25 Probability 4y INTRODUCTION In everyday Ife, we come across statements such as () Most probably it will rain today. (i) Chances are high that the prices of petrol will go up. (iu) I doube that he will win the race. ‘The words ‘most probably’. ‘chances’, ‘doubt’, etc.. show the probability of occurrence of an event. EXPERIMENT An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment. Each outcome ts called an event. RANDOM EXPERIMENT An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known and the exact outcome cannot be predicted in advance, ts called a random experiment. Thus, when we throw a coin we know that all possible outcomes are head and tail. But, if we throw a coin at random, we cannot predict in advance whether its upper face will show a head or a tall Performing a random experiment Is often referred as a trial. ‘SOME EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR OUTCOMES | TOSSING A COIN: Suppose we toss vh I la or Fail (7), °° 7001” and let it fall Nat on the ground. Its upper face will show either Head (H) Whatever comes up, ts called an outcome. All possible outcomes are Head (H) and Tail (T). Il TOSSING TWO COINS: HT means Head on 1st coln and Tail on 2nd coin, ete. Il THROWING A DIE:Hrolbitity Iv, DRAWING A CARD FROM A WOLL oHUPELED one K OF 62 CARDS Adeck of play Searels his tall vy caved Iehas Heard of each ofa matty, a spades, clubs, hearts wil al () Cards of spac (0 Cards of hear ly WL elites a and diane black cards, ste red cards. a & VY ¢ cht Hearts Dane (HD Kings, Hueks for knaves) are known as face cards. hus, there are in all 12 fa rds. 5 Sarr bree ye %5 vk Wwilats) ng Omen se ‘SUMMARY 1. In tossing a coin, all passible outcomes are H, T. 2. In tossing 2 cotns, all possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT, 3. On rolling a die, all possthle outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 4. In drawing a card (rom a well-shuffled deck of 62 cards, number of alll possible outcomes ts 52. EVENT The collection of some or all possible outcomes ts called an event, EXAMPLES I. In throwing a coin: (1) HAs the event of getting a head; (Ts the event of getting a tail Il In throwing two coins simultaneously: (1) HET Is the event of getting head on each coin; (0 HT ts the event of getting head on 1st cot, (4) TH Is the event of get (iv) TT ts the event of ge Ul. In rolling a die: in and tall on 2nd coin; (Ung tall on Ist coln and head on 2nd coin: {ting tall on cach coin. (1) getting a number, say 4, ts an event; (1) getting an even number ts an event (i) getting an odd number ts an eve: PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF AN EVENT Let E be an event, containing 2, 4, 6; nt F containing 1, 3, 5.280 EXAMPLE. Solution EXAMPLE 2 Solution. EXAMPLE 3. Solution EXAMPLE 4, Solution Mathomaties for Class 8 SOLVED EXAMPLES. The adjoining figure shows a spinning wheel divided into eight sectors. Three of these sectors are painted red and the rematning five are painted white, as shown. The wheel ts sptnned. What ts the probability of getting (1). a white sector? (WW @ red sector? ‘Total number of sectors = 8. (1) Number of white sectors = 5. aia P(getting a white sector) = (il) Number of red sectors = 3. Pigetting a red sector) = 8 Acoin ts tossed. What is the probability of getting a head? In tossing a coin, all possible outcomes are H and T. 2. total number of all possible outcome: Number of heads = | Pigetting a head) = i When 2 coins are tossed simultaneously. what are all possible outcomes? In a single throw of 2 coins, what ts the probability of getting (i) both heads? (ty at least 1 head? When two coins are tossed simultaneously, all possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT. total number of all possible outcomes = 4. (1) Getting both heads means HH. Number of such outcomes = 1. getting both