ATOMS 12

Chapter
I211 Tntroduction
Eyery substance
is made of small particles, which are
ealled atoms. In
1897 British physicist Joscph J.
Thomson concluded
by diccovery of cathode rays
cach atom has negatively that
charged particles(clcctrons).
The reason of atom
being neutral i.e. net charge present Electron
in. it is zero
that there should also be present cqual
amount of positive
charge in the atom, Besides this. Positive Charge
because mass of electron is very small(about 10-5
times) comparatve to mass Fig: 12,1I
of an atom, therefore most
of the mass of atom should exist due to positive The ionisation of gases i.e. existence of positive and
charge
present in the atom. The atoms
of different elements negative ions of gases is explained successfully with
differ from one-another due to presence the help of this model. Besides this nçed of stability of
of different
number of electrons in atoms atom, emission of electromagnctic waves, thermoionic
of those elements.
But now the question arises that emission, photoelectriceffect etc.were also explained
how are electrons,
positive charge, and mass distributed in an atom i.e. with the help of this model.
what is atomic structure? First of all the answer of Drawbacks of Thomson Model -
this question was given by scientist J.J. Thomson in (i) To explain the emission of light from the atom, it was
1904 by presenting an atomic model, which is called considered that whenever atom gets energ from
Thomson model of atom. outside then clcctrons existing in it get vbrated and
12.1.1 Thomson Model Of Atom emit light waves of their vibrating- frequency. But
according to this explanation there should be only one
According to this model atom is a positively charged
line in the spectrum of hydrogen atom(in which there
sphere of radius 100m, in which mass and positive
is only one electron) but actually so many ines are
charge of atom is uniformly distributed. The negative
obtaincd in the spectrum. So by this model spectrum
charge in equal amount in the form of electrons is
of different clements could not be explained.
considered embedded in the atom to balance the
() This model could not explain the reason of scattering
positive charge present in it. The position of electrons
In the sphere resembles with the position of secds in of a-particles, which was presented by Rutherford's
experiment.
water-melon andplums kept in pudding, so due to this
reason this model is called 'Plum Pudding Model'. 12.2AIpha particle Scattering and Rutherford's.
According to this model - Nuclear Model of Atom
When a metal is heated then electrons get energy and In 1909 on the basis of suggestion of Rutherford, H.
Come out, Geiger and E. Marsden studied the effect of incident
When electrons vibrate in an atom then they emit a- particles on a thin metallic foil. a- particle is a
radiation like light helium nucleus (,He),whose mass is about four times
of the mass of hydrogen atom while the charge on it is
 t2c: Spontancous cission of a-particles takes place
from many radioactive substances likc polonium,
thorium, uranium, radium ctc., ZnS
KScrecn
From a a- particle sourcc placed in a lcad-box, a (S
particles were emitted from „Bil4 (velocity 2.l x 10"
m/s) by then in the form of a beam, which was passcd -Particles
through a lead plate and aligning in a finc straight linc bcam
a thin foil (thickncss about 10 m) made of gold
metal
was placed in its path. Here the gold foil was Lead box Lcad plate
uscd Gold foil
because nucleus of gold is 50 times heavicr than the
nucleus of a - particle and gold nuclcus rcmains
stationary during the process of scattering. Due to
which a- particles are deflected morc and very thin (ii)
foils of goldcan be made, so a -particle will not scatter Fig: 12.2
more than one time i.e. deflection of a -particles should Observations
be caused only due to collision with atom. Behind this The following observatons were obtained from this
gold foila screen coated with fluorescence substance experiment by Rutherford -
zinc sulphide is placcd and behind this screen a (1) Most of the a - particles pass straight on their path
microscopc M is placed systematically. without being scattered i.e. they do not collide or
This experiment is represented in Fig.(i) and systematic
interact.
arrangemcnt is represented in Fig. (ii)..
This experiment was performcd in vaccum, so that
a- particles could not collide with air particles, when
a- particles collide the screen then brilliance of -Particles

scintillation is produced which can be seen in

microscope. The number of scattered a - particles in
different directions can be determined by scintillations . Atom
and area.
The following important facts were obtained from this
experiment by Rutherford and he explained these facts Nucleus
successfully in 1911.

