4.

5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 487

Use properties of logarithms to rewrite each function, and describe how the graph of the
given function compares to the graph of g1x2 = ln x.
x x
103. ƒ1x2 = ln 1e2x2 104. ƒ1x2 = ln 105. ƒ1x2 = ln
e e2

Chapter 4 Quiz (Sections 4.1—4.4)

3
1. For the one-to-one function ƒ1x2 = 23x - 6, find ƒ -11x2.
2. Solve 42x + 1 = 83x - 6.
3. Graph ƒ1x2 = - 3x. Give the domain and range.
4. Graph ƒ1x2 = log4 1x + 22. Give the domain and range.
5. Future Value Suppose that $15,000 is deposited in a bank certificate of deposit at
an annual rate of 2.7% for 8 yr. Find the future value if interest is compounded as
follows.
(a) annually    (b) quarterly    (c) monthly    (d) daily (365 days)
6. Use a calculator to evaluate each logarithm to four decimal places.
(a) log 34.56 (b) ln 34.56
7. What is the meaning of the expression log6 25?
8. Solve each equation.
(a) x = 3log3 4 (b) logx 25 = 2 (c) log4 x = -2
9. Assuming all variables represent positive real numbers, use properties of logarithms
to rewrite
2x # y
log3 .
pq4

10. Given logb 9 = 3.1699 and logb 5 = 2.3219, find the value of logb 225.
11. Find the value of log3 40 to four decimal places.
12. If ƒ1x2 = 4x, what is the value of ƒ1log4 122?

4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

■ Exponential Equations
Exponential Equations   We solved exponential equations in earlier sec-
■ Logarithmic Equations tions. General methods for solving these equations depend on the property below,
■ Applications and which follows from the fact that logarithmic functions are one-to-one.
Models

Property of Logarithms

If x 7 0, y 7 0, a 7 0, and a ≠ 1, then the following holds.

x=y is equivalent to log a x = log a y.

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 487 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 488 CHAPTER 4╇ Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions

EXAMPLE 1 Solving an Exponential Equation

Solve 7x = 12. Give the solution to the nearest thousandth.

SOLUTION The properties of exponents cannot be used to solve this equation,
so we apply the preceding property of logarithms. While any appropriate base b
can be used, the best practical base is base 10 or base e. We choose base e (natural)
logarithms here.
15 7x = 12
ln 7x = ln 12 Property of logarithms
−2 5

x ln 7 = ln 12 Power property
This is exact.
ln 12
−20 x= Divide by ln 7.
ln 7
As seen in the display at the bottom
of the screen, when rounded to three
x ≈ 1.277 Use a calculator.
decimal places, the solution of This is approximate.
7x - 12 = 0 agrees with that found The solution set is 51.2776.
in Example 1. ■
✔ Now Try Exercise 11.

ln 12 12
CAUTION Do not confuse a quotient like ln 7 in Example 1 with ln 7 ,
which can be written as ln 12 - ln 7. We cannot change the quotient of two
logarithms to a difference of logarithms.

ln 12 12
≠ ln
ln 7 7

EXAMPLE 2 Solving an Exponential Equation

Solve 32x - 1 = 0.4x +2. Give the solution to the nearest thousandth.
SOLUTION 32x - 1 = 0.4x + 2
ln 32x- 1 = ln 0.4x + 2 Take the natural logarithm on each side.

12x - 12 ln 3 = 1x + 22 ln 0.4 Power property

2x ln 3 - ln 3 = x ln 0.4 + 2 ln 0.4 Distributive property

Write so that the terms with x are
2x ln 3 - x ln 0.4 = 2 ln 0.4 + ln 3 
on one side.
x12 ln 3 - ln 0.42 = 2 ln 0.4 + ln 3 Factor out x.

