (Shiraz,

2017), which detailed a microcontroller-based automatic watering system. They were also able to

avoid watering at the wrong time of day, which could have damaged or destroyed the crop, and

to avoid overwatering already wet soils. Other contemporary controllers, like Arduino, which are

much more functional but far less expensive and do not require an ADC, can readily be added to

this microcontroller-based system to improve it. Additionally, there is no user-controlled

application on this straightforward but functional system.

(Rajeshwari, 2016), within the parameters of his suggested framework. A monitoring unit

placed on the farm, a control unit placed in the pump house, a server mobile stationed close to

the control unit, and a remote client mobile stationed close to the server mobile station are its

four main parts. Critical agricultural parameters like soil moisture, pH, temperature, and

humidity are continuously monitored by the field-installed monitoring unit, which sends the data

to the mobile server. The server mobile analyzes the detected data and determines the best

irrigation strategy. It is situated close to the pump house's control unit. Additionally, there are

four main parts to the proposed system's architecture: a server mobile near the control unit, a

remote client mobile, a monitoring unit placed in the farm, and a control unit placed in the pump

house. Important agricultural parameters like soil moisture, pH, temperature, and humidity are

tracked by the field-based monitoring unit, which sends the data to a mobile server. The server

mobile, which is positioned near the control unit in the pump house, interprets the sensed data

and determines the proper irrigation schedule.

 An Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation System was designed and implemented by (Singh

and Saikia ,2016). In order to simplify the function, application, maintenance, and cost, Arduino-

based communication was developed. The machine is dependable and completely automated. In

nanoseconds, sensors communicate with the website communication system from a great

distance, increasing user productivity. The entire system is based on the Arduino, which makes

use of a low-cost microcontroller; for a comparatively small investment, this system can be

implemented in large areas.

An Android-based automatic irrigation system with a WSN and GPRS module is

provided by (Reddy and Rao, 2016). The user and the Arduino microcontroller communicate via

SMS. The motor pump can be turned on or off from any location while the user receives an SMS

alert via the GSM/GPRS module thanks to the Android automatic system, which continuously

displays sensor data in an Android application and on a webpage.

A wireless sensor-based smart irrigation system for agriculture was developed by Gavali

et al. (2016). A sensor for soil temperature and moisture is part of their approach. A temperature

probe, a soil moisture probe, and a data-gathering device made up each wireless sensor node.

In order to effectively manage the drip irrigation system's operations, Hambarde (2016)

developed an Android-based Automated Irrigation System on the Raspberry Pi. Furthermore, Ata

et al. (2016) used an embedded Linux board and a wireless sensor network to create a web-based

automatic irrigation system. The goal of their study was to use a web page to remotely control

components and monitor the system.

 LOCAL

Ecija, Medalla, Morales, et al (2015), developed a wireless irrigation system that

involvesthe development and formation of an automatic irrigation system that uses a sensor thatd

etermines soil moisture (by soil moisture sensor), water level indicator also it's a pumping system

that aims to deliver the needed water based on the assigned soil moisture value. Their system is a

prototype design of a microcontroller based on water irrigation which detects soil if watering is

required then the water will be maintained at a constant level. If the specific area is irrigated too

much with water, there are possibilities that the plant may die due to excessive irrigation. The

proposed system uses a microcontroller a platform device called ARDUINO where sensors are

connected in its internal and external ports. Whenever there is a variation in moisture content of

the soil these sensors will determine the change and will give an interrupt signal to the

microcontroller and eventually will send the signal to the relay driver and thus the water pump is

now activated. The irrigation system also includes a water level indicator in the water tank which

will indicate the water capacity of the reservoir itself whether it is low level or high level

Moreover, the project mentioned above is limited to a small area garden design focuses

primarily on soil moisture content as the basis for the irrigation system, no other sensor will be

implemented, maintenance of the system still requires human intervention to keep irrigation on

course, sensitive to weather condition which may interrupt the effectiveness of the soil moisture

sensor, manual refill of the water tank to store and establish the adequate amount of water

enough for irrigation also study will not cover about Fluid Mechanics.
 Related Studies

Nolz et al (2015) integrated the sensors into a wireless monitoring network to determine

and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sensors, and compare the measuring range

and the reaction time of both sensor types in a soil layer during drying. The integration of the

sensors into the telemetry network worked well. Data were transmitted over several

kilometers and made available via Internet access.