heads) + (i) Getting at least 1 head means HT, TH, HH. Number of such outcomes = 3. Pigetting at least 1 head) = 3. There are 35 students in a class, of whom 20 are bor these students, one ts chosen at random. student ts a (l) boy? (it) girl? Total number of students = 35, ( Let the chosen student be a boy. Number of boys = 20, ys and 15 are girls. From What is the probability that the chosen P(choosing a boy) = 29 4. w= aes (i) Let the chosen student be a girl, Number of girls = 15, Pchoosing a girl) = 15 _3 35°67Probability an puns a contains Gred and 8 green balls. They are mixed thoroughly and one ball ts drawn at random. Find the probability of getting (U) a red ball, (WW) a green ball. sation Total number of balls = (648) = () Number of red balls = 6. Pigetting a red bat = & .3 (0) Number of green balls = 8 Pigetting a green bat) = 8 = 4 m7 AMPLE A dle ts thrown. What ts the probability of getting () a prime number? (Wa number greater than 4? (1ll) a number not greater than 5? 10 In throwing a die, all possible outcomes are 12, 3, 4.5, 6. number of all possible outcomes = 6. (0 Prime number 5 Number of prime numbers = 3. sare 2, > 30. P(getting a prime number) = & = 9 (0 Numbers greater than 4 are 5 and 6, ‘Their number ts 2 2 Pigetting a nuinber greater than A) = & = 5 (1) Numbers not greater than § are 1, 2.3.4.5, Their number ts 5, 5 Pigetting a number not greater than 5) = & pawple?. Ten cards are numbered as 1, 2,3, 4,5, .... 10 respectively. They are kept ina box and mixed thoroughly. One card ts chosen at random from the box. What ts the probability of ( getting the number 8? (l) getting a number less than 5? (UW getting a number greater than 4? (tv) getting a L-digit number? Solution Total number of possible outcomes = 10. (1) The number 8 ts only one tn number. 1 Pigettt e ber 8) = —— getting the number 8) = 5 (4) Numbers less than 5 are 1, 2,3. 4. ‘Their number ts 4. P(getting a number less than 5) = (i) Numbers greater than 4 are 5, 6, 7, 8. 9, 10, ‘Thetr number ts 6. Pigetting a number greater than 4) = (iv) Out of given numbers, the number of 1-digit numbers = 9. Pigetting a 1-digit number) = 2Mathematics for Class 8 random. What ls the 282 ep (th) 5 of Club? pawpies — Froma well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, one card ts drawn at probability that the card drawn ts (lJ. a diamond? (11) an ac Solution Total number of alll cards = 52 Total number of all possible outcomes = 52 (1) Number of diamonds = 13. 13, ot diamond, Pigetting a diamond} = <5 = (4) Number of all aces 1 Pigetting an ace) = <> = 15 (it) Number of 5 of club = 1 1 Pigetting 5 of club) = > v1 1. Find th puupie,, From a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. one card ts drawn Ca ee probability of getting (ya red card. (Il) 4 10 of black cards. Solution Total number of all cards = 52 Total number of all possible outcomes = 52 (4) Number of red cards = 26 26 Pigetting a red card) = ¢: Nie (1) Number of 10s of black cards = 2 2 1 Pigetting a 10 of black cards) = £5 = 96 (1u) Number of face cards = 12 d)=o=- Pigetting a face card) = 55 = +5 EXERCISE 25A 1. (i) Acoin Js tossed. What are all possible outcomes? (4!) Two colns are tossed simultaneously. What are all possible outcomes? (uu) A die ts thrown. What are all possible outcomes? (iv) From a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, one card 1s drawn at random. What ts the number of all possible outcomes? 2. Ina single throw of a coln, what s the probability of getung a tall? 3. Ina single throw of two cons, find the probability of getting (1) both tails, (11) at least 1 tall. (iii) at the most 1 tail. 4. Abag contains 4 white and 5 bluc balls. They are mixed thoroughly and onc ball ls drawn at random. What Js the probability of getting (1) a white ball? (11) a blue ball? 5. Abag contains 5 white, 6 red and 4 green balls. One ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ball drawn is (1) green? (11) white? (lil) non-red? 6. Ina lottery, there are 10 prizes and 20 blanks. A ticket Is chosen at random. What ts the probability of getting a prize? 