2 ln 0.4 + ln 3
x= Divide by 2 ln 3 - ln 0.4.
2 ln 3 - ln 0.4
ln 0.42 + ln 3
x= Power property
ln 32 - ln 0.4
ln 0.16 + ln 3
3 x= Apply the exponents.
ln 9 - ln 0.4
This is exact.
ln 0.48
−4 4
x= Product and quotient properties
ln 22.5
x ≈ - 0.236 Use a calculator.
−3
This is approximate.
This screen supports the solution The solution set is 5 -0.2366.
found in Example 2. ■
✔ Now Try Exercise 19.

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 488 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 489

EXAMPLE 3 Solving Base e Exponential Equations

Solve each equation. Give solutions to the nearest thousandth.

(b) e2x + 1 # e -4x = 3e
2
(a) e x = 200
SOLUTION
2
(a) e x = 200
2
ln e x = ln 200 Take the natural logarithm on each side.

x2 = ln 200 2
ln e x = x 2
Remember
both roots.
x = { 2ln 200 Square root property

x ≈ { 2.302 Use a calculator.

The solution set is 5{ 2.3026.

(b) e2x+ 1 # e -4x = 3e

e -2x + 1 = 3e a m # a n = am + n
e -2x + 1
e -2x = 3 Divide by e; e1 = e-2x + 1 - 1 = e -2x.

ln e -2x = ln 3 Take the natural logarithm on each side.

- 2x ln e = ln 3 Power property

- 2x = ln 3 ln e = 1

1 1
x= - ln 3 Multiply by - 2 .
2
x ≈ - 0.549 Use a calculator.

The solution set is 5 - 0.5496.

 ■
✔ Now Try Exercises 21 and 23.

EXAMPLE 4 Solving an Exponential Equation (Quadratic in Form)

Solve e2x - 4e x + 3 = 0. Give exact value(s) for x.

SOLUTION If we substitute u = e x, we notice that the equation is quadratic in
form.

e2x - 4e x + 3 = 0
1e x22 - 4e x + 3 = 0 a m n = 1an2m

u 2 - 4u + 3 = 0 Let u = e x.

1u - 121u - 32 = 0 Factor.

u-1=0 or u-3=0 Zero-factor property

u=1 or u=3 Solve for u.

ex =1 or ex =3 Substitute e x for u.
Take the natural logarithm
ln e x = ln 1 or ln e x = ln 3 on each side.
x=0 or x = ln 3 ln e x = x; ln 1 = 0

Both values check, so the solution set is 50, ln 36.

■
✔ Now Try Exercise 35.

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 489 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 490 CHAPTER 4╇ Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Equations   The following equations involve logarithms of

variable expressions.

EXAMPLE 5 Solving Logarithmic Equations

Solve each equation. Give exact values.

(a) 7 ln x = 28 (b) log2 1x 3 - 192 = 3

SOLUTION

(a) 7 ln x = 28
loge x = 4 ln x = loge x; Divide by 7.

x = e4 Write in exponential form.

The solution set is 5e4 6.

(b) log2 1x 3 - 192 = 3

x 3 - 19 = 23 Write in exponential form.
x 3 - 19 = 8 Apply the exponent.

x3 = 27 Add 19.
3
x= 2 27 Take cube roots.

x=3 3
2 27 = 3

The solution set is 536.

 ■
✔ Now Try Exercises 41 and 49.

EXAMPLE 6 Solving a Logarithmic Equation

Solve log 1x + 62 - log 1x + 22 = log x. Give exact value(s).

SOLUTION Recall that logarithms are defined only for nonnegative numbers.

log 1x + 62 - log 1x + 22 = log x

x+6
log = log x Quotient property
x+2
x+6
=x Property of logarithms
x+2
x + 6 = x1x + 22 Multiply by x + 2.

x+6= x2 + 2x Distributive property

x2 + x - 6 = 0 Standard form

1x + 321x - 22 = 0 Factor.

x+3=0 or x - 2 = 0      Zero-factor property

x = - 3 or x=2 Solve for x.