Khriji et al (2014) presented a complete irrigation solution for the farmers based on

WSN. The automated irrigation system using low-cost sensor nodes having reduced power

consumption can reduce the water waste and is cost-effective. A node is deployed using Telos B

mote and adequate sensors/actuators. Field nodes are used to detect the level of moisture and

temperature in the soil. Weather nodes monitor the climatic changes, and the nodes connected to

actuators are used to control the opening of the irrigation valve when needed. Patil (2014),

developed the system that was integrated with sensors into a wireless

monitoring network to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sensors.

The system compares the measuring range and the reaction time of both sensor types in a soil

layer during drying. Data were transmitted over several kilometers and made available via

Internet access.

Patil (2014), developed the system that was integrated with sensors into a wireless

monitoring network to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sensors.

The system compares the measuring range and the reaction time of both sensor types in a soil

layer during drying. Data were transmitted over several kilometers and made available via

Internet access.
 Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, involves pouring water onto the soil at

extremely low rates (2-20 litres/hour) through a network of small diameter plastic pipes equipped

with emitters or drippers. Water is applied near to the plants, wetting only the soil profile in

which the roots grow, as opposed to surface and spray irrigation, which wets the entire soil

profile. Drip irrigation water is applied more frequently (typically every 1-3 days) than other

systems, which results in a very desirable high moisture content in the soil for plants to thrive

(Patil, 2014).

Drip irrigation is ideal for a wide variety of soil types. Water must be administered gently

on clay soils to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. Higher emitter discharge rates will be

required on sandy soils to guarantee appropriate lateral wetting of the soil.

Xin et al (2013) described an autonomous precision irrigation system through the

integration of a center pivot irrigation system with wireless underground sensor networks. The

wireless underground sensor-aided center pivot system will provide autonomous irrigation

management capabilities by monitoring the soil conditions in real-time using wireless

underground sensors. Experiments were conducted with a hydraulic drive and continuous-move

center pivot irrigation system.

Singh et al (2012) present a solution for an irrigation controller for the cultivation of

vegetable plants based on the fuzzy logic methodology. In this system, the amount of water

given to the plants depends on its size, moisture control of soil, which is affected by the

temperature of the environment, evaporation due to wind velocity, and water budget. The system

feed water to plants in a controlled and optimal way. Solar energy conversion technology is used

to feed power to the pump controller.

 Local

According to Sebastian (2015), stated that the water supply is the process of providing

water in a systematic early through installed pumps and pipelines. Before water is provided to a

specific area it undergoes approximately sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is

made for human consumption. The Philippines water supply system dates back to 1946 after the

country achieved independence from government agencies.

A manual irrigation system does not promote water conservation that results in too much

water or a too-small amount of water in the soil thus poor plant growth. Automated irrigation

systems are capable of determining and maintaining the right amount of water for the soil. Two

TEGS were used as the soil moisture sensors (one as the control and the other in the plant area)

that produced voltage differentials proportional to the relative wetness or dryness of the

compared to control the uses of the thermoelectric generator as the soil moisture sensor that uses

the temperature difference between the air and the soil as a basis for irrigation. Thermoelectric

generator as soil moisture requires a relatively constant heat source and have slow technology

progression and have limited applications. But irrigates according to the proper needs of the soil,

thus, saving water consumption and improving water efficiency and use.

According to Dr. Roger A. Luyun Jr., UPLB’s project leader, WAISS is composed of a

field unit and computer software. The field unit comprises three pieces of equipment: a set of soil

moisture sensors, a transmitting data logger, and a 5-volt solar panel. “The sensors are installed

underground where crops are planted and are connected to the transmitting data logger, which

sends the measurement to the software via text message.”

 Furthermore, Dr. Luyun said that in the software, “the real-time monitoring of the soil

moisture status of the farm is shown. If the moisture content is within the green area, the soil

moisture condition is at optimum. If in the yellow area, the plant experiences stress, while if the

moisture reaches the red area, the plant is under extreme stress. Negative effects may be

irreversible and productivity is highly affected. WAISS will send irrigation alerts once the

moisture reaches the yellow area. WAISS will continue to send daily irrigation alerts until the

farm has been irrigated.”The farmer, wherever he is, can know if his farm needs irrigation. Aside

from receiving daily irrigation advisories, he can text WAISS for the STATUS of his farm and

the system will respond accordingly.

Belonio (2011), stated the windpump irrigation system is suitable either for individuals,

groups of farmers, large corporate farms, or even government experiment stations. He said that

the windpump irrigation system is environmentally friendly. No manual operation during stormy

periods and there is no risk of losing the machine even if it is installed and left in the field. The

researcher learned that the Farmers will benefit from using wind pumps for irrigation purposes. It

eliminates the use of imported fossil fuel which is generally expensive. Also, it ensures a year-

round supply of, water, especially during windy periods.