7. It 1s known that a box of 100 electric bulbs contains 8 defective bulbs. One bulb is taken out at random from the box. What ts the probability that the bulb drawn Is (i) defective? (il) non-defective?& Addte te theown WD a Coste AE Candou Fad the Problitily of acting WZ, Oil a number bess Ouan 3 He iaber - HA Her Wit teas than 4 Hn OU vEY OL LOG Ladies, these Indien. ane atthe Cotten ® Wowas found Hit 2 tie coffer vile 116 dislike tL Pron Pe CHO at canton Whedbee probubllity tut the chosen lady 1008 box contatin 10 Lally bearing numbers 4, 2, ¢ Pantene Tete the bee ud the probable AMHR ALAR even muber 10 reapectively, & ball ts drawn at yihat the number on the ball ts 0) prime (Ny a miuiaber diviatite t 1 Oue Matt Ub Urwin at pander well ahiutiled deck of 92 cards. Find the probability CAEL AC OWHE Un LILO King, (Ub a ppadte, (tn) a red queen, (ivi a black & One CAE tn drawal at nindon fron a well Mt the card drawn ted nya va. Hed deck of 62 cards. Find the probability tween, Na bine card EXENCISE 256 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Tlok (7) the oorreet an oh af the followings 1H eptontog wheel there are dt white und 6 ygeen wectore is np Peohabillly af wetting, a yen sector? 6 6 f wn a rer tn ed. What to the ' 3 q td “ cD 6 , 4 Hered wnt, 2 44.0.0, 7, Brenpeetively, They are kept ina box and inixed, aU fandom, What ts the probability of getting a number less card th clone than ae \ a ‘ 3 a) by le Id wh 2 8 12 8, ‘Two colin are tonned almullneounly, Whil In the probability of getting one head and one tall? i) t gs 2 al 1) le (d) (ab 4 tb) 2 ) a id 7 4. Abiytcoutatin $ whtte wid 2 Fed balla, One ball in drawn at random. What Is the probability that the ball drawn ts red? 1 2 1 2 (ce) id) ww} ww ‘ ay? 1, Adie ts thrown, What in the probability of getting 67 wt i) i te ¢ (a) none of these ( 6. Adie th thrown, What Ins the probability of getting an even number? i 2 re two a th) a te) 6 3284 Mathematics for Class 8 . What ts the 7. From a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, one card 1s drawn at random: probability that the drawn card is a queen? 1 1 1 i (d) 5 @s () (55 26 8. From a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, one card is drawn at random. probability that the drawn card is a black 6? 1 3 1 1 = (d) = a 0b) 35 a5 52 What ts the ! 1. i) Experiment: An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes ts called an sertment. (u) Random experiment: An expertment in which all possible outcomes are known and the exact outcome cannot be predicted tn advance, ts called a random expertment. (ui) By a trial, we mean performing a random experiment. (wv) Event: The collection of all or some of the possible outcomes ts called an event. 2. Probability of occurrence of an event: Let E be an event, then probability of occurrence of E Is defined as Pig) = umber of outcomes favourable to E total number of possible outcomes 3. 1) In tossing a coin, all possible outcomes are H and T. (U) In tossing 2 cotns, all possible outcomes are HH, HT. TH, TT. (it) In throwing a dle, all posstble outcomes are 1, 2. 3, 4,5, 6, Ww) In drawing a card from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, the number of all possible outcomes ts 52, Ul. A deck of playing cards has in all 52 cards. () Ithas 13 cards, each of 4 suits, namely spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds. (1) Cards of spades and clubs are black cards. lil) Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards, (Wy) Kings, queen and Jacks (or knave: Kings. queen ‘) are known as face cards. Thus, there are in all ——_____