vacuum

Fig: 12.3
(ü) Some a - particles get scattered at an angle very large
than 1° as expected by Thomson atomic model. lt
gold foil Thomson model is considered as correct then scattenng
of a- particles should not be more than about 1' bu,
Rutherford's a-
scattering experiment gives ditterent
observations from this expected result. Therefore it B
concluded that Thomson atomic model is wrong,
Scrccn S
scattering experinment does not support the model.
(iii) One a -particle out of about 8000 incident a -partcio
scatters in backward direction( A> 909(as shon
figure).
(1V) Ifa graph is plotted betwcen no. ofa-particles N(0
0, then
scattered at an angle 0
and scattering angle
TO
is obtaincd as shown in figure. Rutherford obtaincd is concentratcd in a small region at its centre. This rcgion
followwing relation betwcen N(O) and
the 0, on thc is callcd nucleus. On calculating thc radius of nuclcus is
hasis of Coulomb's lay. found of the order 10:15 miwhile the siz of atom is of
1 the order 10-10 m. as the size of nuclcus gocs on
N(O) ,
dccreasing the possibility of a -particles to be scattercd
sin* (0/2)
coscc
at an anglc morc than 90° will go on decrcasing in the
N(O) ¢ (9/2) same proportion. Its reason is that the size of núcleus is
ie NO) decreases on increasing 0and N(0) as much small, the possibility of a - particles undergoing
increasCS on decreasing 0.This fact docs not support thróuglh dircct collision with the nuclcus will also so much
Thomson atomic modcl decrcasc.
wportant Explanation of Observations
Fhickncss of gold foil is t and no. of a.- particles scat The repulsive forcc betwecn a- particle and nucleus
tered in a definite direction (i.c. at angle O) is N, then acts according to Coulomb's law i.e. the replusive force
acting bctween nucleus and a- particle is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance of the particle
from the nucleus of the atom.
N(O)|
N(O) c coscc (9/2) a
The charge on -particle is +2e and on nucleus is +ze.
(Where z is the atomic number of the metal of the target,
for gold z=79) if distance of a-particle from thenucleus
is r, then the replusive force acting between nucleus and

0° 90° 180° a - particle.

(2e)(Ze)
4n

Fig: 12.4
The direction of this force will be along the line joining
N = a-particle and nucleus. The magnitude of force acting
Constant on a - particle and its direction contimuously change as
a- particle comes towards the nucleus or goes away
N2
from the nucleus.
l2.
While passing through an atom a- particle which
Conclusions
remains away from the nucleus experiences less
On the basis of the above observations the following replusive force due to which it almost passes undeviated
conclusions were brought by Rutherford in straight direction, but the particle which passes close
(0 Because most of a -particles pass through gold foil, so to the riucleus, experiences so much replusive force that
most part of the atom is hollow, deviates from its path. a - particle passes. as much
(0) Some a - particles are
scattered at acute angle anda close to the nucleus, it experiences so much replusive
particles are positively charged and they can be deflected force. Therefore it will be scattered with more angle of
only by positive charge. Therefore Rutherford scattering.
considercd that whole positive charge of the atom is 12.2a) Fstimation of the size of nucleus
conccntrated at its centre.
The size of nucleus can be estimated by scattering of
y Some a-particles arc scattercd at obtue angle and .
a-particles. a particles emit out from radioactive
eum back, so. it vas supposed that when positively
substance with velocity(kinctic energy): That a-particle
Charged a- particles pass through gold atoms then any
particular a- particle experiences so much repulsive
which gocs head on towards the nucleus reaches
maximum close to the nucleus. As a particle
- moves
torce that it returns back. This, is possible only when
most of the mass and all positive charge of the atom
towards the nucleus, the electrostatic replusive force of
energy ot
nucleus produces more and more and kinetic
Should be concentrated in a small region at its centre.
On the basis of above conclusions Rutherford considered a- particle converts into potential energy and in this
more close to the nuclcus
Situation a- particle can notgo,
tiat most of the mass and all positive charge of the atom
but it rcturs back on its path at this moicnt (Pig.) in
this way a- particlo is scattcrcd at angle of scattering
of 180,

a-particle
Nucleus
(+2e)
Ze)

Fig: 12.5
The positive charge on nuclcus is ze coulomb and on
a-particle is 2e. coulomb. Let the distance of closest
approachof a - particle fromthe nucleus is r, metre., in
this case potential energy of a- particle

1192: (Z e) (2 e)12Ze?
U=
4T E0 4nE0 TE0 'o
4

If initial kinetic energy of a- particle is E, then at this

moment
U=E,
2Ze2
4 TE0

1 2Ze?
4 E0
Ek
This is the formula for distance of'closest approach (r)
of a - particle from the nucleus.
It is clear from this formula that for a given nucleus the
value of r,depends upon the initial kinetic energy E, of
a-particle. As much more is the value of E, So much
less is the value of r. When the value of E, is more
than a limit, a -particle enters inside the nucleus without
returning back. In this situation coulomb's law is not
followed and nuclcar force acts on a - particle which is
very strong in comparison to coulombic force and is
always attractive. Thus it is clear that a -particles having
kinctic energy more than a limit do not return back after
scattering from nucleus, thesea-particles having kinetic
energy of maximum limit decide the radius of nucleus.
In other words; the distance of closest approach decides
the radius of nucleus.
 distance of approach the total initial
kinctic cncrgy on the tangent line
particle Converts into clcctrostatic, of a- length of the perpcndicular drawn
potential cnergy is b,
Thercfore at distance r, along its dircction from thc centre of the nucleus
which is callcd Impact paramcter.
142
E 4 E0 Target Nucleus
a-particle