The proposed negative solution 1 - 32 is not in the domain of log x in the origi-
nal equation, so the only valid solution is the positive number 2. The solution set
is 526.
■
✔ Now Try Exercise 69.

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 490 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 491

CAUTION Recall that the domain of y = loga x is 10, ∞2. For this reason,
it is always necessary to check that proposed solutions of a logarithmic
equation result in logarithms of positive numbers in the original equation.

EXAMPLE 7 Solving a Logarithmic Equation

Solve log2 313x - 721x - 424 = 3. Give exact value(s).

SOLUTION log2 313x - 721x - 424 = 3
13x - 721x - 42 = 23 Write in exponential form.

3x 2 - 19x + 28 = 8 Multiply. Apply the exponent.

3x 2 - 19x + 20 = 0 Standard form

13x - 421x - 52 = 0 Factor.

3x - 4 = 0 or x-5=0 Zero-factor property

4
x= or x=5 Solve for x.
3
A check is necessary to be sure that the argument of the logarithm in the given
equation is positive. In both cases, the product 13x - 721x - 42 leads to 8, and
log2 8 = 3 is true. The solution set is E 3 , 5 F.
4

■
✔ Now Try Exercise 53.

EXAMPLE 8 Solving a Logarithmic Equation

Solve log 13x + 22 + log 1x - 12 = 1. Give exact value(s).

SOLUTION log 13x + 22 + log 1x - 12 = 1
log10 313x + 221x - 124 = 1 log x = log10 x; product property

13x + 221x - 12 = 10 1 Write in exponential form.

3x 2 - x - 2 = 10 Multiply; 10 1 = 10.

3x 2 - x - 12 = 0 Subtract 10.

-b { 2b 2 - 4ac
x=
2a
Quadratic formula

-1 - 12 { 21 -122 - 41321 - 122

x=
2132
Substitute a = 3, b = -1, c = -12.
The two proposed solutions are
1 - 2145 1 + 2145
and .
6 6
1 - 2145
The first proposed solution, 6 , is negative. Substituting for x in
log 1x - 12 results in a negative argument, which is not allowed. Therefore, this
solution must be rejected.
1 + 2145
The second proposed solution, 6 , is positive. Substituting it for x in
log 13x + 22 results in a positive argument. Substituting it for x in log 1x + 12
also results in a positive argument. Both are necessary conditions. Therefore, the
solution set is E F.
1 + 2145
6 ■
✔ Now Try Exercise 77.

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 491 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 492 CHAPTER 4╇ Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions

NOTE We could have replaced 1 with log10 10 in Example 8 by first

writing

log 13x + 22 + log 1x - 12 = 1    Equation from Example 8

log10 313x + 221x - 124 = log10 10   Substitute.

13x + 221x - 12 = 10,    Property of logarithms

and then continuing as shown on the preceding page.

EXAMPLE 9 Solving a Base e Logarithmic Equation

Solve ln eln x - ln 1x - 32 = ln 2. Give exact value(s).

SOLUTION This logarithmic equation differs from those in Examples 7 and 8
because the expression on the right side involves a logarithm.

ln eln x - ln 1x - 32 = ln 2
ln x - ln 1x - 32 = ln 2    eln x = x
x
ln = ln 2    Quotient property
x-3
x
=2    Property of logarithms
x-3
x = 21x - 32   Multiply by x - 3.
x = 2x - 6    Distributive property
x=6    Solve for x.

Check that the solution set is 566.

■
✔ Now Try Exercise 79.

Solving an Exponential or Logarithmic Equation

To solve an exponential or logarithmic equation, change the given equation

into one of the following forms, where a and b are real numbers, a 7 0 and
a ≠ 1, and follow the guidelines.
1. aƒ 1x2 = b
Solve by taking logarithms on each side.
2. log a ƒ 1 x 2 = b
Solve by changing to exponential form a b = ƒ1x2.
3. log a ƒ 1 x 2 = log a g 1 x 2
The given equation is equivalent to the equation ƒ1x2 = g1x2. Solve
algebraically.
4. In a more complicated equation, such as
e2x + 1 # e -4x = 3e, See Example 3(b).

it may be necessary to first solve for aƒ1x2 or loga ƒ1x2 and then solve the
resulting equation using one of the methods given above.
5. Check that each proposed solution is in the domain.