Distance of approach r, g192

AneO
Ex
Herev E, = Initial kinctic cnergyv=7.7 McV
=7.7x 10 x
1.6 x 10:1®
joule.
1

=9 x10, N-m/C2 Fig: 12.6

q,= charge on c-particle = 2e If anglc scattering is

of then the following formula
=2x1.6 * 10-19 C for impact paramncter was given by Rutherford
=Charge in nucleus ze cot
2
=Ze=79 x 1.6 x 10-19 C b= .(1)
47 E0
(Z=79for gold)
For the beam of a-particles given in the figure, the
Thereforero
9x10 ×2x1.6× 1o-1x79xl.6x10-19 distribution of impact parameter is such that the beam is
7.7x1.6x10-13
scattered in different directions with different
=2.95 x 10-14 m. probabilities. The kinetic energy of all a particlesmoving
r, =3 x 10-14 m=30 x 10-15 m in a beam is almost same. Therefore from eq(1)
=30 ferimi b
EL5. A
a-particle having energy 7.68 meV is projected
towards atom of copper(Z = 29). Find, how much
For more value ofb, value of cot 2 will also be more and
close will a-particle approach to the nucleus of
copper? angle of scattering will be less i.e. if thevalue of the impact
Sal. Here E; =7.68 MeV =7.68 x 109x 1.6x 1019 joule parameter will be more than angle of scattering will be very
small. In this position a-particles passing at large distance
Z =29
from the nucleus will deviate by a very small angle. For
and =9x10 N-m/C2 less value of b, the value of cot will also be less and
4T Eo 2
12Ze angle of scatteringe will be more that is a-particles
Minimum distance of approach ro 4rE EK passing nearby to the nucleus will deviate at large angle
x 29 x (16 10-)
x of scattering b = 0 i.e. when a-particle is incident
9x10 2x
10-19 towards the centre
ro 7.68 x 10 x 1.6x of nucleus, then cot0
2
m.

=1.1x10-1
=90°
clear from the example given above that a-particle 2
is minimum distance 9=180
pproaches close to the nucleus at
a

O 1.I x 10-m. Therefore the size

of nucleus of copper should In this position a-particle will return back on its path, In
be less
than it(i.e. of the order of about 10
m). this way a few a-particles out of all incident a-particles
return back after collision which shows that probability
2(a Alpha pparticle trajector
Ina-particle scattering experiment, the path of a-particle of direct collision of a-particlcs is very small which
Vo
and clears this fact that mass of the nucleus is concentrated
S hyperbolic. Let initial speed of a-particle is
in a contracted volume.
 12.2.1 (b ) Ruthefford's model of the atom
Electron
In 1911 Rutherford prescnted a model about atomic
structurc on the basis of the conclusions obtained from NucleuS
a-particles scattering expcrimcnts. This modcl is callcd
Rutherford' s model of the atom'. According to this
model -
) Total positive charge (+zc) of cach atom and almost
total mass(except mass of its clcctrons) are conccntrated
at the centre of the atom in a small sphcrc of radius of
order of 1015 m which is called nuclcus.
(ü) Electrons are distributed in a hollow sphere of radius of Fig: 12.8
order of 10:10 m around the nucleus. The total negative (ii) Explanation of Line spectrum
charge of clcctrons is cqual to the total positive charge According to Rutherford clectrons can revolve arount
of nuclcus. the nucleus in circular orbits of all possible radii in the
(m) Electrons should fall on nuclcus due to attractive force of atom i.e. the frequcncy of revolution continuoustk
positive charge of nucleus as these are negatively charged changes. Duc to thís electrons will emit electromagnetie
particles. To solve this problemn Rutherford assumed that waves of all possible frequencies i.e. spectrum of lieht
electrons do not remain stationary but they revolve emitted by the atom will be continuous. But linear
continuously around the nucleus in circular orbits. Exactly spectrum of light emitted by the atom is obtained ie
in the same way as planets revolve continuusly around there are many fine spectral lines to definite frequencies
sun, so this model is also called planetary nodel. The
in this spectrum. Therefore spectral lines of somg
centripetal force required by clectron to revolve around definite frequencies should be emitted, but not of al
the nucleus in circular orbit is obtained by clectrostatic frequencies. Thus Rutherford's model of the atom
attractive force acting between electron and nucleus. remained failure to expalin linear spectrum.
Electron rvolving () Besides this, this model remained unsuccessfal to explain
in a circular orbit intensity of spectral lines, splitting of spectral ines in
eAtom electric and magnetic fields etc.
These drawbacks were overcame by Neil Bohr witn
Nucleus the help of quantam theory.
(+Ze) 12,2.2 Electron Orbits
According to Rutherford electrons can not remain
stationary around the nucleus, othérwise they will.fallin
nucleus due to attraction of positive charge the nucleus
of

Fig: 121
and structure of atom will vanish. So electrons always
Although Rutherford model could explain many practical revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits continuousty.
facts successfully and it got support also by periodic For kinetic equilibrium, the elecrtostatic attraction force
table, but this atomic model has following drawbacks acting on elecrton due to nucleus provides centripetal
(i) Stability of the atom - The clectron revolving around
force required to revolve around the nucleus on circuar
nucleus has centripctal acceleration and according to path.
clectro- dynamics accelerated charged particle emits According to Rutherford's model there is one proton
energy continuously in the formof clectromagnetic waves.
the nucleus of hydrogen atom (z = 1) and one electro
Therefore electrons revolving around the nucleus in rotates around the nucleus on of
different orbits will emit energy continuously. Due to which circular path. Ifmass
electron is m,
its orbital speed v and radius of circular
energy of çlectrons will go on decreasing and the radius r,
is
path is then essential condition for circular motion.
of their circulr path will continuously decrease. In this Centripetal force= Electrostatic attraction force
way electrons will ultimately fallinthe nucleus covering (According to Coulomb's law)
spiral path. (As shown in figure). In this way atom will not
ny
be stable while we find stability in the atom. (e)Xe)
(4)
I 47 E0 r
 +e Thereforc orbital radius r
4xE, 2E
910°*11.6×10 19 x1.6x109
213.6IGx I019
m.
).529 10"
Fig: 12.9
and orbital kinctic cncrgy of clcctron
Now total energy of electron =
Kinetic cnergy+ Potcntial

2 4n
2 Er
4zEo 2x(-13.6)%1.6z10-19.
=4,78x 10
But from eq (1) 9.1x 1031
= 2.186x10 m/s
v=V4.78x 102
12.3 Atomic Spectra
2 47 Eo I
Such orderly array of electromagnetic radiation(light) in
which radiation(light) is afranged either in incrcasing or
Therefore
E-x4T
2 Eo I4Tt Eo I decreasing order of wavelength or frequency, is called
spectrum. The range of wavelength or frequency of
E- electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by a
2 4TtEo I ..(2) substance in its specific state is called spectrum.
Itis clear from negative sign in eq" (2) that as the value
When a gas or vapour is electrically discharged at low
pressure, then radiations are emitted bv excited molecules
of r decreases, the energy of clectron also decreases
of tlhe gas or vapour. Some specific wavelengths are
that is if electron is close to nucleus, its energy is less present only in this radiation: The spectral lines
and when electron is away from the nucleus, its energy
corresponding to these wavelengths are called emission
is more. Along with this, electron is enclosed with the
not lines and the spectrum is called enission Ine spectrum.
nucleus. If E would be positive then electron would on a dark back
Bright lines are obtained in this spectrum
revolve around the nucleus in closed orbit. ground. When excited atom transits to lower state then
It is clear from eq (2) that total energy E=- (kinetic are different
these radiations are cmitted. Emission lines
E

for different elements.

=
cnergy) and E = then kinetic energy E, -E and
Wavelength 2,
nm
nm nm
Tun
1875

potential energy U= 2E or U=-2E,, or Ex 2

365 656 820

L6, It is found experimentally that 13. eV energy is

atom into a proton
required to separate a hydrogen
and an electron. Compute the
orbital radius and
atom.
ne velocity. of the electron in a hydrogen
NCERT Example 12.3 |Lyman Balmer Paschen
series series series
=-13.6 eV
Given: Total enérgy of electron
Fig: 12.10 Emission line in Hydrogen spectrum
=-13.6x |.6 x 10-1 joule
 Emision spectrum of cach clement is, unique, obtaincd in the dark background. These lines areknown
Composition of an unknown substance can be as H, H H, H,,..... These lincs have a special
determined with the help of this spectrum i.c. it works in characteristic that their brightness and the distanice
the form of figure print to identify a gas. bétween them go on decreasing in regular formfrom,
In the figure (12.10) emission spcctrum of atomic nc cnd of spectrum to the other end. 1.c. as the
hydrogen is shown wavelength goes on decreasing, the lines appear closeg
way these
When white light is passed through a gas or vapour then andtheir intensity decreascs. In this ines arc
that gas or vapour absorbs radiations corresponding to a member of a series, which is called Balmer series.
few specific wavelengths due to which dark ines are In 1885 Balmer found that wavelengths () of all lines at
obtaincd corresponding to these ivavelengths in bright Balmer series can be represented by the followin
background on the photographic plate. This type of cquation
spectrunm is called absorption spectrum of the substance 1