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 492 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 493

Applications and Models

EXAMPLE 10  pplying an Exponential Equation to the Strength

A
of a Habit

The strength of a habit is a function of the number of times the habit is repeated.
If N is the number of repetitions and H is the strength of the habit, then, accord-
ing to psychologist C.L. Hull,

H = 100011 - e -kN2,

where k is a constant. Solve this equation for k.

SOLUTION H = 100011 - e -kN2 First solve for
e -kN.
H
= 1 - e -kN Divide by 1000.
1000
H
- 1 = -e -kN Subtract 1.
1000
H
e -kN = 1 - Multiply by -1 and rewrite.
1000
Now solve
for k. H Take the natural logarithm
ln e -kN = ln a1 - b 
on each side.
1000
H
- kN = ln a1 - b ln ex = x
1000
1 H 1
k= - ln a1 - b Multiply by - N .
N 1000

With the final equation, if one pair of values for H and N is known, k can be found,
and the equation can then be used to find either H or N for given values of the
other variable.
■✔ Now Try Exercise 91.

EXAMPLE 11 Modeling PC Tablet Sales in the U.S.

Sales The table gives U.S. tablet sales (in millions) for several years. The data can be
Year (in millions) modeled by the function
2010 10.3
ƒ1t2 = 20.57 ln t + 10.58, t Ú 1,
2011 24.1
2012 35.1 where t is the number of years after 2009.
2013 39.8 (a) Use the function to estimate the number of tablets sold in the United States
2014 42.1 in 2015.
Source: Forrester Research. (b) If this trend continues, approximately when will annual sales reach 60 million?
SOLUTION

(a) The year 2015 is represented by t = 2015 - 2009 = 6.

ƒ1t2 = 20.57 ln t + 10.58 Given function

ƒ162 = 20.57 ln 6 + 10.58 Let t = 6.

ƒ162 ≈ 47.4 Use a calculator.

Based on this model, 47.4 million tablets were sold in 2015.

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 493 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 494 CHAPTER 4╇ Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions

(b) Replace ƒ1t2 with 60 and solve for t.

ƒ1t2 = 20.57 ln t + 10.58 Given function

60 = 20.57 ln t + 10.58 Let ƒ1t2 = 60.

49.42 = 20.57 ln t Subtract 10.58.

49.42
ln t = Divide by 20.57 and rewrite.
20.57
t = e49.42/20.57 Write in exponential form.

t ≈ 11.05 Use a calculator.

Adding 11 to 2009 gives the year 2020. Based on this model, annual sales
will reach 60 million in 2020.
■
✔ Now Try Exercise 111.

4.5 Exercises

CONCEPT PREVIEW Match each equation in Column I with the best first step for
solving it in Column II.
I II
1. 10 x = 150 A. Use the product rule for exponents.
2. e2x- 1 = 24 B. Take the common logarithm on each side.
C. Write the sum of logarithms as the
3. log4 1x 2 - 102 = 2
logarithm of a product.
4. e2x # ex = 2e D. Let u = ex and write the equation in
5. 2e2x - 5ex -3=0 quadratic form.
E. Change to exponential form.
6. log 12x - 12 + log 1x + 42 = 1
F. Take the natural logarithm on each side.