of the gas. By absorption of radiation fronm white light R

22
absorption spectrum is obtained by transition of atom
from a lower energy level to a higher energy level. In
absorption spectrum dark lines are obtained exactly at
the same place where bright lines are obtained in emission
C
spectrum. Its reason is that an atom emits those
wavelengths, it absorbs the sane wavelengths also. In terms of frequency from eq" (1),
In the spectrum of sun light dark lines are present, which
are called Fraunhofer lines. (3)
12.3.1.Spectral Series
When an atom of a specific element(simplest hydrogen Where n,=3, 4,5,
atom) is excited by absorbing energy then it comes back 2 =
Wavelength, u = Frequency
in its ground state by emitting the absorbed energy. In this R is a constant, which is called Rydberg's constant and
process electron transits from higher energy level to lower its value is 1.097 x 10' m'. The above equation (1) is
energy level, as a result energy enmits out of the atom in called Balmer Formula. By puttingn, =3 in this formula
the form of the radiations of different wavelengths. the wavelength of line H can be obtained
Radiations of different wavelengths are obtained by
1.097x10 1
5 x1.097 x1o?
transitions of electron from different higher level orbits.
The specific group of these lines is called spectral series.
This spectral series is characteristic of each atom. 36
When these spectral series are resolved by a Sx1.097x10"
spectrometer then single coloured vertical lines can be 6.563 x
10- m.
Seen.
=656.3 nm
Transition On puttingn, = 4, wavelength of H, line
097 x 10°
=1.097 x10°

Photon spectrumn 16
wavelength of 486.lnm
Atom Emission (Emission
photon ? line spectrum) 3x1.097x10
spectrum
or hH, =486.1 nm
Fig: 12,1T On putting n, =5, wavelength of H, line
The systématic study of the spectrum of hydrogen atom -1.097 x10° ).097 x10
was done by Johann Jacob Balmer. In the visible region 100
of this spectrum so mny separate bright lines are
 100
=434.1nm serics arc obtaincd in infrarcd region of the spectrumThe
21x1.097xi0 wavelengths of lines of these diffcrént serics can be repre
=434.1l nm. sented by the following fortnulae.
-
(i) For Lyman Series
On putting n, =0, wavelength of H,line
1

1.097 x10|a.097 210?

= R

Whcrc n, =2,3, 4,
36
nm
8x1.097x107 =410.2 (ii) For. Balmer Serics

.
=410.2 nm.
On putting n, = o, wavelength of H
line
Where n, =3,4,5,.
(ii) For Paschen Series
4 1
x107364,6nm =R
1.097

=364.6 nm
y
Where n,=4,5,6,
The limit of Balmer series is obtained at wavelength 4 = (iv) For Brackett Series
364.6 nm. This is minimum wavelength of Balmer series.
After this limit there. is no clear line which can be seen, =R
only faint continuous spectrum is observed.
n,
nm nm nim nm nm
Where =5,6, 7,
410.2
(v) For Pfund Series
364.6 434.1 486.1 656.3

=R

Where n,=6,7, 8,
By above mentioned formulae. only wavelength of few
elements(e.g-hydrogen, Ht, Li) can be determined and
H, H, H, H, H their spectrum can be represented. The reason of existing
á few frequencies only in the spectrum of hydrogen can
Fig: 12.12Balmer series in emission spectrum ofhydrogen not be explained with the help of these formulae.
The wavelength of spectral lines emitted by atomic hy 12.4 Bohir model of HydrogenAtom
dTogen and their colours are shown in the following table
In 1913 prof. Niels Bohr rectified the drawbacks of
S. No
Nomenclature of Colour of Wavelength
Rutherford's model of atom by including Max Planck's
the line the line quantum theory in his explanation. Bohr presented the
656.3 nm
H. Red following two modifications -
2 H Green 486.1-nm i) Bohr quantised the orbits of negatively charged particle
3
H, Blue 434.1 nm electron and stated that electrons revolve in some
4 Violet 410.2 nm certain orbits, these orbits are called stationary. In these
H,
orbits angular momentum of electron is integral multiple
Many lines of Balmer series are found in visible region of h/2. Here h is Planck's constant.
ofthe
spectrum. Some other series are also found in invisible
Tegjon () During involving in stationary orbit electrons do not emit
of {he spectrum. For example, Lyman series is ob- energy dueto which the stability of atom is maintained
taincd
in ultra violet and Paschen, Brackett, Pfund
region
 MS

When clcctron gets cnergy then it is transitioncd from D-Broglic wavelength.