CONCEPT PREVIEW An exponential equation such as

5x = 9
can be solved for its exact solution using the meaning of logarithm and the change-of-
base theorem. Because x is the exponent to which 5 must be raised in order to obtain 9,
the exact solution is
log 9 ln 9
log5 9, or , or .
log 5 ln 5
For each equation, give the exact solution in three forms similar to the forms above.
1 x 1 x
7. 7x = 19 8. 3x = 10 9. a b = 12 10. a b = 4
2 3

Solve each equation. In Exercises 11–34, give irrational solutions as decimals correct
to the nearest thousandth. In Exercises 35– 40, give solutions in exact form. See
Examples 1–4.
1 x
11. 3x = 7 12. 5x = 13 13. a b = 14
5
1 x
14. a b = 6 15. 0.9 x = 9 16. 0.6 x = 3
3
17. 5x - 1 = 32x 18. 2x + 3 = 52x 19. 6 x+ 1 = 42x - 1

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 494 31/08/16 4:04 pm

 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 495

20. 3x - 4 = 72x + 5
2 4
21. ex = 100 22. ex = 1000

23. e5x- 4 # e-3x = 3e 24. e1- 3x # e5x = 2e

1 x
25. a b = - 3
3
1 x
26. a b = - 9 27. 0.0511.152x = 5 28. 1.210.92x = 0.6
9
29. 3122x - 2 + 1 = 100 30. 511.223x - 2 + 1 = 7 31. 211.052x + 3 = 10
32. 311.42x - 4 = 60 33. 511.0152x - 1980 = 8 34. 611.0242x - 1900 = 9
35. e2x - 8ex + 12 = 0 36. e2x - 8ex + 15 = 0 37. 2e2x + ex = 6
38. 3e2x + 2ex = 1 39. 42x + 414x2 = 21 40. 32x - 1213x2 = - 35

Solve each equation. Give solutions in exact form. See Examples 5–9.
41. 4 ln x = 28 42. 3 ln x = 9
43. ln 2x = 5.2 44. ln 2x = 5
45. log 12 - x2 = 0.5 46. log 13 - x2 = 0.75
47. log6 12x + 42 = 2 48. log5 18 - 3x2 = 3
49. log2 1x 3 - 42 = 2 50. log7 1x 3 + 652 = 0
51. ln x + ln x 2 = 3 52. log x + log x 2 = 3
53. log8 31x + 721x - 524 = 2 54. log4 313x + 821x - 624 = 3
55. log2 312x + 821x + 424 = 5 56. log5 313x + 521x + 124 = 1
57. log x + log 1x + 152 = 2 58. log x + log 12x + 12 = 1
59. log 1x + 252 = log 1x + 102 + log 4 60. log 13x + 52 - log 12x + 42 = 0
61. log 1x - 102 - log 1x - 62 = log 2 62. log 1x 2 - 92 - log 1x - 32 = log 5
63. ln 17 - x2 + ln 11 - x2 = ln 125 - x2 64. ln 13 - x2 + ln 15 - x2 = ln 150 - 6x2
65. log8 1x + 32 + log8 1x + 52 = log8 15 66. log2 15x - 62 - log2 1x + 12 = log2 3
67. log2 1x 2 - 1002 - log2 1x + 102 = 1 68. log2 1x - 22 + log2 1x - 12 = 1
69. log x + log 1x - 212 = log 100 70. log x + log 13x - 132 = log 10
71. log 19x + 52 = 3 + log 1x + 22 72. log 111x + 92 = 3 + log 1x + 32
73. ln 14x - 22 - ln 4 = -ln 1x - 22 74. ln 15 + 4x2 - ln 13 + x2 = ln 3
75. log5 1x + 22 + log5 1x - 22 = 1 76. log2 1x - 72 + log2 x = 3
77. log2 12x - 32 + log2 1x + 12 = 1 78. log5 13x + 22 + log5 1x - 12 = 1
79. ln ex - 6 ln e = ln e9 80. ln ex - ln e3 = ln e3

81. log2 1log2 x2 = 1 82. log x = 2log x

3
83. log x 2 = 1log x22 84. log2 22x 2 =
2
85. Concept Check Consider the following statement: “We must reject any negative
proposed solution when we solve an equation involving logarithms.” Is this correct?
Why or why not?
86. Concept Check What values of x could not possibly be solutions of the following
equation?