or absorb energy during
Stable orbit to another orbit. It is excited state of thc (iii) Electrons do not cmit so the stability thex
revolution in stationary orbits, ofatomis
atom. When clectron is transitioncd to a lower state maintained. When clectron transitioncd fromn onic stable
is

from this state then emits radiant energy. Bohr was orbit to other orbit then
absorbss cncrgy (duringtransition
orbit) or emits energy (ouring
honoured by Nobelprize in 1922 for thismodel. Bohr from lowor orbit to higher o

gave this model for hydrogen atom but structure of other transition from higher orbit to lowerrorbit). When electron
a energy orbit toaanother
atoms can be explained with its help. is tránsitioned from higher cnergy in the form of photcn
Cncrgy orbit thcn cmits
Bohr's Postulates This cncrgy of photon equal to different of initial:
is
Bohr presented the following postulates to explain states.
final encrgy of thcsc
atomic model - Emitted
Bohr assumed that nuclcus in an atom is surrounded by Excited State photon
Ea
clectrons and these electrons revolve continuously Incident
Higher
around the nucleus in differcnt stationary circular orbits photon
orbít
without enmitting radiant cncrgy. The centripctal force Em
required to revolve electrons in circular orbits is provided
by electrostatic attraction force acting betvwecn elcctron.
and nucleus. Ifmass of clectron is m, charge on nucleus
lower
is ze, and orbital radius isr then electrostatic attraction
orbit
force between nucleus and elcctron.
Fig: 12.13
F= Let electron is revolving in n" orbit of energy En,
on
When atom gets energy from outside then this electron
Centripetal force moving electron F= mylr is transitioned in higher n,h orbit of energy En, leaving
Ze? its own definite orbit. In this position clectron absotbs
..(1) .
energy. AE = Eng- En In this position electron is in
(iü) Electron can revolve only. in those orbits in which its excited state. the exicted state is not permanent
,
angular momentum is integral multiple of h/2 where therefore electron stays only for 10* second in excited
h is Planck universal constant. Thus according to Bohr state and soon returns back into a lower orbit and emits
clectrons can revolve only in some certain orbits around photon of energy equal to the difference of energies of
the nucleus, but not in all orbits. These allowed orbits these both orbits while it returns back (From the figure)
of some certain radii are called stable orbits. In initial energy of clectron in higher orbit is En; and
If mass of electron is m, and it is revolving around the final energy in lower orbit is En,, then the frequency v
nucleus with velocity v in the circular orbit of radius r, of emitted photon is given by the following formula
then its angular momentum(L) hu= AE Eng En -
nh Therefore frequcncy of emitted photon u
myr=
27 .(2)
E,, -E,
Where n is an integer(i.e. n = 1,2,3,4,.....) which is
h
called serial number of orbit or principal quantum Line spectrum of hydrogen was successfully explained
number. This condition is known as Bohr's quantum
by Bohr's model, under which the main terms art
condition. following -
Special- From mvr =
nh (1) Orbital radius of electron - Let electron of an ato
2 iS revolving around the nucleus in nh orbit with velocity
h
2Tr n

P
nh Vn The radius of this orbit is
m,
I If mass of clectro0 1
orbit ill
S =n then angular momentum of electron in this
or
Here S is circumference ofn" orbit and a is D.Broglie be m.v,.I,
wavelength associated with the electron of this orbit. According to Bohr the value of angular momeniuu
Therefore the circumference of a stationary orbit inside integer multiple of
the atom is integer multiple of its corresponding 2T therefore
 r is callcd radius of first
orbit or Bohr rädius of atom.
It is represcnted by symbol ao
F
(For hydroget atom z= 1)
Elcctrom TUne'

Nuclcus It is clcar from cquation (vii) that the valuc of radius of

an orbit of an atom is cqual to the product
of Bohr
radius(r;) and square of the number of the orbit(n).
For hydrogen atom z=1
Fig: 12.14

Ttme2 ..(ix)
mV,In 27 n

Radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom on putting n 1.

Flectrostatic attraction force applicd by nuclcuson the
orbit
clectron revolving inn
Une
1
...(i) 885× 10- x (6625x 1034,?
3.14 x 9.1x 1031 (1610,
Where Z is atomic number of the nucleus.
The centripetal force required for the electron revolving x 10-10 m.
=0.529
in n
orbit r=0.529 Á
Or

SO:
F, = ...(ii)
From which r,c n
The force applied by the nucleus on the electron Therefore for hydrogen atom the ratio of radif of
provides the required centripetal force, therefore stationary orbits i.e. first(n=1), second(n =2), third (n
..... etc. will be as given below
F-F =3),
Ze? 2 I in:r,:...=1:4:9:
....(iv) In this way if serial no. of orbit increases, the gap
Or 47iE,2F
between orbits also increases.
From eq (1) Note - When charge on the nucleus is ze, then
V,
nh ..()
2TmIy
On putting value of v, from eq (v) into eq" (iv) TUNZe?

1 Ze 2
(x)
47 mr,
orbits
According to this formula the ratio of radi of first
as
Or
Ze ofH-atom, He* ion and Lit+ion will be given follows
Eo

=0.529"A
IH:He i i=1::=6:3:2
.(vi)
TUN-Ze Z From this it is clear that
For a given value of n, the radius of stationary orbit
is
radius of
first orbit(on putting n =1)
inversely proportional to atomic number (z)
..(vii) i.e. In c (from cq" (vi)
TMZe
From eq (i) For given value ofz, radius of stable orbit isproportional
a
(vi) and (vii)
to square orbit number n.
of
In× I1 $.(vii)
 IFrom cq! (vi) ]
Sol.
(1) Thercfore radius of orbit of n= 4
ra 4 x 0.5x 10 10

=8 x 101
m.

(2) Radius of orbit of n= 70

x
I70 =70 x 0.5 10-10
2450 x 10 10 m.
(2) Orbital velocity of electron
-
From first Bohr's postulate

Fig: 12.I5
(iüi) In cq" (vi) n=0 is not includcd because
for n=0,r is From second postulate
cqual to zero. It nmeans that circular orbit clectron
of is
inside the nucleus, which is impossible. Thcrcforc nh
..(2)
minimum value of n is 1.
On dividing cq" (1) by eq (2)
Ex.7. Calculate the radii of first and second
orbits of
hydrogen atom, Given h= h= 6.6 x 104 J-s, Vn
2En nh
= 8.85 x 1017M.K.S unit 43)
m=9.1 × 101 Kg,
e= 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb.
Sol. The radius of nh orbit
1
\ze
4T Eo nh

2x3.14x9x10 x (1.6x 10"192

TUne 6.6x 1034 xn
For first orbit
n=1
3x10 Z
885x 102 x lx (6.6x 10 34) 137
3.14 x9.1x 10- x x
(L6 10-19)
=5.29
=0.529
x 10-
Ä
m.
-()
For second orbit n=2
=2.18 x 106
m/s.
or n =4 x
0.529
. Here c = speed of light
r2=2.112 = 3 x l0 m/s.
Ex.8. According to Bohr's model of atom what will be For hydrogen atom z = 1
radius in ground state for Li ion?
Sol. For atoms/ions similar to H- atom
Vn2E)nh 4)

Ifn= 1, then
Therefore for z =3 and n=1
V 2 eOh (5)
=0.18 Å Therefore
n
Ex.9. The radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.5 x here v
10-10 m. Determine radii of orbits of n =4 and n is
orbital velocity of clectron of first orbit
of

hydrogen atom.
70. It is clear from eq" (6) that
 V, For circular motion of clcctrons

.orbital velocity is inversely proportional to no.

of
2

or
arhit principal quantum number (n). Therefore orbital
velocity of electron will go on decreasing if moves
it to Ze2
higher orbits.
Velocity of electron in first orbit

V Thereforc (Er 8n Eo, ..(1)

.2En h
i Potential cncrgy of clectron duc to clectrostatic force
(1.6x 10-19? of nuclcus at a distance r, from thc nucleus
2x 8.85 >x10-12 x6625 x 10-34 (tZe)(-e)
U,
or V =2.18 x 10 ms.
V2
== 2.18x105
2
=1.09x 10° m/s

V1
and = 218x105 = 0.73 x 10° m/s.
V3
3 3 U, = 4T E0 n .<2)
So orbital velocity decreases with the increase in orbit Therefore total energy of electron
number. So it becomes clear that -
ze?
The value of orbital velocity is proportional to atomic 4T Eo n
number Z, 1.e. V, c Z [From eq (3)1
n
The value of orbital velocity is inversely proportional to
principal quantum number n,
-Ze
ie. [From cq (6)1
Tm Ze2
Ex.10. In hydrogen atom which part of velocity of light
is velocity of electron in its first orbit?

Sol. Velocity of electron in first orbit of hydrogen atom .(3)

V
Where n= 1,2,3
2Eo h
It is the expression of energy of electron in n" orbit
From eq (2)
(1.6x 10-9,2
x -RZ2 (4)
2x 8.85 10"x6.625 1034 En
x
n

=2.18x10° m/s So the energy of electron is quantised

me
2.18x 10o 7
Threrefore Where R= 2 Constant
c 3x108 8s

On putting values of various constants

VI, 137 R'=2.179 x 10-18 joule
Where c =3 y 108 m/s. is velocity of light.
2.179x 1o-18
3) Energy orbit R'= =13.6eV
electron in
of
l6xl0-19
is the sum of
ne energy of electron E, in n" orbit =
R'=2.179 x 1013 joule 13.6 eV
kinetic energy and potential energy. From eq (4), puttingz=1 for hydrogen
(Ex), =m.,
 For n cncrgy of clcctron in sccond stationary
= 2
(1)
,
which is also called first exictcd statc. is Ez -3
otbt
n ..6) 400v
of clcctron in third statíonay
If atomic number is then total encrgy of.clcctron in
z, (iii) Forn =3, encrgy orbit
nh orbit which is alsocallcd sccond cxcited statc, is E,1St
Similarly for = 4, E, =-0.85cV
n