loga 14x - 72 + loga 1x 2 + 42 = 0

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 496 CHAPTER 4╇ Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions

Solve each equation for the indicated variable. Use logarithms with the appropriate
bases. See Example 10.
k
87. p = a + , for x 88. r = p - k ln t, for t
ln x
Pr
89. T = T0 + 1T1 - T0210 -kt, for t 90. A = , for n
1 - 11 + r2-n
E K
91. I = 11 - e-Rt/22, for t 92. y = , for b
R 1 + ae-bx
M
93. y = A + B11 - e -Cx2, for x 94. m = 6 - 2.5 log , for M
M0
I
95. log A = log B - C log x, for A 96. d = 10 log , for I
I0
r tn
97. A = P a1 + b , for t 98. D = 160 + 10 log x, for x
n

To solve each problem, refer to the formulas for compound interest.

r tn
A = P a1 + b and A = Pert
n
99. Compound Amount If $10,000 is invested in an account at 3% annual interest
compounded quarterly, how much will be in the account in 5 yr if no money is
withdrawn?
100. Compound Amount If $8000 is borrowed from a lender at 6.93% annual inter-
est compounded continuously, how much will have to be paid back after 10 yr,
rounded to the nearest hundredth?
101. Investment Time Kurt wants to buy a $30,000 truck. He has saved $27,000. Find
the number of years (to the nearest tenth) it will take for his $27,000 to grow to
$30,000 at 4% interest compounded quarterly.
102. Investment Time Find t to the nearest tenth of a year if $10,000 becomes $12,706
at 4.8%, with interest compounded monthly.
103. Interest Rate Find the interest rate to the nearest hundredth of a percent that will
produce $12,705, if $10,000 is left at interest compounded every two months for 8 yr.
104. Interest Rate Find the interest rate to the nearest hundredth of a percent that will
produce $12,705, if $10,000 is left at interest compounded every two months for
8 yr.

(Modeling) Solve each application. See Example 11.

105. In the central Sierra Nevada (a mountain range in California), the percent of mois-
ture that falls as snow rather than rain is approximated reasonably well by
ƒ1x2 = 86.3 ln x - 680,
where x is the altitude in feet and ƒ1x2 is the percent of moisture that falls as snow.
Find the percent of moisture, to the nearest tenth, that falls as snow at each altitude.
(a) 3000 ft (b) 4000 ft (c) 7000 ft
106. Northwest Creations finds that its total sales in dollars, T1x2, from the distribution
of x thousand catalogues is approximated by
T1x2 = 5000 log 1x + 12.
Find the total sales, to the nearest dollar, resulting from the distribution of each
number of catalogues.
(a) 5000 (b) 24,000 (c) 49,000

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 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 497

107. Average Annual Public University Costs The Year Average Annual Cost
table shows the cost of a year’s tuition, room
and board, and fees at 4-year public colleges 2006 $12,837
for the years 2006–2014. Letting y represent 2007 $13,558
the cost in dollars and x the number of years 2008 $14,372
since 2006, the function 2009 $15,235
ƒ1x2 = 13,01711.052x 2010 $16,178
models the data quite well. According to this 2011 $17,156
function, in what year will the 2006 cost be 2012 $17,817
doubled? 2013 $18,383
2014 $18,943
Source: The College Board, Annual
Survey of Colleges.

108. Race Speed At the World Championship races held at Rome’s Olympic Stadium
in 1987, American sprinter Carl Lewis ran the 100-m race in 9.86 sec. His speed in
meters per second after t seconds is closely modeled by the function

ƒ1t2 = 11.6511 - e-t/1.272.

(Source: Banks, Robert B., Towing Icebergs, Falling Dominoes, and Other Adven-
tures in Applied Mathematics, Princeton University Press.)
(a) How fast, to the nearest hundredth, was he running as he crossed the finish line?
(b) After how many seconds, to the nearest hundredth, was he running at the rate
of 10 m per sec?
109. Women Employees in an Organization The percent of women employees in an
organization can be modeled by the function

65.32
ƒ1x2 = ,
1 + 7.046e-x/19.73

where x represents the number of years since April 1, 1980.

(a) What percent of employees, to the nearest whole number, were women in
2015?
(b) In what year were 20% of the employees women?
110. Height of the Eiffel Tower One side of y
the Eiffel Tower in Paris has a shape that
can be approximated by the graph of the
function
x
f(x) = –301 ln ,x>0
207
x
ƒ1x2 = - 301 ln , x 7 0,
207

where x and ƒ1x2 are both measured in 100

feet. (Source: Banks, Robert B., Towing x
Icebergs, Falling Dominoes, and Other 100

Adventures in Applied Mathematics, Princeton University Press.)

(a) Why does the shape of the left side of the graph of the Eiffel Tower have the
formula given by ƒ1- x2?
(b) The short horizontal segment at the top of the figure has length 7.8744 ft. How
tall, to the nearest foot, is the Eiffel Tower?
(c) How far from the center of the tower is the point on the right side that is 500 ft
above the ground? Round to the nearest foot.

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 498 CHAPTER 4╇ Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions

111. CO2 Emissions Tax One action that government could take to reduce carbon
emissions into the atmosphere is to levy a tax on fossil fuel. This tax would be
based on the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the air when the fuel is burned.
The cost-benefit equation
ln 11 - P2 = - 0.0034 - 0.0053x
models the approximate relationship between a tax of x dollars per ton of carbon
and the corresponding percent reduction P (in decimal form) of emissions of car-
bon dioxide. (Source: Nordhause, W., “To Slow or Not to Slow: The Economics of
the Greenhouse Effect,” Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.)
(a) Write P as a function of x.
(b) Graph P for 0 … x … 1000. Discuss the benefit of continuing to raise taxes on
carbon.
(c) Determine P, to the nearest tenth, when x = $60. Interpret this result.
(d) What value of x will give a 50% reduction in carbon emissions?
112. Radiative Forcing Radiative forcing, R, measures the influence of carbon dioxide
in altering the additional solar radiation trapped in Earth’s atmosphere. The Inter-
national Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1990 estimated k to be 6.3 in the
radiative forcing equation
C
R = k ln ,
C0
where C0 is the preindustrial amount of carbon dioxide and C is the current level.
(Source: Clime, W., The Economics of Global Warming, Institute for International
Economics, Washington, D.C.)
C
(a) Use the equation R = 6.3 ln C0 to determine the radiative forcing R (in watts
per square meter to the nearest tenth) expected by the IPCC if the carbon diox-
ide level in the atmosphere doubles from its preindustrial level.
(b) Determine the global temperature increase T, to the nearest tenth, that the IPCC
predicted would occur if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were to double,
given T1R2 = 1.03R.

Find ƒ -11x2, and give the domain and range.

113. ƒ1x2 = ex- 5 114. ƒ1x2 = ex + 10 115. ƒ1x2 = ex+ 1 - 4
116. ƒ1x2 = ln 1x + 22 117. ƒ1x2 = 2 ln 3x 118. ƒ1x2 = ln 1x - 12 + 6

Use a graphing calculator to solve each equation. Give irrational solutions correct to
the nearest hundredth.
119. ex + ln x = 5 120. ex - ln 1x + 12 = 3 121. 2ex + 1 = 3e-x
3
122. ex + 6e -x = 5 123. log x = x 2 - 8x + 14 124. ln x = - 2 x+3
125. Find the error in the following “proof ” that 2 6 1.
1 1
6 True statement
9 3
1 2 1
a b 6 Rewrite the left side.
3 3
1 2 1
log a b 6 log Take the logarithm on each side.
3 3
1 1
2 log 6 1 log Property of logarithms; identity property
3 3
1
261 Divide each side by log 3 .

M05_LIAL1953_06_GE_C04.indd 498 31/08/16 4:04 pm