E, =
-13.622
eV ..(6)
-
Note Kinctic cnergy and potential cnergy of clectronitnd
orbit for H-atom are respectively
Where negative sign indicates that clcctron is bound
136 eV
ivith the nucleus. Therefore cncrgy will be requircd to (Eg), n'
separate the clectron from the nuclcus to infinite distancc
i.e. to separate out from the atom. Un
27.2 ev
For a hydrogen atom(z = 1)
) For n = lenergy of electron in first stationary orbit In the ground state of hydrogen atom,
which is also called ground state, is E, =-13.6 cV (Ex)) =+ 13.6 eV. U,=-272 ey
Focus Points
Other quantities related with Bohr orbits - Some other quantities associated with revolving electron in n orbit
are following
Quantity Formula Dependence on n and z

(1) Angular speed

z?

n mZ'e+
(2) Frequency
2n 4 e n'h

(3) Time Period

1
4e n'h
mz'e

h
I(4) Angular momentum 2Tt
Li, cn

(5) Corresponding current I,=e,

4e n'h?

(6) Magnetic moment M,=l4=1, (ui)

el
=n 4TUn

- eh
Where Bohr magneton

(7) Magnetic field Boa un'z'e'o

n'h 8
€ Bc

Ex.11.Find energy of ground state, second, third and

fourth energy levels of hydrogen atom. no. z
E, -13.6
Sol. Total energy of
n" orbit
of the atom of atomic
 he valucs of tour quantum nunbors for first and sccond
electrons wil be as follotvs TV,,s,
n=1,l=0, m=0, s 1/2 + 2
n=1,l=0, m= 0, s =-1/2 of angular momentum of an
This is quantum condition
this law maximum no, of clectrons in a shcll can
D

be clcctron suggested by Bohr.

determincd. n
In'tlhc figurca statíonary particle wave is shown for
For cxample
4, i.c. four D-Brogie wavclengths ate shown in the
Note -
Total 18 clectrons will exist
in shcll. All the four circumfercnce of an orbit.
M

auantum numbers of any two clcctrons out

of, thcsc
clcctrons will not be same
For cxample -
Nucleus
First clcctron 3 0 +/2
Seventh clcctron 3
1:+1+1/2
Herc the valucs ofn and s quantum numbers for 1" and
7th clcctron arc same
but land m are differcnt.
12.6
De Broglie's Explanation or Bohr?s second
postulate of quantisation Fig: 12.20

According to Bohr's second postulate i.c. quantum

condition electron can revolve only in those orbits in
h
MCQS
which its angular momentum is integral multiple of 2 1. In an excited hydrogen atom, according to Bohr's theory,
( then
i.e. angular momentum of clectron is quantised if the angular momentum of the electron is
its energy will be
i.e. (a)-3.4 eV (b) +3.4 eV
27
n = (c)- 13.6 eV (d) + 13.6 eV
Where n is an integer, 1, 2, 3,......
atom transition of electron takes place
2. In hydfögen ifthe
According to Bohr, when electron revolves around the from thë'second orbit to the first orbit then the value of
nucleus in stationary orbits, then it does not emit energy. the wave number will 'be

De- Broglie established a relation between wave nature

of electron and orbits of Bohr's model of atom. (a)Br
(c) R
(6)
(d) 2R
R
According to D. Broglie a matter wave is associated quantum number ofthe excited state if
3. What will be the
with each revolving electron, For the restriction that an hydrogen atom returns to its ground state after emit
clectron does not emit energy, it is essential that matter ting a photon of wavelength
wave associated with the electron should form stationary R

wave with the orbit as energy remains constant in (a) 2R-1 (b) J1-AR
stationary waves. R
For formation of stationary waves it is
necessary that (c) VaR-1 () RV
the circumference of the orbit should be integer multiple cnergy a
4
The in n" orbit of hydrogen atom is E, The
of wavelength. energy of single ioniscd helium atom will be -
2Tn =n2
Where r = radius of n" orbit
(a) 4E, (b)
E
matter wave (a)
= wavelength
....
of
(c) 2E,
n =1,2,3, 5 The quantum number for ground state( lowest energy
level) of atom is n 1.What will be the value of n for
According to De-Broglie 1 = mVn ionised state?
nth orbit (a) 4 (b) 2
Where v, speed of electron moving in